【《水分利用效率研究的文献综述》3400字】

水分利用效率研究的文献综述1.1国内外研究现状（1）水分利用效率指标水分利用效率与全球碳循环、水循环及植被生长均有密切关系，是研究生态系统碳水耦合关系的重要指标，其基本含义可概括为单位水汽蒸腾所同化的碳量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Farquhar</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>86</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>86</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1620457514">86</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Farquhar,G.D.</author><author>Richards,R.A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>CSIRO,DIVPLANTIND,CANBERRA,ACT2601,AUSTRALIA. FARQUHAR,GD(correspondingauthor),AUSTRALIANNATLUNIV,RESSCHBIOLSCI,DEPTENVIRONMBIOL,GPOBOX475,CANBERRA,ACT2601,AUSTRALIA.</auth-address><titles><title>Isotopiccompositonofplantcarboncorrelateswithwater-useefficiencyofwheatgenotypes</title><secondary-title>AustralianJournalofPlantPhysiology</secondary-title><alt-title>Aust.J.PlantPhysiol.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AustralianJournalofPlantPhysiology</full-title><abbr-1>Aust.J.PlantPhysiol.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>AustralianJournalofPlantPhysiology</full-title><abbr-1>Aust.J.PlantPhysiol.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>539-552</pages><volume>11</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>PlantSciences</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year></dates><isbn>0310-7841</isbn><accession-num>WOS:A1984AAV6800010</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:A1984AAV6800010</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1071/pp9840539</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]。随着研究的不断深入，水分利用效率也有不同的指标ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘晓</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>59</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>59</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1619351256">59</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘晓</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">戚超</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">闫艺兰</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">袁国富</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>不同生态系统水分利用效率指标在黄土高原半干旱草地应用的适宜性评价</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">植物生态学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>植物生态学报</full-title></periodical><pages>497-505</pages><volume>41</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]，如经典的水分利用效率（WaterUseEfficiency,WUE）、内在水分利用效率（intrinsicWaterUseEfficiency,iWUE）及固有水分利用效率（underlyingWaterUseEfficiency,uWUE）。其中，内在水分利用效率在叶片尺度上可表示为碳同化量与气孔导度之比ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Farquhar</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614598214">33</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Farquhar,G.D.</author><author>Sharkey,T.D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StomatalConductanceandPhotosynthesis</title><secondary-title>AnnualReviewofPlantPhysiologyandPlantMolecularBiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AnnualReviewOFPLANTPHYSIOLOGYANDPLANTMOLECULARBIOLOGY</full-title></periodical><pages>317-345</pages><volume>33</volume><dates><year>1982</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]，是较为常用的水分利用效率指标。iWUE能够反映植被的气孔调节功能，同时因考虑到VPD对碳水耦合过程的重要影响，突出了气候因子对水分利用效率的显著调节作用，使用iWUE还可以反映植被对不断变化的环境条件的适应程度，方便比较具有不同大气需求的生态系统。本文采用内在水分效率（iWUE）这一指标展开对水分利用效率的研究，下文所提到的水分利用效率均指内在水分利用效率。（2）水分利用效率研究方法以iWUE为指标，研究大气CO2浓度升高及气候变化对生态系统碳水耦合关系的影响，主要采用控制实验法、树木年轮同位素技术以及生态系统模型三种方式ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>周沙</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614597553">32</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">周沙</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>陆地生态系统潜在水分利用效率模型及其应用研究</title></titles><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">博士</style></volume><dates><year><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">清华大学</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]。控制实验法用于研究降雨、气温、大气CO2浓度等某一因素的变化对水分利用效率的影响；树木年轮同位素法多用于长期水分利用效率的测定以及过去气候变化对水分利用效率长期影响的研究ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>路伟伟</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614598490">34</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">路伟伟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">余新晓</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">贾国栋</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李瀚之</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘自强</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">基于树轮</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">δ</style><styleface="superscript"font="default"size="100%">13</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">C的北京山区侧柏水分利用效率</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">应用生态学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>应用生态学报</full-title></periodical><pages><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">2128-2134</style></pages><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">28</style></volume><number><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">07</style></number><dates><year><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">2017</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]；生态系统模型法则是通过生态系统模型模拟不同气候变化情境下水分利用效率的变化。其中，生态系统模型虽具有较大的不确定性，却能区分各环境变量对水分利用效率的影响，通过模拟不同情景，能够帮助我们理解乃至预测大气CO2浓度升高、气候变化、土地利用情况改变等对生态系统碳水循环的影响ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wei</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>56</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>56</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1617614935">56</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wei,Y.</author><author>Liu,S.</author><author>Huntzinger,D.N.</author><author>Michalak,A.M.</author><author>Viovy,N.</author><author>Post,W.M.</author><author>Schwalm,C.R.</author><author>Schaefer,K.</author><author>Jacobson,A.R.</author><author>Lu,C.</author><author>Tian,H.</author><author>Ricciuto,D.M.</author><author>Cook,R.B.</author><author>Mao,J.</author><author>Shi,X.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheNorthAmericanCarbonProgramMulti-scaleSynthesisandTerrestrialModelIntercomparisonProject-Part2:Environmentaldriverdata</title><secondary-title>GeoscientificModelDevelopment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>GeoscientificModelDevelopment</full-title></periodical><pages>2875-2893</pages><volume>7</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>2014</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1991-959X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000346142200021</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000346142200021</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.5194/gmd-7-2875-2014</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]。近年来，陆地生态系统模型迅速发展，考虑到生态系统模型的不确定性，国际上开展了多个模型比较与改进项目，包括TRENDY（Trendsinnetlandatmospherecarbonexchangeovertheperiod1980-2009）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[24]、MsTMIP（Multi-scaleSynthesisandTerrestrialModelinter-comparisonProjects）ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[25]以及CMIP6（CoupledModelIntercomparisonProjectPhase6）ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Eyring</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>89</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[26]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>89</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1620458367">89</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Eyring,Veronika</author><author>Cox,PeterM.</author><author>Flato,GregoryM.</author><author>Gleckler,PeterJ.</author><author>Abramowitz,Gab</author><author>Caldwell,Peter</author><author>Collins,WilliamD.</author><author>Gier,BettinaK.</author><author>Hall,AlexD.</author><author>Hoffman,ForrestM.</author><author>Hurtt,GeorgeC.</author><author>Jahn,Alexandra</author><author>Jones,ChrisD.</author><author>Klein,StephenA.</author><author>Krasting,JohnP.</author><author>Kwiatkowski,Lester</author><author>Lorenz,Ruth</author><author>Maloney,Eric</author><author>Meehl,GeraldA.</author><author>Pendergrass,AngelineG.</author><author>Pincus,Robert</author><author>Ruane,AlexC.</author><author>Russell,JoellenL.</author><author>Sanderson,BenjaminM.</author><author>Santer,BenjaminD.</author><author>Sherwood,StevenC.</author><author>Simpson,IslaR.</author><author>Stouffer,RonaldJ.</author><author>Williamson,MarkS.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Takingclimatemodelevaluationtothenextlevel</title><secondary-title>NatureClimateChange</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NatureClimateChange</full-title></periodical><pages>102-110</pages><volume>9</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>1758-678X 1758-6798</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/s41558-018-0355-y</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]。其中，CMIP6是CMIP计划实施20多年来参与的模式数量最多、设计的科学实验最完善、所提供的模拟数据最庞大的一次ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>向竣文</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>90</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[27]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1620458553">90</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">向竣文</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">张利平</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">邓瑶</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">佘敦先</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">张琴</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">基于CMIP6的中国主要地区极端气温/降水模拟能力评估及未来情景预估</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">武汉大学学报(工学版)</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>武汉大学学报(工学版)</full-title></periodical><pages><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">46-57+81</style></pages><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">54</style></volume><number><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">01</style></number><dates><year><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">2021</style></year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.14188/j.1671-8844.2021-01-007</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]，着重解决包括地球系统如何响应外强迫在内的，当前气候变化领域所面临的科学问题ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>周天军</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>68</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>68</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1619529374">68</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">周天军</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">邹立维</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陈晓龙</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）评述</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">气候变化研究进展</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>气候变化研究进展</full-title></periodical><pages>445-456</pages><volume>15</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]。（3）水分利用效率控制因素研究现状iWUE与生态系统碳水循环紧密关联，是理解和评估生态系统对气候变化响应的关键指标。目前，有不少研究表示全球植被iWUE呈显著升高趋势。Penuelas等人利用树木年轮法，发现从20世纪60年代初至21世纪初，研究区域内树木的iWUE平均增长了20.5%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Peñuelas</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614604050">35</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peñuelas,J.</author><author>Canadell,J.G.</author><author>Ogaya,R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Increasedwater-useefficiencyduringthe20thcenturydidnottranslateintoenhancedtreegrowth</title><secondary-title>GlobalEcologyandBiogeography</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>GlobalEcologyandBiogeography</full-title></periodical><pages>597-608</pages><volume>20</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>1466822X</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00608.x</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]；Franks等人在包括北方地区、高海拔地区、温带地区、地中海地区和热带森林在内的各个生物群落中，均观察到了植被iWUE的升高趋势ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[10]。这一现象很大程度上是由大气CO2浓度的升高引起的ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[10]，观测研究ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[12-14,29]及理论模型ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[15]支持了这一结论。植物通过增加净碳同化量和降低气孔导度响应大气CO2浓度的上升ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[30,31]，导致在叶片水平上iWUE的增加，即“CO2施肥效应”。然而，有研究显示出植被iWUE对大气CO2浓度上升的不同响应模式ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[13,15]。这说明除CO2浓度外，还有其他影响植被iWUE的因素。iWUE还受到饱和水汽压差（VPD）的影响。VPD表征大气的实际水汽压与饱和水汽压之间的差值，与植物的蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔功能紧密相关ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[32]，直接影响陆地生态系统水循环。在VPD相对较低的情况下，随着VPD的升高，植被叶片的气孔导度降低，iWUE随之增加；而在VPD相对较高的情况下，植被iWUE对VPD的响应还取决与气候条件及其他影响因素ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614597175">30</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Q.</author><author>Ficklin,D.L.</author><author>Manzoni,S.</author><author>Wang,L.</author><author>Way,D.</author><author>Phillips,R.P.</author><author>Novick,K.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Responseofecosystemintrinsicwateruseefficiencyandgrossprimaryproductivitytorisingvaporpressuredeficit</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalResearchLetters</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalResearchLetters</full-title></periodical><pages>074023</pages><volume>14</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>1748-9326</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1088/1748-9326/ab2603</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。土壤水分的变化也会影响植被iWUE，当出现水分胁迫时，植物叶片水势将会下降，气孔阻力增大，蒸腾作用减缓，光合速率随之降低ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[33,34]，多数研究表明，植被iWUE与土壤水分呈负相关ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>冯丽丽</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>72</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[35]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>72</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1619601305">72</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">冯丽丽</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>北半球主要生态类型植被水分利用效率的变化特征及影响因子分析</title></titles><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">硕士</style></volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">兰州大学</style></publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[35]。但也有研究发现随着土壤水分减少植被iWUE降低ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[36]，这说明土壤水分对植被水分利用效率的影响存在较大的不确定性，还需更加深入的研究。降水变化是全球变化的重要组成部分，同样会对植被iWUE产生影响，而目前降水变化对植被iWUE的影响的研究结果各异ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王庆伟</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>48</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>48</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614770558">48</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王庆伟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">于大炮</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">代力民</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">周莉</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">周旺明</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">齐光</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">齐麟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">叶雨静</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>全球气候变化下植物水分利用效率研究进展</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">应用生态学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>应用生态学报</full-title></periodical><pages><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">3255-3265</style></pages><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">21</style></volume><number><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">12</style></number><dates><year><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.13287/j.1001-9332.2010.0440</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]，多数研究表明，植被iWUE与降水量呈负相关ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨利民</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>71</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[37]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>71</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1619599545">71</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">杨利民</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">韩梅</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">周广胜</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李建东</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>中国东北样带关键种羊草水分利用效率与气孔密度</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">生态学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>生态学报</full-title></periodical><pages>16-24</pages><number>01</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[37]。湿润及半湿润地区植被iWUE较低，是因为降雨增多导致土壤含水量、空气湿度增加，植物叶片气孔导度增大，从而使iWUE降低；而在干旱半干旱地区，为了提高对水分的竞争力以抵抗水分亏缺所带来的影响，植被往往会有较高的iWUEADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[38]。但降水量对水分利用效率的影响同样存在较大的不确定性，闫魏ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>闫巍</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>75</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[39]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1619924143">75</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">闫巍</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">张宪洲</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">石培礼</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">杨振林</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">何永涛</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">徐玲玲</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统CO</style><styleface="subscript"font="default"size="100%">2</style><styleface="normal"font="default"size="100%">通量及其水分利用效率特征</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">自然资源学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>自然资源学报</full-title></periodical><pages>756-767</pages><number>05</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[39]等发现青藏高原草甸生态系统中的植被，其水分利用效率与降雨量呈正相关；苏波ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>苏波</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>76</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[40]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>76</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1619924426">76</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">苏波</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">韩兴国</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李凌浩</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">黄建辉</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">白永飞</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">渠春梅</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中国东北样带草原区植物</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="161"size="100%">δ</style><styleface="superscript"font="default"charset="161"size="100%">13</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="161"size="100%">C</style><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">值及水分利用效率对环境梯度的响应</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">植物生态学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>植物生态学报</full-title></periodical><pages><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">648-655</style></pages><number><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">06</style></number><dates><year><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[40]等通过研究我国东北森林-草原样带草原区常见植物水分利用效率发现，同一地区不同植物的水分利用效率随着降水量的变化可能会产生不同的结果；也有研究表明，降水量对植被水分利用效率的变化存在阈值效应，降水量小于阈值时，其对水分利用效率时正影响，大于阈值时则是负影响ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[41-43]。此外，温度、干旱、太阳辐射也会对植被iWUE产生影响。研究表明，温度对植被水分利用效率的影响存在临界，温度过高或过低都会对植被水分利用效率产生不利影响，水分及太阳辐射对植被水分利用效率的影响也均存在临界，而干旱对水分利用效率的影响则与所在地区土壤湿润度有关ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王庆伟</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>48</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>48</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614770558">48</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王庆伟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">于大炮</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">代力民</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">周莉</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">周旺明</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">齐光</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">齐麟</style></author><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">叶雨静</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title>全球气候变化下植物水分利用效率研究进展</title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">应用生态学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>应用生态学报</full-title></periodical><pages><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">3255-3265</style></pages><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">21</style></volume><number><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">12</style></number><dates><year><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">2010</style></year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.13287/j.1001-9332.2010.0440</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]。由于植被类型、气候、土壤条件等因素的差异，植被iWUE对气候变化的响应还呈现出空间变异性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>周沙</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="txeerdstm9rtzjearz8p099dpsw509p2dewv"timestamp="1614597553">32</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys