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气体射流1

Flowbygasdiffusingfromorifice,pipemouthorslotcalledgassubmergeddiffusionflow.Whenorificevelocityishigh,flowisinturbulentstate,calledturbulentdiffusion.Mostdiffusionappliedinengineeringisturbulentdiffusionofgas.

Diffusiondescribeflowvelocity,temperatureandthicknessaftercomingout.

Diffusetoinfinitespace,flowisnotrestrictedbysolidwallcalledfreediffusion.Contrarily,calledrestricteddiffusion.

Chapter11Diffusionofgas§11-1

IntroductionGasdiffusion2气体射流气体自孔口、管嘴或条缝向外喷射所形成的流动,称为气体淹没射流。当出口速度较大,流动呈紊流状态,叫做紊流射流。工程上所应用的射流,多为气体紊流射流。射流讨论的是出流后的流速场、温度场和浓度场。

射流到无限大空间中,流动不受固体边壁的限制,为无限空间射流,又称自由射流。反之,为有限空间射流,又称受限射流。第十一章气体射流§11-1

引言3§11-2

Characteristicofturbulentdiffusionininfinitespace

Takecircularsectiondiffusionasexampletalkaboutdiffusionmotion.

Airflowdiffusedfromcircularsectionmuzzlewithradii

R.Velocityofoutletsectionisconsidereduniformdistributing,allare

u0andisturbulentflow.TakeaxisofdiffusionMx

asaxisx

Owingtodiffusionisturbulentflowtype,transversepulseofdiffusionmakeexchangebetweenmassandmomentumamongdiffusionandmedium.Drivingmediummoving,massflux,transversesectionareaalong

xincreasing,comeintoconeformflowdiffusedtoaround,asinfig.11—1

CAMDF。Gasdiffusion4气体射流§11-2

无限空间淹没紊流射流的特征现以无限空间中圆断面紊流射流为例,讨论射流运动。气流自半径为R

的圆断面喷嘴喷出。出口断面上的速度认为均匀分布,皆为u0值,且流动为紊流。取射流轴线Mx为x轴。由于射流为紊流型,紊流的横向脉动造成射流与周围介质之间不断发生质量、动量交换,带动周围介质流动,使射流的质量流量、射流的横断面积沿x

方向不断增加,形成了向周围扩散的锥体状流动场,如图11—1所示的锥体CAMDF。5Fig.11—1DiffusionstructureStructureandcharacteristicofturbulentdiffusionGasdiffusion6气体射流图11—1射流结构紊流射流的结构及特性。71.Initialandmainsegmentoftransitionsection

Diffusionvelocityisuniformwhenjustejected.Flowalong

x,diffusionbringaroundmediumconstantly,makingboundarylarger,andmainvelocityofdiffusionreducegradually,partwithvelocity

u0(asin11—6AoDcone)calledcoreofdiffusion,otherpartwithvelocitylowerthan

u0calledboundarylayer.Boundarylayerdisperseconstantlyfromoutlettoaroundalongdiffusionline,drivingaroundmediumintoboundarylayer,andexpandingtodiffusioncentertillcertaindistance,boundaryexpendingtoaxesofdiffusion,coreregiondisappeared,onlyvelocityinaxesis

u0

.Thissectionasinfig.11—1

BoE,calledtransitionsection.Taketransitionsectionasdividingline,outletsectiontilltransitionsectioncalledinitialsegmentofdiffusion.Sincetransitionsectioncalledmainsegmentofdiffusion.Gasdiffusion8气体射流一、过流断面(又称转折断面)起始段及主体段刚喷出的射流速度仍然是均匀的。沿x方向流动,射流不断代入周围介质,不仅使边界扩张,而且使射流主体的速度逐渐降低,速度为u0的部分(如图其11—6AoD

锥体)称为射流核心,其余部分速度小于u0称为边界层。射流边界层从出口开始沿射程不断地向外扩散,带动周围介质进入边界层,同时向射流中心扩展,至某一距离处,边界层扩展到射流轴心线,核心区域消失,只有轴心上速度为u0

。射流这一断面为图11—1上的BoE,称为过渡断面或转折断面。以过渡断面分界,出口断面至过渡断面称为射流起始段。过渡断面以后称为射流主体段。92.Coefficientofturbulentflow

aandgeometricalcharacter

Outerboundarylayerofdiffusionisabeeline,asinfig.11—1AB

andDE.AB

、DEprolongtomuzzlemeetingatpoint

M,thispointcalledculmination.Halfofcalledpoleanglea

,aswellascalleddiffusingangle

a

BoisradiiRofcirculardiffusionsection(orhalfbreadthofboundarylayerinplanediffusion

yb

).Itispositiveratiowithdistancefromculmination,

Bo=Kx

oM

isxdistancecalculatedfromculmination.Observingfromfigure,Bo/oM=tana,

sowhereK—experimentconstant;

f—form

coefficientofmuzzle,circular

muzzle,f=3.4;

a—coefficient

turbulentflow,determinedbyexperimentGasdiffusion10气体射流二、紊流系数

a及几何特征射流外边界层是一条直线,如图11—1上的AB及DE

线。AB

、DE

延至喷嘴内交于M点,此点称为极点,的一半称为极角a

,又称扩散角

a

Bo为圆断面射流截面的半径R(或平面射流边界层的半宽度

yb

)。它和从极点起点算的距离成正比,即Bo=Kx

oM

是从极点起算的x距离。由图看出,Bo/oM=tana,故式中K—试验常数;

f—喷口形状系数,圆形喷嘴,f=3.4;

a—紊流系数,由实验决定,是表示射流流动结构的特征系数。11

Coefficientofturbulentflow

a

relatetoturbulentflowintensityinoutletsection,Morehighasintensity,morehighasvalue

a,whichmakediffusionexpendingangle

aincrease.Drivingaroundmediummore,velocityalongdiffusionlinereducingmorefast.

arelatestotheuniformofvelocitydistributinginoutletsection.Practicalvalueofturbulentflowcoefficientandexpendingangleondifferentformmuzzle.asintable11—1.

Coefficientofturbulentflowtable11—1Windmachineofaxisflowwithmetalgridding

wellshrinkplanemuzzlenarrowgapinplanewallportraitgapofwindwaywithgrindroundoutlet

kindsofmuzzlemuzzlewithshrinkoutletcylindricalpipe

Right-anglepipewithleadingwindplank

kindsofmuzzle

Fromformula(11—1—1),aisconformed,outerboundarylineofdiffusionboundarylayer,diffusionexpendingforwardalongcertainexpendingangle

a,thisisitsgeometricalcharacter.Applyingthischaracter,varietyruleofdiffusionradiicanbeobtainedalongdiffusionwayincircularsection.Gasdiffusion12气体射流紊流系数

a

与出口断面上紊流强度有关,紊流强度越大,a值也大,使射流扩散角a增大,被带动的周围介质增多,射流速度沿程下降加速。a

还与射流出口断面上速度分布的均匀性有关。各种不同形状喷嘴的紊流系数和扩散角的实测值列表11—1。紊流系数表11—1喷嘴种类带有收缩口的喷嘴圆柱形管带有导风板的轴流式通风机带导流板的直角弯管喷嘴种类带金属网格的轴流风机收缩极好的平面喷口平面壁上锐缘狭缝具有导叶且加工磨圆边口的风道上纵向缝由(11—1—1)式可知,a值确定,射流边界层的外边界线也就被确定,射流即按一定的扩散角a向前作扩散运动,这就是它的几何特征。应用这一特征,对圆断面射流可求出射流半径沿射程的变化规律。133.Characteristicofmotion

Manyexperimentshowing:velocitydistributingtakingoncomparabilityindifferentsection.Thisischaracteristicofmotion.

Expressingvelocitydistributingindifferentsectionwithhalf-empiricalformula:Gasdiffusion14气体射流三、运动特征大量实验研究表明,射流各截面上速度分布具有相似性。这就是射流的运动特征。用半经验公式表示射流各横截面上的无因次速度分布如下:15Aboveformulasaresuitableformainsegment,theninformula:y—distancefromanypointtoaxesintransversesectionR—diffusionradiiofthissection;

—velocityofpointy;

—axesvelocityinthissection.Aboveformulasaresuitableforinitialsegment,onlyconsideringflowvelocitydistributinginboundarylayer,theninformulasy—distancefromanypointtocoreboundary;R—thicknessofboundarylayerinsamesection;

—velocityofpointyinboundarylayerofsection;

—corevelocityGasdiffusion16气体射流上式如用于主体段,则式中y—横断面上任意点至轴心距离;R—该截面上射流半径(半宽度);

—y点上速度;

—该截面轴心速度。上式如用于起始段,仅考虑边界层中流速分布,则式中y—截面上任意点至核心边界的距离;R—同截面上边界层厚度;

—截面上边界层中y

点的速度;

—核心速度。17

Thereforeobtainedvarietyspectrumof

y/Rfromaxesorcoreboundarytoouterboundaryis

01.Varietyspectrumoffromaxesorcoreboundarytoboundaryofdiffusionis10。4.Characteristicofkinetics

Provedbyexperiment,staticpressureatanypointindiffusionisequaltopressureofaroundair.Takingonediffusionsegmentfrom11—2

and1—1、2—2,analyzingforceinit.Owingtostaticpressureisequalindifferentsection,thensumofoutsideforceisoinaxis

x.Duetomomentumequation,momentumconservationindifferentsection,thisischaracteristicofkineticsofdiffusion.

Takecircularsectionasexampleapplymomentumconservationequation.

Momentumflexofoutletsectionis,Integratingmomentumflexinanytransversesection.Gasdiffusion18气体射流由此得出y/R从轴心或核心边界到射流外边界的变化范围为01。从轴心或核心边界到射流边界的变化范围为10。四、动力特征实验证明,射流中任意点上的静压强均等于周围气体的压强。现取11—2中1—1、2—2所截的一段射流脱离体,分析其上受力情况。因各面上所受静压强均相等,则x轴外力之和为零。据动量方程可知,各横截面上动量相等—动量守恒,这就是射流的动力学特征。以圆断面射流为例应用动量守恒原理出口截面上动量流量为,任意横截面上的动量流量则需积分。19Fig.11—2ProvedofdiffusioncalculationGasdiffusion20气体射流图11—2射流计算式的推证21§11-3

Kineticanalysisofdiffusionincircularsection

StudyingvarietyruleofdiffusionvelocityincircularsectionandthroughputQalong

diffusionways

(orx

)duetocharacteristicofturbulentdiffusion.1.VelocityofaxesGasdiffusion22气体射流§11-3

圆断面射流的运动分析现在根据紊流射流特征来研究圆断面射流的速度,流量Q沿射程s

(或x

)的变化规律。一、轴心速度23

Accordingtoabovevarietyspectrumofand,valuetableofB2listedintable11—2。table11—2Gasdiffusion24气体射流按前述及的变化范围,B2的数值列于表11—2。表11—2252.Throughput

QofsectionGasdiffusion26气体射流二、断面流量Q取无因次流量,27

Consultingtable11—1,B1=0.0985;substitutingformula(11—1—2),(11—2—1)intoSubstitutingformula(11—1—2),(11—2—2)intoandobtainingGasdiffusion3.AveragevelocityofsectionAveragevelocityis:28气体射流查表11—1,B1=0.0985;再将(11—1—2),(11—2—1)式代入三、断面平均流速无因次断面平均流速为:将(11—1—2),(11—2—2)式代入得294.Averageflowvelocityv2ofmass

Averagevelocitydenotingarithmeticaveragevalueindiffusionsection.Comparingformula(11-2-1)and(11-2-3)obtaining.Showingaverageflowvelocityofsectionisonly20%ofaxesvelocity.Ventilation,air-conditionengineeringusuallyusedhighvelocityregionaroundaxes.So,isnotreflectvelocityinusedregion.Thereforapplyingaveragevelocityofmass.Itisdefinedthattakemultiplymassobtainvirtualmomentum.Deducingmomentumconservationequationofoutletsectionandanytransversesection:

Comparing(11—2—1)and(11—2—4),.So,take

denoteflowvelocityismoresuitablethan.Butmustnotice,

、notonlydifferentinvalue,moreimportantdifferentindefinition.Gasdiffusion30气体射流四、质量平均流速v2断面平均流速表示射流断面上的算术平均值。比较(11—2—1)、(11—2—3)两式,可得。说明断面平均流速仅为轴心流速的20%。通风、空调工程上通常使用的是轴心附近较高的速度区。因此不能恰当的反映被使用区的速度。为此引入质量平均流速。质量平均流速定义为:用乘以质量即得真实动量。列出口截面与任一横截面的动量守恒式:比较(11—2—1)与(11—2—4)式,。因此用代表使用区的流速要比更合适。但必须注意,、不仅在数值上不同,更重要的是在定义上根本不同,不可混淆。31

Varietyruleofmotionparameterofdiffusionmainsegmentincircularsection,thisruleisalsosuitableforrectanglemuzzle.Buttranslaterectangleintocorrespondingdiameterofflowvelocityandsubstituteintocalculating.Solution:Consultingtable11-1obtaininga=0.12.Applying(11-2-1)Example11—1Transportingwindwithaxesflowwindmachine,itsdiameter

d0=600mm。Windvelocityofoutlet10m/s,whatareaxesvelocityandthroughputfromoutlet

10m?Gasdiffusion32气体射流以上分析出圆断面射流主体段内运动参数变化规律,这些规律亦适用于矩形喷嘴。但要将矩形换算成为流速当量直径代入进行计算。解由表11—1查得a=0.12。用(11—2—1)式例11—1用轴流风机水平送风,风机直径d0=600mm。出口风速10m/s,求距出口10m处的轴心速度和风量。33§11-4

Planediffusion

Gasdiffusingfromnarrowgap,diffusionexpendinginplaneofuprightgap.Ifthegapisquitelong,thisflowcanbeconsideredasplanemotioncalledplanediffusion.

Heightofmuzzleinplanediffusionexpressedwith2b0(b0halfheight),valuea

isbackthreeitemintable11-1;valuej

is2.44,andthentana=2.44a。Andcharacteristicsofgeometrical,kinetic,movingaresimilartodiffusioninsection.So,deducingkineticparameterandrulearealsosimilartocircularsection’s.Listingformulaintable11-3.Gasdiffusion34§11-4

平面射流

气体射流气体从狭长缝隙中外射运动时,射流只能在垂直条缝长度的平面上扩散运动。如果条缝相当长,这种流动可视为平面运动,故称为平面射流。平面射流喷口高度以2b0(b0半高度)表示,a值见表11-1后三项;j值为2.44,于是tana=2.44a。而几何、运动、动力特征则完全与圆断面射流相似。所以各运动参数规律的推导基本与圆断面类似,这里不再推导,列公式于表11-3中。35averagevelocityofmassCalculationofdiffusionparameterTable11—3parametersequence

diffusionincircularsectionplanediffusionexpendinganglediffusiondiameter

throughputaveragevelocityofsectionaxesvelocityaDdmainsegmentnamesegmentGasdiffusion36气体射流射流参数的计算表11—3段名主体段参数名称序号圆断面射流平面射流扩散角射流直径或半高度流量断面平均流速质量平均流速轴心速度aDd37averagevelocityofsectionaveragevelocityofmasscorelengthdistancefrommuzzletopolepointconvergentanglethroughputinitialsegmentGasdiffusion38气体射流起始段流量断面平均流速质量平均流速核心长度喷嘴至极点距离收敛角39§11-5Diffusionoftemperatureandthicknessdifference

Inheatingandventilatingengineering,usuallyapplyingcoldwindfordroppingheating,applyingsiroccoforheating,herediffusionoftemperaturedifferenceisused.Itisuseddiffusionofthicknessdifferencetodropthicknessofnocuousgasandgas.Socalleddiffusionoftemperatureandthicknessdifferenceisthedifferencebetweentemperatureandthicknessofdiffusionandaroundgas.

Analyzingdiffusionoftemperatureandthicknessdifference,mostlystudyingdistributingruleoftemperatureandthicknessdifference.Talkingaboutcurlyaxestrackproducedbytemperatureandthicknessdifference.

Informingprocessofdiffusion,producingtransversemomentumexchange,vortexappearing,makingitsmassexchange,heatexchange,thicknessexchange.Intheseexchange,heatexpendingfasterthanmomentumexpending,sotemperatureboundarylayeristhickerthanvelocityboundarylayer.As11-3a.Reallineisvelocityboundarylayer,brokenlineisinsideandoutsidelineoftemperatureboundarylayer.Gasdiffusion40气体射流§11-5温差或浓差射流

在采暖通风空调工程中,常采用冷风降温,热风采暖,这时就要用温差射流。将有害气体及灰尘浓度降低就要用浓差射流。所谓温差、浓差射流就是射流本身的温度或浓度与周围气体的温度、浓度有差异。温差或浓差射流分析,主要是研究射流温差、浓差分布场的规律。同时讨论由温差、浓差引起射流弯曲的轴心轨迹。在射流的形成过程中,会产生横向动量交换,旋涡的出现,使之质量交换,热量交换,浓度交换。在这些交换中,热量扩散比动量扩散要快些,因此温度边界比速度边界层发展要快些厚些,如图11-3a所示。实线为速度边界层,虚线为温度边界层的内外界线。41

Thicknessexpendingissimilartotemperature’s,inpractice,inordertopredigest,consideringboundarybesidestemperatureandthicknessareequalwithoutsideandinsideboundaryofvelocity.(a)(b)Fig.11—3boundarylayeroftemperatureandvelocitySupposingtoexpressaroundgaswithsubscripteGasdiffusion42气体射流浓度扩散与温度相似,在实际应用中,为了简化起见,可以认为,温度、浓度内外的边界与速度内外的边界相同。(a)(b)图11—3温度边界层与速度边界层的对比设以足标e表示周围气体的符号。43Fordiffusionoftemperaturedifference:Temperaturedifferenceinoutletsection

TemperaturedifferenceofaxesAnypointtemperaturedifferenceofsectionThicknessofoutletsectionThicknessdifferenceofaxesAnypointthicknessdifferenceofsectionFordiffusionofthicknessdifference:Gasdiffusion44气体射流对温差射流:出口断面温差

轴心上温差截面上任一点温差对浓差射流:出口断面浓度轴心上浓差断面上任意一点浓差45

Distributingrelationoftemperaturedifference,thicknessdifferenceandvelocityobtainedbyexperiments:

11-4-1

Inisotonicinstance,takingenthalpyvalueofaroundgasasinitialcalculatingpoint,relativelyenthalpyvalueindiffusionsectionskeepinginvariably.Thisiscalledheatpowercharacter.

Supposingrelativeenthalpyvalueofsectionperunittimeis ;relativeenthalpyvalueofperunittimethroughanytransversesectionis

一、TemperaturedifferenceinaxesOwingtorelativeenthalpyvalueisequal,obtaining

Afterdivisionby,andsubstitutingformula11-4-1into,deducingjustassection2,parameterscalculatingformulalistedintable11-4.Gasdiffusion46气体射流试验得出,截面上温差分布,浓差分布与速度分布关系如下:

11-4-1在等压的情况下,以周围气体的焓值作为起算点,射流各横截面上的相对焓值不变。这一特点称为热力特征。设喷嘴断面上单位时间的相对焓值为,射流任意横截面上单位时间通过的相对焓值。一、轴心温差根据相对焓值相等,得:两端除以,并将11-4-1式代入,其推导与第二节方法类似,各参数计算公式列于表11-4中。47Diffusioncalculationofthicknessdifferencetable11—4segmentnamemainsegmentcircularsectiondiffusionplanediffusionparameternameaxestemperaturedifferenceaveragetemperaturedifferenceinmassthicknessdifferenceinaxessymbolGasdiffusion48气体射流浓差温差的射流计算表11—4段名主体段参数名称轴心温差质量平均温差轴心浓差符号圆断面射流平面射流49continuoustablesegmentnamemainsegmentsymbolaveragethicknessdifferenceinmasstrackequationinaxesInitialsegmentparameternameaveragethicknessdifferenceinmassaveragetemperaturedifferenceinmasscircularsectiondiffusionplanediffusionGasdiffusion50气体射流续表段名主体段参数名称质量平均温差符号圆断面射流平面射流质量平均浓差质量平均浓差起始段轴线轨迹方程512.diffusioninflecting

Temperatureorthicknessdifferencediffusionisowingtodensitydifferentfromarounddensity,gravityandbuoyancyisnotbalance,whichmakingdiffusioninflectdownwardsorupwards,asshowinfig.11-4.Butwholediffusionisstillsymmetricaltoaxesline.Sofindingoutinflectingtrackofaxesline,thenobtainingwholeinflectingdiffusion.Fig.11—4inflectionofdiffusionaxesGasdiffusion52气体射流二、射流弯曲温差射流或浓差射流由于密度与周围密度不同,所受的重力与浮力不相平衡,使整个射流将发生向下或向上弯曲,见图11-4。但整个射流仍可看作是对称于轴心线。因此了解轴心线的弯曲轨迹后,便可得出整个弯曲的射流。图11—4射流轴线的弯曲53

Applyingapproximatedisposalmethod:takingflowofperunitvolumeinaxesasstudyobject.Onlyconsideringgravityandbuoyancy,applyingNewtonlawandexperimentdata,deducinghalfempiricalformulalistedintable11-4here:,isArchimedesstandardnumberExample11-2Inworkingspotrequiringaveragewindvelocityis3m/s,workingfacediameterD=2.5m,givingwindtemperature5℃,airtemperature30℃,requiringaveragetemperatureofmassfallto25℃,applyingventilatorwithguideleaf,itsturbulentcoefficienta=0.12。find(1)diameterandvelocityofoutlet;(2)distancefromoutlettoworkingface.Solution:TemperaturedifferenceGasdiffusion54气体射流采用近似的处理方法:取轴心线上的单位体积流体作为研究对象,只考虑受重力与浮力作用,应用牛顿定律和实验数据,导出半经验公式列于表11-4中。该公式中:,成为阿基米德准数。例11-2

工作地点质量平均风速要求3m/s,工作面直径D=2.5m,送风温度为15℃,车间空气温度30℃,要求工作地点的质量平均温度降到25℃,采用带导叶的通风机,其紊流系数a=0.12。求(1)风口的直径及速度;(2)风口到工作面的距离。解

温差55finding,substitutingintosoaveragewindvelocityofmassinworkingspotrequired3m/sforthereforeGasdiffusion56气体射流求出,代入下式所以工作地点质量平均风速要求3m/s因为所以57(2)findingdistancesfromwindoutlettoworkingfacebyThinkingproblems11-3whatisaveragevelocityinmass?Whycitingthisflow velocity?11-4whydiffusiontemperaturedifferencetrackinflecting? Howtofindtrackequation?Gasdiffusion58气体射流(2)风口到工作面距离s

可用下式求出复习思考题11—3什么是质量平均流速?为什么要引入这一流速?11—4温差射流轨迹为什么弯曲?是怎样寻求轨迹方程的?59§11-6

Otherfamiliardiffusioninengineeringequipment

1.adherencediffusion

Differentfromfreediffusion,ifputmuzzleadheretotopshedorwall,showasfig.11—6,thenbecauseofrestrictofwall,itcan‘trollandabsorbairinwallface,velocityattenuateslowly,sovelocityishigh,restingpressureislow,thenvelocityislowandrestingpressureishighintheotherside,whichmakingairflowmovingadherewall,calledadherencediffusion.Fig.11—6adherencediffusionGasdiffusion60气体射流§11-6

工程设备中常见的其他射流简介一、贴附射流与自由射流不同,如把喷口贴近顶棚或墙壁布置,如图11—6所示,则由于壁面的限制,壁面处不能卷吸空气,速度衰减慢,因而流速大,静压小,而另一侧则流速小,静压大,使得气流贴附于壁面流动,并称之为贴附射流。图11—6贴附射流61

Duetoadherencediffusionrollandabsorbaroundfluidonlyinonesurface,soattenuateslowly,diffusionwayislongerthanfreediffusionwithsamemuzzle.

Adherencediffusioncanberegardedashalfofintegraldiffusion.Itslawinvariable,socancalculateasdoubleaccordingtooutletsection,outletflowvelocityinvariable.Incalculating,substitutingoutletdiameterd0infreediffusionwith

d0,forplanediffusion,substitutinghalfheightofoutlet

b0with2b0。Gasdiffusion62气体射流由于贴附射流仅一面卷吸周围流体,故衰减较慢,射程较同样喷口的自由射流为长。贴附射流可视为完整射流得一半,其规律不变,因而可按风口断面加倍,出口流速不变的完整射流进行计算。也就是说,计算中只需将自由射流公式的送风口直径d0代以d0,对于平面射流,则需将风口半高度

b0代以2b0。632.Diffusioninfinitespace

Usuallyinproject,diffusiondon’tdiffusetoinfinitespace,becauseoffinitesizeofroom,whichrestrictexpendingmotionofdiffusion,herefreediffusionlawisn’tsuitable,mustrestudyitskineticlaw.Atpresent,thereisnowellresults,mostisempiricalformulaorcurvebyexperiment,nowintroducing.

Asshowinfig.11-7isdiffusionfieldstructureinfinitespace.Fromdiffusionoutletto

Ⅰ-Ⅰsection,becausesolidwallfacesdon’trestrictdiffusionexpending,freediffusionrulesaresuitable,calculationcanalsousefreediffusionformula.Ⅰ-Ⅰsectioncalledfirstcriticalsection.Gasdiffusion64气体射流二、有限空间射流通常,工程中射流并不是射入无限大空间,因房间尺寸有限,限制了射流的扩散运动,此时自由射流规律不再适用,须重新研究其运动规律。目前,理论上还没有成熟的结果,大多是由实验得到的经验公式或无因次曲线,现作简介。图11-7所示为有限空间射流流场结构。从射流出口至Ⅰ-Ⅰ断面,因固体壁面尚未妨碍射流的扩展,射流的发展按照自由射流的规律,计算亦可用自由射流公式。称Ⅰ-Ⅰ断面为第一临界断面。65Gasdiffusion

fig.11—7diffusionfieldinfinitespace66气体射流图11—7有限空间射流流场67

StartingfromsectionⅠ-Ⅰ,diffusionexpendingisaffected,actionofrollingandaborbingaroundliquidbecomeweak,soexpendingofdiffusionsectionandincreasingofthroughputbecomeslowly,tosectionⅡ-Ⅱ,diffusionstreamlinebegintoexceedboundarylayerandengenderrefluence,diffusionthroughputbegintoreducealongdiffusionway,sodiffusionthroughputgetmaxvalueinsectionⅡ-Ⅱ.Throughexperiment,averagevelocityandthroughputofrefluencearealsomax.SectionⅡ-Ⅱcalledsecondcriticalsection.

FromsectionⅡ-Ⅱ,mainsegmentthroughput,throughputofrefluenceandaveragevelocityofrefluenceareallbecominglowinturn,tillsectionⅣ-Ⅳ,mainsegmentthroughputreduceto0.

Inthisway,itmayplotthreesegmentofdiffusioninfinitespace.(1)freeexpendingsegment,fromspouttofirstcriticalsection(2)finiteexpendingsegment,fromfirsttosecondcriticalsection(3)contractedsegment,fromsecondcriticalsectiontolast;Gasdiffusion68气体射流从Ⅰ-Ⅰ断面开始,射流的扩展受到影响,卷吸周围流体的作用减弱,因而射流断面的扩大以及流量的增加比较缓慢,达到Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面,射流流线开始越出边界层产生回流,射流流量开始沿程减少,因而射流流量在Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面取得最大值。由实验得知,该处的回流平均流速、回流流量亦为最大。称Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面为第二临界断面。从Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面以后,射流主体流量、回流流量、回流平均流速都依次变小,直至Ⅳ-Ⅳ断面,射流主体流量减至为零。这样,有限空间射流可以划分为三段:(1)自由扩张段,喷口至第一临界断面;(2)有限扩张段,第一临界断面至第二临界断面;(3)收缩段,第二临界断面以后。69

Diffusionstructurebehavingwhendiameterandthroughputincreasingtocertain,thendecreasing,makingitsboundarybecomeoliveform.

Diffusionstructurerelatestofixedplaceofmuzzle.Ifmuzzlefixedinthemiddleofheightandwidthinroom,diffusionstructureissymmetricalfromuptodown,lefttoright,mainsegmentshowingoliveform,aroundisrefluenceregion.Butinpractice,muzzlefixedclosetotopshed,iffixedheighth

androomHare ,diffusionappearsadherencephenomenon.Gasdiffusion70气体射流而射流结构则表现为射流半径和流量在增大到一定程度后反而减小,使其边界线呈橄榄形。射流结构还与喷嘴的安装位置有关。如喷嘴安装在房间高度、宽度的中央处,射流结构上下对称,左右对称,射流主体呈橄榄形,四周为回流区。但实际送风时多将喷嘴靠近顶棚安置,如安装高度h与房高H为时,射流出现贴附现象,71

Characteristicofdiffusioninfinitespaceisdifferentfreediffusionis:thereisrefluenceregionreversetodiffusionregionoutsidetheoliveboundary,andworkingregionisofteninrefluenceregioninair-conditionproject,sothereisrestricttowindvelocityinrefluenceregion.Theempiricalformulaofaveragevelocityinrefluenceregionis:comeintohalf-oliveformdiffusionfield,correspondtohalfofintegraldiffusioninfinitespace,andthatrefluencefocusonbottomofmainsegmentandground,itskineticlawissamewithdiffusioninfinitespace,consideredhalfofdiffusioninfinitespace.Gasdiffusion72气体射流形成呈半个橄榄状的流场,相当于完整的有限空间射流的一半,而回流区集中在射流主体下部与地面间,其运动规律与有限空间射流相同,看作有限空间射流的一半。有限空间射流不同于自由射流的重要特征是橄榄形边界外部存在与射流方向相反的回流区,而空调工程中工作区通常就设在回流区内,因此对回流区的风速有限定要求。回流平均速度的半经验公式为73

11-5-1here,isoutletvelocityanddiameterofmuzzle;Fiscrosssectionareauprighttodiffusionroom;isdistancefromdiffusionsectiontopolepoint;a为isturbulentflowcoefficient.

Ifbasingondesign,distancefromL,requiringaveragevelocityofdiffusionrefluenceiscertainrestrictedvalue,thenfromformula11-5-111-5-311-5-2

Insection-Ⅱ,refluencevelocityismax,expresswithfromexprimentobtaincorresponding,substitutingaboveformulaobtainingmaxrefluencevelocity:Gasdiffusion74气体射流

11-5-1式中,为喷嘴出口速度、直径;F为垂直于射流的房间横截面积;为射流截面至极点的无因次距离;a为紊流系数。11-5-2若根据设计要求,在距离L处,要求射流回流平均流速为某一限定值,则由式11-5-1得11-5-3在Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面上,回流流速为最大,以表示,由实验得对应,代入上式得最大回流速度为75Unitingformula11-5-2

and11-5-3,obtaining11-5-4

Inprojectdesign

anddeterminedbydesigner,so

isknown,solutionis,inordertopredigestcalculationgivetable11-5,through,consultingtable11-5,obtainingthenthroughobtaining。

aboveformulasaresuitablefor

orinadherencediffusion,when,itisintegralfinitespacediffusion,substituting

with

,thenobtainingdiffusionwayhere..Gasdiffusion76联立式11-5-2和式11-5-3可得气体射流11-5-4工程设计中与由设计者限定,故相当于已知,由此可解出,为简化计算给出表11-5。由,查表11-5得到后可由求出。以上所给出公式适用于或的贴附射流,当时,射流为完整的有限空间射流,计算时应以代替,即可求得此时的射程。77table11-5dimensionless

distance0.070.100.150.200.300.400.500.600.751.001.251.500.420.430.440.460.470.480.400.410.420.440.460.470.370.380.400.420.430.440.350.370.380.400.410.430.310.330.350.370.390.400.280.300.330.350.370.38Gasdiffusion78气体射流表11-5无因次距离0.070.100.150.200.300.400.500.600.751.001.251.500.420.430.440.460.470.480.400.410.420.440.460.470.370.380.400.420.430.440.350.370.380.400.410.430.310.330.350.370.390.400.280.300.330.350.370.3879

Example11-4

Inworkshoplength×width×height=70m×30m×12m,givingwindalongdirect

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