汉语言本科现代语言学讲义

应考指导

一、考试相关情况说明

（一）课程基本情况

《现代语言学》是英语专业本科生的必修课程之一。本课程的指定教材是全国高等教育自学考试指导委

员会组编，何兆熊、梅德明主编：《现代语言学》，高等教育出版社1999年版。

本教材系统介绍了现代语言学研究的分支及基本理论，从语言的角度分析了语言本身的性质及与社会等

各学科之间的关系，揭示了语言各个层面具有的特征。

（二）题型与分值

题型分值分值

单项选择题共10小题，每题2分20分

填空题共10小题，每题1分10分

是非题共10小题，每题2分20分

名词解释题共10小题，每题3分30分

论述题共2小题，每题10分20分

小计42小题100分

（三）重难点分布

从知识点分布来看，本课程试题覆盖了教材10章的全部内容。从整体来看•，教材10章内容知识点分布

不均匀，重点章节主要是第1章，第3章，第4章，第5章，第5章，第8章，第9章及第10章。第2章,

第7章相对次之。

（四）试题难度

从试题难度来看，试题知识面涵盖广。对于重点知识每年都会重复出现，只是以不同的形式出现，每年

考查的内容较多。这一点大家要特别注意，不要以为以前考过的知识点就不会再考。虽然每年均有偏题出现,

一般是属于课程涉及的较细的内容，但所占比例较低，属于正常情况。总体而言，试题较为容易。

（五）命题特点

整体上看，出题顺序基本上按照教材章节顺序来出题，但并不是特别规律。此特点有助于我们答题时准

确把握考点所属章节，提高答题正确率。

从具体题型来看，单选题和填空题出题的特点为概念性知识点会常考，是非题也集中于一些基本知识点

的掌握。

名词解样题，论述题没有规律可循，因此，将书中出现的概念及相关基本理论全部掌握即可，千万不要

押题，否则容易失分。

二、本课程的学习建议

1.考生在开始学习这门课时，应根据自己的情况制定一个切实可行的学习计划，合理安排时间，通常可

分为二个阶段：一是依据教材分章学习和做同步练习题阶段；二是总复习阶段，其复习技巧将在下面单独介

绍。

2.紧扣大纲复习。最好能够按照大纲中提炼的课程内容将教材内容简化成自己的学习小册子。也就是将

大纲中课程内容总分再充实一下，各知识点都丰富一下。比如说某个概念，要把定义或含义写在这个概念之

后。利于记忆。此外，要注意课程内容中没有的知识点，如果考核要求中有的话，有必要补充完整。

3.注意总结教材中某些知识点，概念性知识点都要加以标识，这些知识点都是最容易出题的。

4.每复习完一遍教材做一套真题，这样将近三年试题认真做过，一边阅读教材一边做题会检查自己对所

学知识的掌握情况，可以有针对性地指导自己的下一轮复习。

三、各类题型的特点和答题技巧

（-）单项选择题

单项选择题通常是考核教材中的基本知识点，绝大部分知识点属于识记和领会层次。因此，要想在单项选

择题部分拿高分，甚至拿满分的话，就必须熟练地掌握教材内容。从近三年的试题情况来看，这部分考查的

知识点比较细，需要大家在仔细阅读教材的过程中将一些特殊内容标识出来，专门予以背诵记忆。从难度来

看，单选题的难度是所有题型中最容易的，应该说只要熟读教材，不会有不会做的题。

（二）填空题

填空题集中考查基本概念。难度在于对基本概念要熟记，便于很快相关概念。

（三）是非题

是非题也是围绕基本概念进行考察，内容涵盖面较广，范围可以是各章节中的基本概念。

（四）名词解释题

名词解释题基本上都是比较重要的概念，偶尔也会考到一些比较细的知识点。无论如何，只要在复习的

过程中，将教材中的所有概念都一一列出，可以肯定的是名词解释题就不会丢分了。

（五）论述题

论述题是简答题的拓展，要求能够在回答要点的基础上进行比较充分详细的分析论证，绝对不能只答要点，

不展开。那样一定会扣分。

内容串讲（Chapter1Introduction）

一、本章复习建议

本章是全书的绪论，通过本章节的学习可以宏观了解语言学学习和研究的内容以及一些基本概念，建议学员

全面掌握，重点复习。

二、本章重要知识点讲解

1.Whatislinguistics?

1.1Definition

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientiflcstudyoflanguage.

Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.

JuStudy^^doesnotmean"learn"but"investigate”or"examine.”

Thestudyisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofdata,conductedwithreferencetosonicgeneraltheory

oflanguagestructure.

Theprocessoflinguisticstudy:

Certainlinguisticfactsarsobserved,whicharefoundto

displaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremade.

Basedonthesegeneralizations,hypothesesare

formulatedtoaccountforthesefacts.

8

Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations.

口

Alinguistictheoryisconstructedaboutwhatlanguage

isandhowitworks.

1.2Thescopeoflinguistics

Generallinguistics-iItdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicablein

anylinguisticstudy,incontrasttothosebranchesofstudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas.

Languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacets,solinguistshavetoconcentrateonone

aspectofitatatime.Thestudyofalltheseaspectsoflanguageforms(hecoreoflinguistics.

Thestudyofsoundusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguistics

calledphonetics.

Phonologyisabouthowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.

Soundsarerepresentedbycertainsymbols.Thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedto

formwordsiscalledmorphology.

Thestudyofrulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.

Thestudyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelopedandbecameknownassemantics.

Whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolation,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanother

branchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmatics.

Theabovebranchesaresummarizedinthefollowingtable:

(l)Intra-disciplinarydivisions

Phonetics

sound

Phonology

Morphology

Languageasasystemstructure

Syntax

Semantics

meaning

Pragmatics

(2)Interdisciplinarybranchesoflinguisticstudy:

Thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreof(hebranchcalled

sociolinguistics；Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology：Findingsinlinguisticstudiescan

oftenbeappliedtothesolutionofpracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownas

appliedlinguistics(inanarrowsense—referstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguage

teaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.)

Otherrelatedbranches—anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,and

computationallinguistics.

1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

1.3.1prescriptivevs.descriptive

Ifal.nguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifitaimsto

laydownrulesfor“correct“behavior,i.c.,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaid

tobeprescriptive.

Linguisticstudyinthepastisnormallyknownas"grammar”.Andtoday,thegrammartaughttolearnersofa

languageisstillbasicallyprescripiive.

Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuse

shouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.

1.3.2synchronicvs.diachronic

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy:thedescriptionofalanguageasit

changesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thereasonisthat

unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearcsuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthat

havetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.

1.3.3speechandwriting

Speechandwritingarcthetwomajormediaofcommunication.

Traditionalgrammarianstendedtoover-emphasizetheimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofits

permanence.

Butmodernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothespokenformoflanguage,whichisconsideredasmorebasicthat

thewrittenformforanumberofreasons:

"First,inanyhumansocietyweknowof,speechprecedeswriting.

Second,therearcstillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform.

JThird,intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,and

carriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.

山.4langueandparole

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyall(hemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparole

referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebySaussureinordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguage

forseriousstudy.Inhisopinion,whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscoverthe

regularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.Helooksat

languagefromasociologicalpointofview.

langueparole

conventionsandrulesusershavetoconcreteuseofconventionsand

abidebytheapplicationoftherules

abstractconcrete

(notthelanguagepeopleactualuse)(riterto(heoccurringlanguageevent)

relativelystablevariesfrompeyentoperson,andfromsirnalionrn

situation

1.3.5competenceandperformance

ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyChomsky.Hethinksthatwhatlinguists

shouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence,nothisperformance.Helooksatlanguagefromapsychological

pointofview.

Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformanceasthe

actualrealizationof(heknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

AccordingtoChomsky,aspeakerhasinternalizedaseiofrulesabouthislanguage,thisenableshimtoproduce

andunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatarcungrammaticaland

ambiguous.

SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinksthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence,nothis

performance.

2.Whatislanguage?

2.1Definitionoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Firstofall,languageisasystem

Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweentheword"pen"andthe

thingwcusetowritewith.

Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldeveloped

theirwritingsystemsare.

Forth,theterm“human”ismeanttospecifythatlanguageishuman-specific,verydifferentfromthe

communicationsystemotherformsoflifepossess.

2.2Designfeatures（识别特征）

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystem

ofcommunicaiion.

1）Arbitrariness--Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

Languageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignof

sophislicaiionanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagelohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

2）Productivity---languageisprodjetiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnew

signalsbyitsusers.

Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences.Productivityisuniqueto

humanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberof

differentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.

3）Duality•一languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,or（wolevels.

Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.Butthesoundsoflanguage

canhegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwonds,whichare

foundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.Thentheunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoan

infinitenumberofsentences.

Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevenconicsneartopossessingit.

4）Displacement--languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimagined

mattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

5）Culturaltransmission----Thoughwcarcallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofany

languagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned,ratherthanbyinstinct

内容串讲（Chapter2Phonology）

一、本章复习建议

本章学习的中心内容是语音，包括语音学和音系学两大部分。要求对英语的元音和辅音的发音方式和特

点能进行描述。能分清宽式音标和严式音标的区别。另外，对音系学中的一些最基本概念如音位、音位对立、

互补分布、最小对立体等有所了解。能对序列规则、同化规则、对重音、语调、声调等几种超切分音系特征

的表意作用能举例说明。

二、本章重要知识点讲解一

1.Thephonicmediumoflanguage（语言的声音媒介）

Speechandwritingare（hetwomediaorsubstancesusedbynatuiallanguagesasvehiclesforcommunication.

Manylanguagesintheworldtodayarcbothwrittenandspoken.

Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.Thenaturalorprimarymediumofhuman

languageissoundorsomeobviouslyreasons.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystem

ofanylanguageisalways“invented"byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.

Foi-linguists,thestudyofsoundsisofgreaterimportancethanthatofwriting.Linguistsarenotinterestedinall

sounds;theyareconcernedwithonlythosesoundsthatareproducedbythehumanspeechorgansinsofarasthey

havearoletoplayinlinguisticcommunication.

Thelimitedrangesofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguistic

studiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.Theindividualsoundswithinthisrangeareihespeechsounds.

2.Phonetics

2.1Whatisphonetics?

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage；Itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurin

theworld'slanguages.

Therearethreebranchesofphonetics:

Articulatoryphoneiics（发声语音学）：Itisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

Acousticphonetics（声学语音学）:Itisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.

Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音■学）:ltstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

2.2Organsofspeech

Thepharyngealcavity（咽腔）----thethroat

Theoralcavity（口腔）----themouth

Thenasalcavity（鼻腔）----thenose

Theairstreamcomingfromthelungsmaybemodifiedinthesecavitiesinmanyways.Itmayalsobemodifiedin

thelarynxbeforeitreachesanyofthecavities.

2.3Orthographicrepresentationofspeechsounds-broadandnarrowtranscriptions

IPA-lnternationalPhoneticAlphabet

Hereisalistofthesymbolstheyuseandthewordsthatcontainthesoundsrepresentedbythesesymbols;

Thevowels（monophthongsanddiphthongs）

i:beatiPiteib67y

a:bameletaibuy

□:Xpal□i

u:moonAp//ttOUg。

a:burn0hotaunw

upz/tiopeer

stznothcr8pair

uopoor

Theconsonants

ppenf/allh/?ow

b/?adVvoicein///an

trea0thinnno

d"idGthenij

kratsso1leg

g.?amez200rred

（fchainfshipjyes

djJane3measurewwet

Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds：

Oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,calledbroadtranscription.

Theotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwith（hediacritics,callednarrowtranscription.

Assomespeechsoundsproduceddifferonlyinsomedetailedaspects,theIPAprovidesitsuserswithasetof

symbolscalleddiacritics,whichcanbeaddedtotheletter-symbolstomakefinerdistinctionthanthelettersalone

makepossible.Forexample,thetwowordspitandcwp.Thewordpitistranscribedas[pit],whilecupistranscribed

as[kApF.

2.4ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds

A）ClassificationofEnglishconsonants

Intermsofmannerofarticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:

Stoporplosive（爆破音）:[p][b][t][d][k][g]

Fricative（摩擦音）:[f][v][s][z][6][d][f][3][h]

Affricate（塞擦音）:[tf][d3]

Liquid（流音）:[1][r]

Nasal（鼻音）:[m][n][g]

Glide（滑因）:[w][j]

Intermsofplaceofarticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:

Bilabial（双唇音）[p][b][m][w]

Labiodental（唇齿音）[f][v]

Dental（齿音）:[0][d]

Alveolar（齿龈音）:[t][d][s][z][n][1][r]

Palatal（硬腭因）：[J][3][tJ][d31[j]

Velar（软腭音）:[k][g][IJ]

Glottal（喉音）:lh]

B）ClassificationofEnglishvowels

Classifyaccordingtothepositionofthetongueinthemouth:

Frontvowel:[i:][i][e][x][a]

Centralvowel:[s:][^][A]

Backvowel:[u:][u][□:][□][a:]

Classifyaccordingtotheopennessofthemonth:

Closevowel:[i:][i][u:][u]

Semi-closevowel:fe][o:]

Semi-openvowel:[s][0:]

Openvowel:[ae][a][A][o][a:]

Classifyaccordingtotheshapeofthelips:

Unroundedvowel;[i;][i][c][ac][a][a:][a][A][a:]

Roundedvowel:[u:][u][o:][o]

Classifyaccordingtothelengthofthevowels:

Longvowel:[i:][o:][a:][u:][0:]

Shortvowel:[i][e][as][a][0][s][u][A]

InEnglishtherearealsoanumberofdiphthongsincluding[ei][ai][su][au][0i][is][es][UG]

3.Phonology

3.1Phonologyandphonetics

Bothphonologyandphoneticsarestudiesofspeechsounds.

Phoneticsisofageneralnature,itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyarc

produced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.

Phonologyisinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage,itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsina

languageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsarcusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Thusthese

twoareatoncerelatedanddistinctbranchesoflinguisticstudies.

3.2Phone,phoneme,andallophone

Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthsspeechsoundswcusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunit

orsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

Phonologyisconcernedwithihespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalled

phoneme,itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollection

ofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

Conventionallyphonesareplacedwithinsquarebrackets,suchas[p|[t];andphonemesinslashes,suchas/p//t/.

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophones

ofthatphoneme.ForexampleJp]inthetwowordspitandcupas[phit]and[kApF.

3.3Phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair

Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Theymightformacontrastiftheyarctwodistinctive

phonemes,ortheydonotformacontrastinmeaningiftheyareallophonesof（hesamephoneme.

Theformeriscalledphonemiccontrast（音位对立）,theycanoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguish

meaning.Forexample,wecanseethat[phjand[bjeontrasteachotherininitialposition,asinpinandbin.Thenwe

findthattheyalsocontrastinfinalposition,asinropeandrobe.Sowecometotheconclusionthat/p/and/b/can

occurinthesameenvironmentsand（heydistinguishmeaning,thereforetheyareinphonemiccontrast.

Thelatteriscalledcomplementarydistribution（互补分布）；theyaretheallophonesofthesamephoneme.They

onlyoccurindifferentenvironments.Forexample,/p/inpeaklphi:k]andinspeak[spi:k];Anotherexampleisthatthe

clear[11andthedark[+]inlead[li:d]andillin[i+].

Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotheroneresultsina

changeofmeaning.Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.Aneasywaytodothisistofindthe

minimalpairs（最小对立体）.

Wecanalsoexplainitaswhentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhich

occursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsarcsaidtoformaminimalpair,suchas[pen]and[ben].

3.4Somerulesinphonology

A）Sequentialrules（序列规则）

Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsequentialrules.

I.Ifawordbeginswitha[I]ora[r],（henthenextsoundmustbeavowel.e.g.rude,last,leap

II.Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythe

followingthreerules:thefirstphonemustbe/s/,thesecondphonememustbe/p/orIIIor/k/,thethird

phonememustbe/I/or/r/or/w/.e.g.strict,splendid,spring

III.Theaffricates[tf][d3]andthesibilants[s][z][f][3]arenottobefollowedbyanothersibilant,e.g.the

pluralformofthewordteachisteachesiz].

IV.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarclanguagespecific.WhatisnotpcrmissiblcinEnglish

mightnotbepermissibleinanotherlanguage.

B）Assimilationrules（同化规则）

Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundioanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmaking

thetwophonessimilar.

I.Nasalizeavowelwhenitisfollowedbyanasalsound,e.g.the[i:]soundinbean/green.

II.Withinaword,（henasal[n]assumesthesameplaceofarticulationastheconsonantthatfollowsit,e.g.

correct-incorrect.

III.Thesoundassimilationisactuallyreflectedinthespellinginmostcases.Insteadofinpossible,thenegative

formpossibleisimpossible,asihe[n]soundisassimilatedio[m].

C）Deletionrule（省略规则）

Theruletellsuswhenasoundislobedeletedalthoughi（isorthographicallyrepresented.

Forexample,deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.Inthepronunciationofsuchwords

assign,design,andparadigm,thereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingbytheletterg.But

intheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,andparadigmatic^（he[g]representedbythelettergis

pronounced.

3.5Suprasegmentalfeatures-stress,tone,intonation

Thephonemicfeaturesihaloccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures（超切分特征）.

Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonation,andtone.

A）Stress（重音）

Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearctwokindsstress:wordstressandsentencestress.

Whenwesaythatacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,wemeanthatthesyllableispronouncedwithgreaterforce

thantheotherorothers.

1.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishedmeaning.Ashiftofstressmaychangethepartofspeechofa

wordfromanountoaverbalthoughitsspellingremainsunchanged.Thenounhasthestressonthefirst

syllableandthecorrespondingverbhasthestressonthesecondsyllable.Forexample:

E.g.:'importn.・im’portv."increasen-in"creasev.

'progressn.-progressv/insultn.-in'sultv.

'convictn.-conzvictv/rebeln.-rezbelv.

'producen.-producev/combinen.-combinev.

'permitn.-per'mitv.'pervertn.-per'vertv.

II.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompoundsisthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirst

element,andthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,forexample:

azgreen,house—abuildingwithglassroofandsidesandoftenformofheating,usedforgrowingplants

whichneedheat,lightandfreedomfromwinds

a'green'house—ahousewhichisgreenincolor

azhoc,dog—akindoffastfoodwithabreadrollandasausage

a'hot'dog-adogwhichishot

111.Themeaning-distinctiveroleplayedbywordstressisalsomanifestedinthecombinationof-ingforms

andnounsAlthoughidenticalinform,allthese-ing+nouncombinationsarcoftwotypes.

Foronetype,（he-ingformservesasamodifierofthenoun.Forexample,adining-roomisaroomwhere

readingpeoplecandine,readingglassesareglassespeoplewearwhenreading.Theseareactuallycompound

nouns.Asarule,inpronouncingthistypeof-ing+nounconibinationsasinpronouncingothercompound

words,thewordstressalwaysfallsonthefirstelement;thesecondelementreceivessecondarystress:

'dining-,room,'reading.glasses,,sewing.machine.

Fortheothertypeof-ing+nouncombinations,thenounisactuallythedoeroftheactionindicatedbythe-ing

form.Forexample,sleepingbabymeansababywhoissleeping,andswimmingfishisafishthatisswimming.

Forthesecombinations,theprimarystressdoesnotfallonthefirstelement,butontheheadnoun,andthe-ing

formreceivessecondarystress:sleeping7baby,swimmingAfish.

B）Tone（声调）

Englishisnotatonelanguage,Chineseisatypicaltonelanguage.

C）Intonation（语调）

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectively

knownasintonation.

Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefall-risetone,andtherise-falltone.

Themostfrequentlyusedarethefirstthree.

内容串讲(Chapter3Morphology)

一、本章复习建议

形态学研究单词的内部结构以及构词规则。本章要求对构成单词的最小意义单位一语素有所了解，包括语素

的类型、常见词根和词缀的意义，并通过对词素的学习加强对英语派生词和复合词的理解和运月能力。

二、本章重要知识点讲解

1.Definition

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsand(herulesbywhich

wordsarcformed.(Justastheformationofsentencesisgovernedbyrules,soisthestructureofwords.)

Inflectionalmorphology-----

Morphology-----------

Derivationalmorphology-----

Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections.Derivationalmorphologyisaboutthestudyof

word-formalion.

2.Morpheme

2.1Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage

Forexample,theword:boyishUhay"+“-ish''.Stnicturallyspeaking,theword“boyish“consistsoftwo

meaningfulcomponentswhichcan'tbeanalyzedanyfiirther,i.e.J'boy"and"-ish”.

Wecallthesemeaningfulcomponentsatthelowestlevelofaword“morphemes”.Buttheythemselves

cannotbefurtheranalyzed.Somcrphcmcisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetween

expressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrastically

alteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

2.2Typesofmorphemes

2.2.1Freemorphemes

Howmanydifferenttypesofmoiphemesarethere?Morp