《工业分析 Industrial Analysis》课件-钢铁种类与各元素作用（双语）

项目六：钢铁分析任务一：钢铁种类及制样方法钢铁分类及各元素作用课程：工业分析中文Scenario6:SteelanalysisTask1:TypesofsteelandsamplepreparationmethodsClassificationofSteelandtheEffectsofVariousElementsCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、钢铁种类钢和铁主成分都是铁，区别是根据含碳量的多少生铁：含C>1.7%钢：含C0.05%~1.7%熟铁：含C<0.05低碳钢：0.05~0.25%中碳钢：0.25~0.60%高碳钢：0.60~1.4%中文一、ClassificationofsteelThemaincomponentofbothsteelandironisiron,andthedifferencebetweenthemistheircarboncontentPigiron:containingC>1.7%Steel:containingC0.05%~1.7%Wroughtiron:containingC<0.05low-carbonsteel：0.05~0.25%mediumcarbonsteel：0.25~0.60%high-carbonsteel：0.60~1.4%Eglish1、生铁

铁矿石和焦炭、石灰石按一定比例配合，经过高温煅烧、冶炼，则铁矿石被焦炭还原，生成粗制的铁，称生铁。反应历程较复杂，可用下式代表：中文1、PigironIronoreismixedwithcokeandlimestoneinacertainproportion,andafterhigh-temperaturecalcinationandsmelting,theironoreisreducedbycoketoproducecrudeiron,whichiscalledpigiron.Thereactionprocessiscomplexandcanberepresentedbythefollowingequation:(removeSiO2)

Ironoremainlycontainsothermetallicornon-metallicimpuritiespresentinsilicatestate.Aftersmelting,mostoftheimpuritiesareconvertedintoslag,separatedandremoved,andasmallamountofimpuritiessuchasC,Mn,Si,S,Pareresidualinpigiron.Eglish2、碳素钢如果将生铁与其他辅助材料配合，进一步冶炼，则杂质被进一步氧化除去，同时控制含碳量降至一定限度，硅锰等元素含量很低，硫磷等杂质降至0.05%以下，则成为铁及碳的合金碳素钢。中文2、carbonsteelIfpigironiscombinedwithotherauxiliarymaterialsforfurthersmelting,impuritiesarefurtheroxidizedandremoved.Atthesametime,thecarboncontentiscontrolledtoacertainlimit,andthecontentofelementssuchassiliconandmanganeseisverylow.Impuritiessuchassulfurandphosphorusarereducedtobelow0.05%,makingitanalloycarbonsteelofironandcarbon.IronorelimestonecokeHightemperaturecombustionpigironauxiliarymaterialssmeltcarbonsteelEglish3、特种钢

若适当提高钢中Si或Mn含量，或加入一定量的Ni，Cr，W，Mo，V，Ti等金属，成为特种钢（铁合金或合金钢）。

加Ni、Cr、W、Ti等又分别称为Ni钢、Cr钢、W钢、Ti钢。加Ni增强钢的强度及韧性，多用于承受冲击或强大压力的制件；含Ni36%铸钢受热时几乎不膨胀，可制精密仪器中文3、SpecialSteel

IftheSiorMncontentinthesteelisappropriatelyincreased,oracertainamountofmetalssuchasNi,Cr,W,Mo,V,Tiareadded,thesteelwillbecomespecialsteel(ferroalloyoralloysteel).

SteelcontainingNi,Cr,W,Ti,andotherelementsisalsoknownasNisteel,Crsteel,Wsteel,andTisteel,respectively.

Nienhancesthestrengthandtoughnessofsteel,whichiscommonlyusedinpartsthatneedtowithstandimpactorstrongpressure;Caststeelcontaining36%Nihardlyexpandswhenheated,makingitsuitableforprecisioninstrumentsEglish

加Cr的钢耐热耐腐蚀性较强，多用于制造滚珠轴承或工具；含Cr12.5-18%的铬钢或含铬0.6-1.75%、Ni1.25%的镍铬钢，又称不锈钢，可制高压锅。

加W的钢有极强的耐热性，受热至白热化仍不软化，常制运转的机件或刀具。

高速切削钢：含W15–18%、V1–3%中文

ThesteelwithaddedCrhasstrongheatandcorrosionresistance,andismostlyusedformanufacturingballbearingsortools;ChromiumsteelwithCr12.5-18%ornickelchromiumsteelwithCr0.6-1.75%andNi1.25%,alsoknownasstainlesssteel,canbeusedtomakepressurecookers.

SteelwithaddedWhasextremelystrongheatresistanceanddoesnotsoftenevenwhenheatedtowhiteheat.Itiscommonlyusedforoperatingmachineryorcuttingtools.

Highspeedcuttingsteel:containingW15-18%andV1-3%Eglish二、各元素在钢中的形态和作用

1、碳碳是钢铁的主要成分之一，它直接影响着钢铁的性能。碳是区别铁与钢，决定钢号、品级的主要标志。形态：一般含碳增加，钢铁强度和硬度，但韧性和塑性，正是由于碳的存在，才能用热处理方法来调节和改善其机械性能。中文二、Theformsandfunctionsofvariouselementsinsteel

1、CarbonCarbonisoneofthemaincomponentsofsteel,whichdirectlyaffectsitsperformance.Carbonisthemainsymbolthatdistinguishesironfromsteelanddeterminesthegradeofsteel.Generally,asthecarboncontentincreases,thestrengthandhardnessofsteelwilldecrease,butthetoughnessandplasticitywillincrease.Itispreciselybecauseofthepresenceofcarbonthatheattreatmentmethodscanbeusedtoregulateandimprovethemechanicalpropertiesofsteel.forms：freestatecompoundform：Eglish2、硅形态主要以硅化物：FeSi、MnSi、FeMnSi存在在高硅钢中，一部分以SiC存在，有时也形成固熔体或硅酸盐。作用

增强钢的硬度、弹性及强度，提高抗氧化能力及耐酸性促使C以游离态石墨状态，使钢高于流动性，易于铸造中文2、Siliconform：Mainlyexistingintheformofsilicides:FeSi,MnSi,FeMnSiInhighsiliconsteel,aportionofitexistsasSiCandsometimesformsasolidmeltorsilicate.role：

Enhancethehardness,elasticity,andstrengthofsteel,improveitsoxidationresistanceandacidresistancePromoteCtobeinafreegraphitestate,makingthesteelhigherinfluidityandeasiertocastEglish

形态主要以MnS或FeS状态存在若：

使钢产生“热脆性”——有害成分原因：为什么产生热脆性？

FeS的熔点较低，最后凝固，夹杂于钢铁的晶格之间。当加热压制钢铁时，FeS熔融，钢铁的晶粒失去连接作用而脆裂。3、硫国家标准规定，碳素钢硫含量≤0.05%，优质钢硫含量≤0.02%中文

form：MainlyexistinginMnSorFeSstateSulfurcauses"thermalbrittleness"insteel-harmfulcomponentsReason:Whydoessulfurcausesteeltodevelopthermalbrittleness?ThemeltingpointofFeSisrelativelylow,anditsolidifiesduringsteelmaking,withinclusionsbetweenthelatticeofthesteel.Whenheatingandpressingsteel,FeSmelts,andthegrainsofthesteellosetheirconnectionandbecomebrittle.3、SulfurAccordingtonationalstandards,thesulfurcontentofcarbonsteelis≤0.05%,andthesulfurcontentofhigh-qualitysteelis≤0.02%generateconversely，S+FeEglish形态：以Fe2P或Fe3P状态存在

作用磷化铁硬度较强，以至钢铁难于加工，并使钢铁产生“冷脆性”，也是有害杂质。P↑→流动性↑→易铸造，并可避免在轧钢时轧辊与压件粘合4、磷磷含量≤0.06%中文

form：ExistinginFe2PorFe3Pstate

role：Ironphosphidehasastronghardness,makingitdifficulttoprocesssteelandcausingittodevelopcoldbrittleness.Phosphorusisalsoaharmfulimpurityinsteel.P↑→mobility↑→Easytocastandcanavoidadhesionbetweenrollersandpressedpartsduringsteelrolling4、PhosphorusPhosphoruscontent≤0.06%Eglish形态

主要以MnS状态存在，如S含量较低，过量的锰可能组成MnC、MnSi、FeMnSi等，或以固熔体状态存在。作用

增强钢的硬度，减弱延展性，使钢铁具有良好的弹性和耐磨性。5、锰中文form：

ManganesemainlyexistsintheMnSstateinsteel.IftheScontentislow,excessmanganesemayformMnC,MnSi,FeMnSi,etc.,orexistinasolidmeltstate.role：

Manganesecanenhancethehardnessofste