【《镉和镍的毒害效应研究的国内外文献综述》3700字】

镉和镍的毒害效应研究的国内外文献综述目录TOC\o"1-3"\h\u21583镉和镍的毒害效应研究的国内外文献综述 1129001.1镉和镍对植物的毒害效应 1314641.2镉和镍对人体的毒害效应 31.1镉和镍对植物的毒害效应植物中重金属的毒性随重金属种类、浓度、存在状态、植物种类以及土壤组成和pH值变化而变化ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[12]。有些重金属对植物生长起着至关重要，例如：Cu和Zn可以用作酶反应的辅助因子和活化剂、可以催化某些酶或底物发挥作用、构成金属蛋白中的辅基等，这些必需的微量金属养分参与了核酸代谢中的氧化还原反应，电子转移和结构功能ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[13]。但某些重金属，例如Cd，对金属敏感的酶具有剧毒，会抑制植物生长和导致死亡，Ni是高毒性的重金属之一，对植物也存在毒害作用ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6]。这些重金属具有生物蓄积性，既不会在环境中分解也不会轻易代谢，通过初级生产者一级摄取然后由消费者消费，在生态食物链中逐渐积累。根是植物接触吸收重金属离子的主要部位，如果沉积在叶片表面，重金属也可以被叶片直接吸收ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[14]。1.1.1对植物发芽的影响发芽率是植株生长的重要指标。有许多研究表明，镉和镍的存在会对植株发芽率产生负面影响。Ahmad等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ahmad</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>183</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>183</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607179074">183</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ahmad,Iftikhar</author><author>Akhtar,MuhammadJaved</author><author>Zahir,ZahirAhmad</author><author>Jamil,Amer</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EFFECTOFCADMIUMONSEEDGERMINATIONANDSEEDLINGGROWTHOFFOURWHEAT(TRITICUMAESTIVUML.)CULTIVARS</title><secondary-title>PakistanJournalofBotany</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PakistanJournalofBotany</full-title></periodical><pages>1569-1574</pages><volume>44</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0556-3321</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000311185700013</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000311185700013</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]进行了研究来评估0、5、20、50和80mg/L不同Cd浓度水平对4个小麦品种（Sehar-06，Fareed-06，Inqlab-91，Chakwal）种子萌发的影响。研究发现，20mg/L浓度的镉对小麦种子发芽显示出毒性，进一步添加50至80mg/L的Cd会加剧毒性。与对照相比，在80mg/LCd下，发芽率（68％）和发芽指数（76.8％）最大降低，但不同品种的小麦耐性指数有所不同。MitraADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[16]的研究也表明，200μg/mL的Cd浓度下，水稻发芽率降低约50%，幼苗活力指数（SVI）由1400降低至200，显著抑制了水稻种子的萌发。Jamil等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jamil</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1573798051">99</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jamil,M.</author><author>Zeb,S.</author><author>Anees,M.</author><author>Roohi,A.</author><author>Ahmed,I.</author><author>Rehman,S.U.</author><author>Rha,E.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ROLEOFBACILLUSLICHENIFORMISINPHYTOREMEDIATIONOFNICKELCONTAMINATEDSOILCULTIVATEDWITHRICE</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofPhytoremediation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofPhytoremediation</full-title></periodical><pages>554-571</pages><volume>16</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1522-6514</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000325787600002</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000325787600002</url><url>/doi/pdf/10.1080/15226514.2013.798621?needAccess=true</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/15226514.2013.798621</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]探究了在不同浓度（0、100、250、500和1,000ppm）的镍污染的土壤中水稻生长的状况，结果表明，镍对水稻发芽具有统计学上的显着抑制作用，随着氯化镍浓度的增加，水稻不仅发芽率降低40%以上，而且发芽时间显著增加。镉和镍对蜘蛛发芽的影响可能是由于引起了根系的形态和生理变化，也有可能是抑制了发芽种子中营养素的吸收，从而导致发芽不佳ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Khanna</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>65</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>65</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1572412534">65</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Khanna,K.</author><author>Jamwal,V.L.</author><author>Gandhi,S.G.</author><author>Ohri,P.</author><author>Bhardwaj,R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>MetalresistantPGPRloweredCduptakeandexpressionofmetaltransportergeneswithimprovedgrowthandphotosyntheticpigmentsinLycopersiconesculentumundermetaltoxicity</title><secondary-title>ScientificReports</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ScientificReports</full-title></periodical><volume>9</volume><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2045-2322</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000463984600013</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000463984600013</url><url>/articles/s41598-019-41899-3.pdf</url></related-urls></urls><custom7>5855</custom7><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/s41598-019-41899-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]。1.1.2对植物生长发育的影响重金属对不同生长状态的植物毒性作用可能导致植物生长受到抑制，包括呼吸作用、光合作用以及各种代谢活动，它很容易在植物中积累，并抑制植物的生长和吸收养分。在大多数环境条件下，重金属首先进入根部，因此根部很可能会首先遭受破坏，重金属还会抑制细胞尤其是茎中的伸长生长速率，降低根和茎的生长ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[12]。同时，重金属还可能干扰植物中必需矿物质养分的吸收和分配，从而导致营养缺乏和养分失衡ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Pishchik</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>69</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>69</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1572412534">69</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pishchik,V.N.</author><author>Vorobyev,N.I.</author><author>Chernyaeva,,II</author><author>Timofeeva,S.V.</author><author>Kozhemyakov,A.P.</author><author>Alexeev,Y.V.</author><author>Lukin,S.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Experimentalandmathematicalsimulationofplantgrowthpromotingrhizobacteriaandplantinteractionundercadmiumstress</title><secondary-title>PlantandSoil</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PlantandSoil</full-title></periodical><pages>173-186</pages><volume>243</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0032-079X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000177677400005</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000177677400005</url><url>/content/pdf/10.1023%2FA%3A1019941525758.pdf</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1023/a:1019941525758</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]。此外，镉可能导致萎黄病，坏死，营养失衡。土壤中过量的Ni2会导致植物产生各种生理变化和不同的毒性症状，在一定浓度下，镍也会干扰许多生理过程，从而导致植物生长减少以及其他常见症状，如萎黄，坏死和枯萎，从而抑制植物的发育ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jamil</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1573798051">99</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jamil,M.</author><author>Zeb,S.</author><author>Anees,M.</author><author>Roohi,A.</author><author>Ahmed,I.</author><author>Rehman,S.U.</author><author>Rha,E.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ROLEOFBACILLUSLICHENIFORMISINPHYTOREMEDIATIONOFNICKELCONTAMINATEDSOILCULTIVATEDWITHRICE</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofPhytoremediation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofPhytoremediation</full-title></periodical><pages>554-571</pages><volume>16</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1522-6514</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000325787600002</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000325787600002</url><url>/doi/pdf/10.1080/15226514.2013.798621?needAccess=true</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/15226514.2013.798621</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]。Andrei等人ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[20]的研究表明镉严重抑制了植物对营养元素的生长和吸收，在镉存在的情况下，植物对P，Mg，Ca，Fe，Mn和Na等元素的吸收显著下降ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>185</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>185</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607240678">185</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>PremanandaDas</author><author>SanghamitraSamantaray</author><author>GyanaRanjanRout</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StudiesonCadmiumToxicityinPlants:AReview</title><secondary-title>Environmentalpollution(Barking,Essex:1987)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmentalpollution(Barking,Essex:1987)</full-title></periodical><pages>29-36</pages><volume>665</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]。WanADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[22]等人的研究表明镉对植物生长产生了显着的抑制作用，在添加100μmol/LCdCl2的条件下，观察到植株鲜重、株高和根重显著降低；不仅如此，通过在整个实验期间测量了光合色素的含量，观察到从第0天到实验结束，叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素等光合色素含量随着Cd浓度的增加而净减少。JamilADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jamil</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1573798051">99</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jamil,M.</author><author>Zeb,S.</author><author>Anees,M.</author><author>Roohi,A.</author><author>Ahmed,I.</author><author>Rehman,S.U.</author><author>Rha,E.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ROLEOFBACILLUSLICHENIFORMISINPHYTOREMEDIATIONOFNICKELCONTAMINATEDSOILCULTIVATEDWITHRICE</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofPhytoremediation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofPhytoremediation</full-title></periodical><pages>554-571</pages><volume>16</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1522-6514</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000325787600002</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000325787600002</url><url>/doi/pdf/10.1080/15226514.2013.798621?needAccess=true</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/15226514.2013.798621</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]等人通过实验观察到通过施用不同浓度的镍，植物中离子含量（Na，K和Ca）显着降低，光合色素（叶绿素a，叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素）也显著减少了，同时，发现总蛋白和有机氮含量在较高的镍浓度下也由显著下降。1.1.2对植物细胞功能的影响镉没有生物学功能，研究表明，镉会造成植物生长受阻性氧化、电子传递链和膜结合酶（如NADPH氧化酶）的破坏以及谷胱甘肽池的衰减ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[23]。植物根部Fe(III)还原酶活性会受到镉的抑制，进一步导致植物体内Fe(II)的缺乏，影响植物生长发育；同时，镉抑制芽中硝酸盐还原酶的活性，进而减少了植物对硝酸盐的吸收及其从根到芽的转运过程ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Hernandez</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>186</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>186</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607241756">186</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hernandez,L.E.</author><author>Carpena-Ruiz,R.</author><author>Garate,A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Alterationsinthemineralnutritionofpeaseedlingsexposedtocadmium</title><secondary-title>JournalofPlantNutrition</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPlantNutrition</full-title><abbr-1>J.PlantNutr.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1581-1598</pages><volume>19</volume><number>12</number><section>1581</section><dates><year>1996</year></dates><isbn>0190-4167</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1080/01904169609365223</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]。MathysADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>MATHYS</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>190</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>190</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607246083">190</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>WERNERMATHYS</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EnzymesofHeavy‐Metal‐ResistantandNon‐ResistantPopulationsofSilenecucubalusandTheirInteractionwithSomeHeavyMetalsinvitroandinvivo</title><secondary-title>PhysiologiaPlantarum</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PhysiologiaPlantarum</full-title></periodical><pages>161-165</pages><volume>33</volume><dates><year>1975</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]等人在小硅草中也发现了镉对硝酸还原酶活性的明显抑制作用。镉毒性会影响质膜的渗透性，从而导致水含量降低，影响植物体内水分平衡ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Alcántara</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>187</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[26]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>187</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607243007">187</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EstebanAlcántara</author><author>FranciscoJ.Romera</author><author>MarisaCañete</author><author>ManuelD.DelaGuardia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EffectsofheavymetalsonbothinductionandfunctionofrootFe(lll)reductaseinFe-deficientcucumber(CucumissativusL.)plants</title><secondary-title>JournalofExperimentalBotany</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofExperimentalBotany</full-title></periodical><pages>1893–1898</pages><volume>45</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1093/jxb/45.12.1893</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]。研究表明，镉处理可降低小麦和向日葵根质膜部分的ATPase活性，并通过诱导脂质过氧化作用来改变膜的功能ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Fodor</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>188</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[27]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>188</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607243435">188</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fodor,Elfrieda</author><author>Szabó-Nagy,Andrea</author><author>Erdei,László</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheEffectsofCadmiumontheFluidityandH+-ATPaseActivityofPlasmaMembranefromSunflowerandWheatRoots</title><secondary-title>JournalofPlantPhysiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPlantPhysiology</full-title></periodical><pages>87-92</pages><volume>147</volume><number>1</number><section>87</section><dates><year>1995</year></dates><isbn>01761617</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0176-1617(11)81418-5</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]，并通过抑制叶绿素的生物合成并降低参与二氧化碳固定的酶的活性来破坏叶绿体的代谢ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>DeFilippis</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>189</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>189</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607243915">189</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>DeFilippis,L.F.</author><author>Ziegler,H.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EffectofSublethalConcentrationsofZinc,CadmiumandMercuryonthePhotosyntheticCarbonReductionCycleofEuglena</title><secondary-title>JournalofPlantPhysiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPlantPhysiology</full-title></periodical><pages>167-172</pages><volume>142</volume><number>2</number><section>167</section><dates><year>1993</year></dates><isbn>01761617</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0176-1617(11)80958-2</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]。镉还会影响质膜的通透性，引起脂质过氧化和异常的叶绿体代谢ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6]。镍是植物体内一种必需的微量营养素，但是，在高Ni2+含量的土壤中生长的植物表现出营养平衡失调，并导致细胞膜功能紊乱。过量的镍会影响质膜的脂质组成和H-ATPase活性ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>ROS</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>196</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>196</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607255054">196</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ROS,ROC</author><author>COOK,DAVIDT.</author><author>MARTINEZ-CORTINA,CARMEN</author><author>PICAZO,ISABEL</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NickelandCadmium-relatedChangesinGrowth,PlasmaMembraneLipidComposition,ATPaseHydrolyticActivityandProton-pumpingofRice(OryzasativaL.cv.Bahia)Shoots</title><secondary-title>JournalofExperimentalBotany</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofExperimentalBotany</full-title></periodical><pages>1475-1481</pages><volume>43</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>1992</year></dates><isbn>0022-0957</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1093/jxb/43.11.1475</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1093/jxb/43.11.1475%JJournalofExperimentalBotany</electronic-resource-num><access-date>12/6/2020</access-date></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]。根据PandolfiniADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>194</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>194</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607254410">194</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>T.PANDOLFINI</author><author>R.GABBRIELLI</author><author>C.COMPARINI</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NickeltoxicityandperoxidaseactivityinseedlingsofTriticumaestivumL.</title><secondary-title>Plant,CellandEnvironment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Plant,CellandEnvironment</full-title></periodical><pages>719-725</pages><volume>15</volume><dates><year>1992</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]和GonnelliADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><RecNum>195</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[31]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>195</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607254424">195</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>CristinaGonnelli</author><author>FrancescaGalardi</author><author>RobertoGabbrielli</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NickelandcoppertoleranceandtoxicityinthreeTuscanpopulationsofSileneparadoxa</title><secondary-title>PHYSIOLOGIAPLANTARUM</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PhysiologiaPlantarum</full-title></periodical><pages>507–514</pages><volume>113</volume><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[31]等人的研究均表明，高浓度的镍会使植物体内MDA浓度升高。此外，Ni还会干扰细胞膜功能和细胞质中的离子平衡，尤其是跨植物细胞膜流动性最高的离子K2+并导致细胞膜功能障碍ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[6]。另外，有研究发现在用镍处理过的植物中观察到的其他症状与水平衡的变化有关，过量吸收镍导致双子叶植物和单子叶植物的水分含量下降ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[32,33]。1.1.3对植物抗氧化性的影响植物在非生物胁迫下，体内活性氧（Reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS）会过度积累。具有高反应性和毒性的活性氧会破坏植物蛋白质，脂质，碳水化合物和DNA，对植物造成氧化胁迫及氧化损伤ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[34]。ROS种类繁多，既包含自由基形式，如O2·-，超氧自由基；OH·，羟基自由基；HO2·，过羟基自由基和RO·，烷氧基自由基，又包含非自由基（分子）形式，如：H2O2，过氧化氢和1O2，单线态氧等ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[34]。但通常情况下，植物体内的抗氧化剂防御机制可保护植物免受氧化胁迫的损害。植物抗氧化剂防御机制主要包括抗氧化酶以及非酶类物质，共同控制ROS含量并缓解ROS引起的氧化损伤。抗氧化酶主要有：超氧化物歧化酶，SOD；过氧化氢酶，CAT；抗坏血酸过氧化物酶，APX；谷胱甘肽还原酶，GR；谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶，GPX；谷胱甘肽转移酶，GST等。非酶类抗氧化剂包括：抗坏血酸，ASH；谷胱甘肽，GSH；酚类化合物，生物碱，非蛋白质氨基酸和α-生育酚等ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[35]。镉和镍等重金属则会使植物体内ROS大量积累，干扰植物体内的抗氧化防御机制，从而影响植物生长。例如，ShahADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[36]等人的实验表明，在培养基中存在100和500mmol/LCd2+的情况下，水稻幼苗在土培条件下生长5-20天时，与对照相比，脂质过氧化物的水平升高，超氧阴离子的产生显著增加，在500mmol/LCd处理下，丙二醛（MDA）含量增加约1.4-1.6倍，表明幼苗的芽中脂质过氧化作用增强，同时，过氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性增加，过氧化物酶的活性比对照组大约高出8-17倍；在中等毒性Cd（100mmol/L）水平下生长的幼苗中过氧化氢酶的活性增加，而高毒性Cd（500mmol/L）水平导致对过氧化氢酶活性的明显抑制。结果表明，Cd对水稻生长产生显著的氧化胁迫，并显著提高了过氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性。而GajewskaADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gajewska</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>191</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[32]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>191</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607247556">191</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gajewska,E.</author><author>Sklodowska,M.</author><author>Slaba,M.</author><author>Mazur,J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectofnickelonantioxidativeenzymeactivities,prolineandchlorophyllcontentsinwheatshoots</title><secondary-title>BiologiaPlantarum</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BiologiaPlantarum</full-title></periodical><pages>653-659</pages><volume>50</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0006-3134</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000238531000026</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000238531000026</url><url>http://bp.ueb.cas.cz/pdfs/bpl/2006/04/26.pdf</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10535-006-0102-5</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[32]等人通过实验探究了在200μmol/L镍存在的条件下，小麦植株中SOD、CAT、POD以及GST的活性，结果表明，镍的存在在一定程度上干扰了超氧化物歧化酶的作用，造成叶片组织中的过氧化氢含量的大量增加，超出了抗氧化机制的清除能力，从而抑制植物的发育。1.2镉和镍对人体的毒害效应镉、镍不仅影响植物的生长，而且还会在环境中积累，并随着食物链的浓度逐渐增加，给人类健康带来威胁。镉在植物中的积累尤其引人关注，因为镉在叶片中的积累非常高，镉可以有效地保留在人的肾脏中，并具有10-30年的残留期，导致人体负荷随年龄的增长而累积，因此，即使长期低水平接触也有可能严重威胁健康ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[14]。镉在人体中残留会对肾脏产生毒性，导致肾衰竭ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Abbas</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>127</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1582794881">127</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Abbas,SyedZaghum</author><author>Rafatullah,Mohd</author><author>Ismail,Norli</author><author>Lalung,Japareng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Isolation,identification,characterization,andevaluationofcadmiumremovalcapacityofEnterobacterspecies</title><secondary-title>JournalofBasicMicrobiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofBasicMicrobiology</full-title></periodical><pages>1279-1287</pages><volume>54</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0233-111X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000346260300001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000346260300001</style></url><url>/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201400157</url><url>/doi/abs/10.1002/jobm.201400157</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/jobm.201400157</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]，造成骨质疏松症，骨骼脱矿质，椎骨骨质疏松症和骨折，肝损伤等病症ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[37]。同时，镉具有胚胎毒性，致癌性，致突变性和致突变性，影响细胞凋亡，分化和增殖，并增加致癌基因激活的机会并可能引起贫血，高血糖症，肺癌，DNA损伤，外周动脉疾病，衰老，对神经元产生毒性，引发心血管系统和生殖系统疾病，并且由于其会干扰铁的代谢，由此也会导致免疫力降低ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[14]。镍可能导致人类的急性和慢性疾病，诱发肺部和肾脏疾病，例如胃肠道不适和肾水肿ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[11]。高于临界水平的Ni2+的存在可能会导致各种人类健康疾病，例如严重损害肺和肾脏，胃肠道不适（例如恶心，呕吐和腹泻），肺纤维化和肾水肿和皮肤皮炎ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Akhtar</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>184</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[38]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>184</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="2s2w05etat5xs8ep0dcp2rvnswve2w0az9fz"timestamp="1607223783">184</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Akhtar,N.</author><author>Iqbal,J.</author><author>Iqbal,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Removalandrecoveryofnickel(II)fromaqueoussolutionbyloofasponge-immobilizedbiomassofChlorellasorokiniana:characterizationstudies</title><secondary-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofHazardousMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>85-94</pages><volume>108</volume><number>1-2</number><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Apr30</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0304-3894</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000221065000008</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><styleface="underline"font="default"size="100%"><GotoISI>://WOS:000221065000008</style></url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.01.002</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[38]参考文献[1]HuB,ZhaoR,ChenS,etal.HeavyMetalPollutionDelineationBasedonUncertaintyinaCoastalIndustrialCityintheYangtzeRiverDelta,China[J].InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalResearchandPublicHealth,2018,15(4).[2]环境保护部，国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[R].2014.[3]生态环境部.中国生态环境状况公报[R].2019.[4]中国地质调查局.中国耕地地球化学调查报告（2015年）[R].2015.[5]HuB,ShaoS,NiH,etal.Currentstatus,spatialfeatures,healthrisks,andpot