托福阅读历年真题

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Questions1-9

Theterm"folksong"hasbeencurrentforoverahundredyears,butthereisstillagooddealofdisagreementastowhatitactuallymeans.ThedefinitionprovidedbytheInternationalFolkMusicCouncilstatesthatfolkmusicisthemusicofordinarypeople,Linewhichispassedonfrompersontopersonbybeinglistenedtoratherthanlearnedfrom

(5)theprintedpage.Otherfactorsthathelpshapeafolksonginclude:continuity(many

performancesoveranumberofyears);variation(changesinwordsandmelodieseither

throughartisticinterpretationorfailureofmemory);andselection(theacceptanceofa

songbythecommunityinwhichitevolves).

Whensongshavebeensubjectedtotheseprocessestheiroriginisusuallyimpossible

(10)totrace.Forinstance,ifafarmlaborerweretomakeupasongandsingittoa-coupleoffriendswholikeitandmemorizeit,possiblywhenthefriendscometosingitthemselvesoneofthemmightforgetsomeofthewordsandmakeupnewonestofillthegap,while"theother,perhapsmoreartistic,mightaddafewdecorativetouchestothetuneandimproveacoupleoflinesoftext.Ifthishappenedafewtimestherewouldbemany

(15)differentversions,thesong'soriginalcomposerwouldbeforgotten,andthesongwouldbecomecommonproperty.Thisconstantreshapingandre-creationistheessenceoffolkmusic.Consequently,modempopularsongsandotherpublishedmusic,eventhoughwidelysungbypeoplewhoarenotprofessionalmusicians,arenotconsideredfolkmusic.

Themusicandwordshavebeensetbyaprintedorrecordedsource,limitingscopefor

(20)furtherartisticcreation.Thesesongs'originscannotbedisguisedandthereforethey

belongprimarilytothecomposerandnottoacommunity.

Theidealsituationforthecreationoffolkmusicisanisolatedruralcommunity.In

suchasettingfolksongsanddanceshaveaspecialpurposeateverystageinaperson's

life,fromchildhoodtodeath.Epictalesofheroicdeeds,seasonalsongsrelatingto

(25)calendarevents,andoccupationalsongsarealsolikelytobesung.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Themescommonlyfoundinfolkmusic

(B)Elementsthatdefinefolkmusic

(C)Influencesoffolkmusiconpopularmusic

(D)ThestandardsoftheInternationalFolkMusicCouncil

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheterm"folksong"issupportedbythepassage?

(A)Ithasbeenusedforseveralcenturies.

(B)TheInternationalFolkMusicCouncilinventedit.

(C)Itisconsideredtobeout-of-date.

(D)Thereisdisagreementaboutitsmeaning.

3.Theword"it"inline8refersto

(A)community

(B)song

(C)acceptance

(D)memory

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4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasacharacteristicofthetypicalfolk

song?

(A)Itisconstantlychangingovertime.

(B)itispassedontootherpeoplebybeingperformed.

(C)Itcontainscomplexmusicalstructures.

(D)Itappealstomanypeople.

5.Theword"subjected"inline9isclosestinmeaningto

(A)reduced

(B)modified

(C)exposed

(D)imitated

6.Theauthormentionsthefarmlaborerandhisfriends(lines10-14)inordertodowhichofthefollowing?

(A)Explainhowafolksongevolvesovertime

(B)Illustratetheimportanceofmusictoruralworkers

(C)Showhowsubjectmatterisselectedforafolksong

(D)Demonstratehowacommunity,choosesafolksong

7.Accordingtothepassage,whywouldtheoriginalcomposersoffolksongsbeforgotten?

(A)Audiencesprefersongscomposedbyprofessionalmusicians.

(B)Singersdislikethedecorativetouchesinfolksongtunes.

(C)Numerousvariationsoffolksongscometoexistatthesametime.

(D)Folksongsarenotconsideredanimportantformofmusic.

8.Theword"essence"inline16isclosestinmeaningto

(A)basicnature

(B)growingimportance

(C)fullextent

(D)firstphase

9.Theauthormentionsthatpublishedmusicisnotconsideredtobefolkmusicbecause

(A)theoriginalcomposercanbeeasilyidentified

(B)thesongsattrac