世界经济千年发展简史英文版

WorldEconomicDevelopment:AMillennium-LongJourney

1.Pre-ModernEra(1000–1500):FoundationsofAgrarianandMercantileEconomies

1.1AgrarianDominanceandFeudalStructures

Acrosscontinents,agricultureformedtheeconomicbackbone.InEurope,themanorialsystemtiedpeasantstolords’estates,withlaborandgoods(grain,livestock)exchangedforprotection.InAsia,imperialChina’srice-basedagriculture(supportedbyadvancedirrigation)andIndia’svillage-levelself-sufficiencysustainedlargepopulations.TheMiddleEast,meanwhile,thrivedonoasisfarmingandtrade-linkedagriculture(dates,spices).

1.2UrbanCraftandGuilds

1.3Long-DistanceTradeNetworks

TheSilkRoadconnectedEastandWest:Chinesesilk,Indianspices,andPersiancarpetsflowedtowardEurope,whileByzantineglassandEuropeanfursmovedeast.TheIndianOceantrade,dominatedbyArab,Gujarati,andMalaymerchants,linkedAfrica(Swahilicity-states)toSoutheastAsia(Srivijaya)viamonsoon-drivennavigation.Thesenetworksreliedonbarter,preciousmetals,andearlyformsofcredit(e.g.,Islamic“sukuk”bonds).

1.4TechnologicalandInstitutionalInnovations

Agriculture:Themoldboardplow(Europe)andchinampafarming(Aztecs)boostedyields.

Finance:Florence’sMedicibankpioneereddouble-entrybookkeepingandinternationalmoneytransfers.China’sSongDynastyintroducedpapermoney(jiaozi)tosimplifylarge-scaletrade.

Governance:Feudalmonarchs(e.g.,England’sMagnaCarta)beganbalancingpowerwithmerchants,layinggroundworkforlatercapitalistinstitutions.

2.TheAgeofExplorationandMercantilism(1500–1750):GlobalizingTradeandColonialCapitalism

2.1MaritimeExpansionandColonialExploitation

Europeanpowers—drivenby“God,gold,andglory”—sailednewroutes:VascodaGamareachedIndia,Columbus“discovered”theAmericas.Colonies(SpanishAmericas,PortugueseBrazil)becamesourcesofextractivewealth(silver,sugar,enslavedlabor).Thetransatlanticslavetrade(1500–1800)forciblymovedmillionsofAfricans,fuelingplantationeconomies.

2.2MercantilistPoliciesandNationalWealth

Governmentsadoptedmercantilism:exportmorethanimport,hoardgold,andprotectdomesticindustries(e.g.,France’sColbertism).England’sNavigationActsforcedcoloniestotradeonlywithBritishships,whileSpain’s“fleetsystem”monopolizedAmericansilver.

2.3TheColumbianExchangeandGlobalInterdependence

Cropslikemaize(Africa,Asia)andpotatoes(Europe)revolutionizedagriculture,whilehorses(Americas)andsmallpox(devastatingIndigenouspopulations)reshapedsocieties.SilverfromPotosí(Bolivia)becamethe“globalcurrency,”financingEurope’stradewithChina(forsilk,porcelain).

3.IndustrialRevolutionandCapitalistExpansion(1750–1900):MechanizationandGlobalHegemony

3.1TheFirstIndustrialRevolution:FromCrafttoFactory

Britainled:JamesWatt’ssteamenginepoweredfactories,RichardArkwright’swaterframemechanizedtextiles.Thefactorysystemreplacedcottageindustries,drivingurbanization(Manchestergrewfromasmalltowntoamajorcity).

3.2Labor,Urbanization,andSocialChange

3.3GlobalTradeandInfrastructure

Steamships(SS*GreatBritain*)andrailways(USTranscontinentalRailroad)slashedtransportcosts.Free-tradeideology(AdamSmith,DavidRicardo)replacedmercantilism:Britainexportedtextiles,importedwheat(fromUS/Canada)andcotton(fromIndia/US).

3.4NewImperialism:ScrambleforResources

Industrialpowers(UK,France,Germany)colonizedAfrica(1880s“Scramble”)andAsiaforrawmaterials(rubber,oil)andmarkets.Colonialeconomiesbecame“monocultural”:Ceylon(tea),Malaysia(rubber),Congo(ivory).Decolonizationbegan(India’s1857revolt),ascolonizedpeoplesresistedexploitation.

4.The20thCentury:Turbulence,Recovery,andGlobalization(1900–2000)

4.1WorldWarsandEconomicUpheaval(1900–1950)

WWI(1914–18):DevastatedEurope,disruptedtrade,andledtoreparations(Germany’shyperinflation).

GreatDepression(1929):USstockmarketcrashtriggeredglobalbankfailures,protectionism(Smoot-HawleyTariff),andmassunemployment.

WWII(1939–45):Destruction(Europe/Asia)butUS“arsenalofdemocracy”emergedasaneconomicsuperpower,producingalargeshareofglobalGDP.

4.2Post-WarReconstructionandKeynesianism

TheBrettonWoodssystem(1944)fixedexchangeratestotheUSdollar(peggedtogold),creatingtheIMF(stabilizecurrencies)andWorldBank(rebuildeconomies).Europeadoptedwelfarestates(UK’sNHS)andKeynesianpolicies(governmentspendingtomanagedemand),spurring“GoldenAge”growth(1950–1973).

4.3ColdWarBlocsandDecolonization

CapitalistWest:US-led,market-based,withMarshallPlanaidrebuildingEurope.

Decolonization(1945–1970s):Newnations(India,Ghana)adopted“importsubstitution”or“export-led”growth,oftenstrugglingwithdebtanddependency.

4.4Late-CenturyGlobalization

AsianTigers(1960s–1990s):SouthKorea,Taiwan,HongKong,Singaporeindustrializedviaexports(electronics,textiles),state-ledplanning,andeducation.

Neoliberalism(1980s):Reagan(US)andThatcher(UK)deregulatedmarkets,privatizedstateenterprises,andcutwelfare.

WTO(1995):ReplacedGATT,loweringtradebarriers.Globalsupplychains(e.g.,Apple’siPhoneproductionacrossmanycountries)emerged.

5.The21stCentury:Digitalization,Sustainability,andGeoeconomicShifts(2000–Present)

5.1DigitalRevolutionandPlatformEconomies

5.2SustainabilityandGreenTransitions

Climatechangepressureseconomiestodecarbonize:

Renewables:Solar(Chinaleads)andwind(US,Europe)accountforagrowingshareofglobalenergy.

ESGInvesting:Trillionsinassetsprioritizeenvironmental/socialgovernance.

CarbonMarkets:EUETSandChina’snationalmarketpricecarbonemissions.

5.3GeoeconomicTensionsandDecoupling

US-ChinaRivalry:Tariffs,techrestrictions,and“friendshoring”(tradingwithallies)reshapesupplychains.

Multipolarity:India,ASEAN,andAfricagaineconomicclout.

5.4Pandemic-InducedDisruptions(2020–2022)

COVID-19lockdownsbrokesupplychains(semiconductors,PPE),acceleratingdigitaladoption(telemedicine,Zoom).Fiscalstimulus(USCARESAct,EURecoveryFund)preventeddepressionbutspurredinflation.

Conclusion:Lessonsfro