【《散射成像和红外上转换成像理论基础》3100字】

散射成像和红外上转换成像理论基础透过散射介质成像一直是天文成像、生物成像和安全监视等广泛领域的研究热点。这一问题的挑战在于，光在通过在波长尺度上具有不均匀的结构的散射介质后会发生散射，使入射光波前发生畸变，在观测面上只能接收到带有散斑的图像ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1117/3.2548484","abstract":"Thisbookprovidesacomprehensivediscussionofthestatisticalpropertiesofspeckle,aswellasdetailedcoverageofitsroleinapplications.Someoftheapplicationsdiscussedincludespeckleinastronomy,speckleintheeye,speckleinprojectiondisplays,speckleincoherencetomography,speckleinlithography,speckleinwaveguides(modalnoise),speckleinopticalradardetection,andspeckleinmetrology.Thisbookisaimedatgraduatestudentsandprofessionalsworkinginawidevarietyoffields.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Goodman","given":"JosephW.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"SpecklePhenomenainOptics:TheoryandApplications,SecondEdition","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"title":"SpecklePhenomenainOptics:TheoryandApplications,SecondEdition","type":"book"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=d7d473a8-e7d2-3ed5-95cc-2bd98910b751"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[41]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[41]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[41]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[41]。在计算机视觉中，通常通过图像去噪的方式减少散斑。GuoADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1109/ICIP.1994.413278","ISSN":"15224880","abstract":"Thepaperintroducesanovelspecklereductionmethodbasedonthresholdingthewaveletcoefficientsofthelogarithmicallytransformedimage.Themethodiscomputationalefficientandcansignificantlyreducethespecklewhilepreservingtheresolutionoftheoriginalimage.Bothsoftandhardthresholdingschemesarestudiedandtheresultsarecompared.WhenfullypolarimetricSARimagesareavailable,theauthorsproposeseveralapproachestocombinethedatafromdifferentpolarizationstoachieveevenbetterperformance.Waveletprocessedimageryisshowntoprovidebetterdetectionperformanceforthesynthetic-apertureradar(SAR)basedautomatictargetdetection/recognition(ATD/R)problem.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Guo","given":"H.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Odegard","given":"J.E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lang","given":"M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gopinath","given":"R.A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Selesnick","given":"I.W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Burrus","given":"C.S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Proceedings-InternationalConferenceonImageProcessing,ICIP","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]},"page":"75-79","title":"WaveletbasedspecklereductionwithapplicationtoSARbasedATD/R","type":"paper-conference","volume":"1"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=031d60aa-c9da-3025-b22a-6c098dc0a9f4"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[42]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[42]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[42]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[42]提出了一种基于对图像对数变换的小波系数进行阈值化的去噪方法，还有很多基于自适应滤波的ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1109/TPAMI.1982.4767223","ISSN":"01628828","abstract":"Standardimageprocessingtechniqueswhichareusedtoenhancenoncoherentopticallyproducedimagesarenotapplicabletoradarimagesduetothecoherentnatureoftheradarimagingprocess.Amodelfortheradarimagingprocessisderivedinthispaperandamethodforsmoothingnoisyradarimagesisalsopresented.Theimagingmodelshowsthattheradarimageiscorruptedbymultiplicativenoise.Themodelleadstothefunctionalformofanoptimum(minimumMSE)filterforsmoothingradarimages.ByusinglocallyestimatedparametervaluesthefilterismadeadaptivesothatitprovidesminimumMSEestimatesinsidehomogeneousareasofanimagewhilepreservingtheedgestructure.Itisshownthatthefiltercanbeeasilyimplementedinthespatialdomainandiscomputationallyefficient.Theperformanceoftheadaptivefilteriscompared(qualitativelyandquantitatively)withseveralstandardfiltersusingrealandsimulatedradarimages.Copyright©1982byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Frost","given":"VictorS.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Stiles","given":"JosephineAbbott","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Shanmugan","given":"K.S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Holtzman","given":"JulianC.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"IEEETransactionsonPatternAnalysisandMachineIntelligence","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1982"]]},"page":"157-166","title":"AModelforRadarImagesandItsApplicationtoAdaptiveDigitalFilteringofMultiplicativeNoise","type":"article-journal","volume":"PAMI-4"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=662fc550-a7c8-39d0-a476-f4330051b33d"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"ISSN":"17352827","abstract":"Two-dimensional(2D)adaptivefilteringisatechniquethatcanbeappliedtomanyimageandsignalprocessingapplications.Thispaperextendstheone-dimensionaladaptivefilteralgorithmsto2Dstructureandthenovel2Dadaptivefiltersareestablished.Basedonthisextension,the2Dvariablestep-sizenormalizedleastmeansquares(2D-VSS-NLMS),the2D-VSSaffineprojectionalgorithms(2D-VSS-APA),the2Dset-membershipNLMS(2D-SM-NLMS),the2D-SM-APA,the2DselectivepartialupdateNLMS(2D-SPU-NLMS),andthe2D-SPU-APAarepresented.In2D-VSSadaptivefilters,thestep-sizechangesduringtheadaptationwhichleadstoimprovetheperformanceofthealgorithms.In2D-SMadaptivefilteralgorithms,thefiltercoefficientsarenotupdatedateachiteration.Therefore,thecomputationalcomplexityisreduced.In2D-SPUadaptivealgorithms,thefiltercoefficientsarepartiallyupdatedwhichreducethecomputationalcomplexity.Wedemonstratethegoodperformanceoftheproposedalgorithmsthoroughseveralsimulationresultsin2Dadaptivenoisecancellation(2D-ANC)forimagedenoising.Theresultsarecomparedwiththeclassical2Dadaptivefilterssuchas2D-LMS,2D-NLMS,and2D-APA.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"ShamsEsfandAbadi","given":"Mohammad","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nikbakht","given":"Sahar","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"IranianJournalofElectricalandElectronicEngineering","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"title":"Imagedenoisingwithtwo-dimensionaladaptivefilteralgorithms","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=82f68709-9322-30bc-ab04-8fbef8e39fc2"]},{"id":"ITEM-3","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1109/LSP.2009.2037773","ISSN":"10709908","abstract":"Timeseriesmeasuredinrealworldisoftennonlinear,evenchaotic.Toeffectivelyextractdesiredinformationfrommeasuredtimeseries,itisimportanttopreprocessdatatoreducenoise.InthisLetter,weproposeanadaptivedenoisingalgorithm.UsingchaoticLorenzdataandcalculatingroot-mean-square-error,Lyapunovexponent,andcorrelationdimension,weshowthatouradaptivealgorithmmoreeffectivelyreducesnoiseinthechaoticLorenzsystemthanwaveletdenoisingwiththreedifferentthresholdingchoices.Wefurtheranalyzeanelectroencephalogram(EEG)signalinsleepapneaandshowthattheadaptivealgorithmagainmoreeffectivelyreducestheElectrocardiogram(ECG)andothertypesofnoisecontaminatedinEEGthanwaveletapproaches.©2009IEEE.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gao","given":"Jianbo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sultan","given":"Hussain","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hu","given":"Jing","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tung","given":"WenWen","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"IEEESignalProcessingLetters","id":"ITEM-3","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Denoisingnonlineartimeseriesbyadaptivefilteringandwaveletshrinkage:Acomparison","type":"article-journal","volume":"17"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=d31f835d-6397-37e5-8e00-90a360a2b691"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[43–45]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[43–45]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[43–45]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[43-45]的图像去噪方法，这些方法可以解决透过弱散射介质成像的问题。在光经过强散射介质后，出射光波变得随机且紊乱，简单的图像去噪得不到想要的效果。当光入射到散射介质时，入射的光子的路径有多种可能性，它可以被反射、后向散射、多次散射、被吸收、红移或不被散射而透过散射介质（图2.1）。影响介质对光的散射程度的因素主要是介质的厚度L和散射平均自由程ls。在L≪ls和L∼ls时，存在能够透射散射介质的光子，这些光子称为弹道光，我们可以利用弹道光子成像。这方面最成功的技术之一是光学相干层析成像（OCT），OCT采用宽光谱光源，使相干长度降低到几微米。由于光源的相干长度很短，减少了散射光与参考光的干涉。因此，OCT能够得到较清晰的图像。但是弹道光强随着传输距离增大而指数衰减，最终难以实现成像ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1088/0034-4885/66/2/204","ISSN":"00344885","abstract":"Therehavebeenthreebasicapproachestoopticaltomographysincetheearly1980s:diffractiontomography,diffuseopticaltomographyandopticalcoherencetomography(OCT).Opticaltechniquesareofparticularimportanceinthemedicalfield,becausethesetechniquespromisetobesafeandcheapand,inaddition,offeratherapeuticpotential.AdvancesinOCTtechnologyhavemadeitpossibletoapplyOCTinawidevarietyofapplicationsbutmedicalapplicationsarestilldominating.SpecificadvantagesofOCTareitshighdepthandtransversalresolution,thefact,thatitsdepthresolutionisdecoupledfromtransverseresolution,highprobingdepthinscatteringmedia,contact-freeandnon-invasiveoperation,andthepossibilitytocreatevariousfunctiondependentimagecontrastingmethods.ThisreportpresentstheprinciplesofOCTandthestateofimportantOCTapplications.OCTsynthesisescross-sectionalimagesfromaseriesoflaterallyadjacentdepth-scans.AtpresentOCTisusedinthreedifferentfieldsofopticalimaging,inmacroscopicimagingofstructureswhichcanbeseenbythenakedeyeorusingweakmagnifications,inmicroscopicimagingusingmagnificationsuptotheclassicallimitofmicroscopicresolutionandinendoscopicimaging,usinglowandmediummagnification.First,OCTtechniques,likethereflectometrytechniqueandthedualbeamtechniquewerebasedontime-domainlowcoherenceinterferometrydepth-scans.Later,Fourier-domaintechniqueshavebeendevelopedandledtonewimagingschemes.RecentlydevelopedparallelOCTschemeseliminatetheneedforlateralscanningand,therefore,dramaticallyincreasetheimagingrate.TheseschemesuseCCDcamerasandCMOSdetectorarraysasphotodetectors.Video-ratethree-dimensionalOCTpictureshavebeenobtained.Modifyinginterferencemicroscopytechniqueshasledtohigh-resolutionopticalcoherencemicroscopythatachievedsub-micrometreresolution.ThisreportisconcludedwithashortpresentationofimportantOCTapplications.Ophthalmologyis,duetothetransparentocularstructures,stillthemainfieldofOCTapplication.Thefirstcommercialinstrumenttoohasbeenintroducedforophthalmicdiagnostics(CarlZeissMeditecAG).Advancesinusingnear-infraredlight,however,openedthepathforOCTimaginginstronglyscatteringtissues.Today,opticalinvivobiopsyisoneofthemostchallengingfieldsofOCTapplication.Highresolution,highpenetrationdepth,a…","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Fercher","given":"A.F.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Drexler","given":"W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hitzenberger","given":"C.K.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lasser","given":"T.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ReportsonProgressinPhysics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"title":"Opticalcoherencetomography-Principlesandapplications","type":"article-journal","volume":"66"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=dba8a0b9-4d6e-3819-ab45-2eb4964f78f7"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/1469-8986.00055","ISSN":"00485772","abstract":"Opticalcoherencetomography(OCT)isanemergingimagingtechnologywithapplicationsinbiology,medicine,andmaterialsinvestigations.Attractivefeaturesincludehighcellular-levelresolution,real-timeacquisitionrates,andspectroscopicfeatureextractioninacompactnoninvasiveinstrument.OCTcanperform\"opticalbiopsies\"oftissue,producingimagesapproachingtheresolutionofhistologywithouthavingtoresectandhistologicallyprocesstissuespecimensforcharacterizationanddiagnosis.ThisarticlewillreviewseveralofthecurrenttechnologicaldevelopmentsinOCT.Toillustratethepotentialofthistechnologyforneuroimaging,applicationsforimagingneuraldevelopment,theneuralretina,tumorsofthecentralnervoussystem,andthemicrosurgicalrepairofperipheralnerveswillbepresented.Thistechnologyoffersapotentialinvestigativetoolforaddressingmanyofthepresentchallengesinneuroimaging.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Boppart","given":"StephenA.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Psychophysiology","id":"ITEM-2","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]},"title":"Opticalcoherencetomography:Technologyandapplicationsforneuroimaging","type":"article-journal","volume":"40"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=e0cf5ec6-c10a-3ada-82bd-bd26c7835568"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[46,47]","manualFormatting":"[47，48]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[46,47]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[46,47]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}图2.1光入射到散射介质后的传播路径ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chao","given":"Qing","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"publisher":"UniversityofColorado","title":"Opticalimaginginscatteringmediumusingsupercontinuumlaserandtheeffectsofpolarization","type":"thesis"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=8df1ab25-b3bc-4df3-bdba-f5f67ff8fe62"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[48]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[48]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[48]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[48]在L≫ls后，不存在能够穿透散射介质的弹道光子，光子的路径完全改变。在这种情况下，可以使用自适应光学和波前整形等方法来恢复目标图像。在天文成像ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev.aa.31.090193.000305","ISSN":"00664146","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Beckers","given":"JacquesM.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"AnnualReviewofAstronomyandAstrophysics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["1993"]]},"page":"13-62","title":"Adaptiveopticsforastronomy:Principles,performance,andapplications","type":"article-journal","volume":"31"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=5dd58f2d-9da1-3810-ac45-7e917c51953b"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[49]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[49]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[49]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[49]中，当来自外层空间的光进入大气层时被大气散射，波前会发生畸变。自适应光学是利用变形镜来校正波前的畸变和像差。波前传感器测量畸变，计算机据此计算出可变形反射镜的最佳形状，因此在反射镜反射后，可补偿大气引起的畸变。然而，测量波前畸变时需要一个“导星”ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1038/328229a0","ISSN":"00280836","abstract":"Atmosphericturbulenceseverelylimitstheresolutionofground-basedastronomicaltelescopes.Undergoodseeingconditionsatthebestobservatorysites,resolutionatvisiblewavelengthsistypicallylimitedtoabout1arcs.Duringthepast15years,adaptiveopticalsystemswithelectricallydeformablemirrorshavebeendevelopedtocompensateforturbulence1,2.Unfortunately,thesesystemsrequirebrightreferencesourcesadjacenttotheobjectofinterestandcanonlybeusedtoobservethebrighteststars.FoyandLabeyrie3werethefirsttosuggestthatlaserscouldbeusedtocreateartificialguidestarsthatmightbesuitableincontrollinganadaptiveimagingsystem.Wehaverecentlyextendedthisconceptintwoways.First,wehaveidentifiedthekeyengineeringparametersthatoptimizetheperformanceofalaser-guidedimagingsystem.Second,onthenightsof21and22January1987,weconductedexperimentsattheMaunaKeaObservatoryontheislandofHawaiitotestthefeasibilityofusingalasertogenerateanartificialguidestarinthemesosphericsodiumlayer.Herewedescribeboththeengineeringcalculationsandtheresultsofourfirstexperiments.©1987NaturePublishingGroup.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Thompson","given":"LairdA.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gardner","given":"ChesterS.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Nature","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"6127","issued":{"date-parts":[["1988"]]},"page":"229-231","title":"ExperimentsonlaserguidestarsatMaunaKeaObservatoryforadaptiveimaginginastronomy","type":"article-journal","volume":"328"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=6b540ea2-8ad4-3791-8134-b45eec9f9459"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[50]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[50]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[50]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[50]。导星是比目标物体明亮得多的物体，在穿过大气层时具有相同的光路，因此当对导星进行畸变补偿时，目标物体的波前同时得到校正。当针对一个具体的散射介质进行研究时，可以用光子扩散方程ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1118/1.596777","ISSN":"NA","PMID":"1518476","abstract":"Amodelbaseduponsteady-statediffusiontheorywhichdescribestheradialdependenceofdiffusereflectanceoflightfromtissuesisdeveloped.Thismodelincorporatesaphotondipolesourceinordertosatisfythetissueboundaryconditionsandissuitableforeitherrefractiveindexmatchedormismatchedsurfaces.ThepredictionsofthemodelwerecomparedwithMonteCarlosimulationsaswellasexperimentalmeasurementsmadewithtissuesimulatingphantoms.Themodeldescribesthereflectancedataaccuratelytoradialdistancesassmallas0.5mmwhencomparedtoMonteCarlosimulationsandagreeswithexperimentalmeasurementstodistancesassmallas1mm.Anonlinearleast-squaresfittingprocedurehasbeenusedtodeterminethetissueopticalpropertiesfromtheradialreflectancedatainbothphantomsandtissuesinvivo.Theopticalpropertiesderivedforthephantomsarewithin55;-105;ofthosedeterminedbyotherestablishedtechniques.Theinvivovaluesarealsoconsistentwiththosereportedbyotherinvestigators.©1992,AmericanAssociationofPhysicistsinMedicine.Allrightsreserved.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Farrell","given":"ThomasJ.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Patterson","given":"MichaelS.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wilson","given":"Brian","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"MedicalPhysics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1992"]]},"page":"879-888","title":"ADiffusionTheoryModelofSpatiallyResolved,Steady-StateDiffuseReflectancefortheNoninvasiveDeterminationofTissueOpticalPropertiesinVivo","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=1ef2b995-57e4-3749-87e4-71b1304f2223"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[51]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[51]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[51]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[51]和蒙特卡罗模拟ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/0169-2607(95)01640-F","ISSN":"01692607","PMID":"7587160","abstract":"AMonteCarlomodelofsteady-statelighttransportinmulti-layeredtissues(MCML)hasbeencodedinANSIStandardC;therefore,theprogramcanbeusedonvariouscomputers.DynamicdataallocationisusedforMCML,hencethenumberoftissuelayersandgridelementsofthegridsystemcanbevariedbyusersatruntime.Thecoordinatesofthesimulateddataforeachgridelementintheradialandangulardirectionsareoptimized.SomeoftheMCMLcomputationalresultshavebeenverifiedwiththoseofothertheoriesorotherinvestigators.Theprogram,includingthesourcecode,hasbeeninthepublicdomainsince1992.©1995.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Lihong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Jacques","given":"StevenL.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zheng","given":"Liqiong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"ComputerMethodsandProgramsinBiomedicine","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"page":"131-146","title":"MCML-MonteCarlomodelingoflighttransportinmulti-layeredtissues","type":"article-journal","volume":"47"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=4c496b85-9e09-36a2-9ec5-7c71e8a12f83"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[52]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[52]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[52]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[52]等随机方法对散射介质进行模拟。2007年，VellekoopADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1364/ol.32.002309","ISSN":"0146-9592","PMID":"17700768","abstract":"Wereportfocusingofcoherentlightthroughopaquescatteringmaterialsbycontroloftheincidentwavefront.Themultiplyscatteredlightformsafocuswithabrightnessthatisuptoafactorof1000higherthanthebrightnessofthenormaldiffusetransmission.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vellekoop","given":"I.M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mosk","given":"A.P.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"OpticsLetters","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"title":"Focusingcoherentlightthroughopaquestronglyscatteringmedia","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=86b52c8f-ed0a-4963-bcc6-f93d4ee18786"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[7]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[7]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[7]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[7]首次提出使用SLM对光的波前进行调制。此后，波前调制技术在散射成像领域得到了广泛的应用ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.cap.2015.02.015","ISSN":"15671739","abstract":"Duetothehighlyinhomogeneousdistributionsofrefractiveindexes,lightpropagationincomplexmediasuchasbiologicaltissueexperiencesmultiplelightscatteringevents.Thesuppressionandcontrolofmultiplelightscatteringeventsareinvestigatedbecausetheyofferthepossibilityofopticalfocusingandimagingthroughbiologicaltissues,andtheymayopennewavenuesfordiagnosisandtreatmentofseveralhumandiseases.Inordertoprovideinsightintohownewopticaltechniquescanaddresstheissuesofmultiplelightscatteringinbiomedicalapplications,therecentprogressinopticalwavefront-shapingtechniquesissummarized.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yu","given":"Hyeonseung","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Park","given":"Jongchan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lee","given":"Kyeoreh","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Yoon","given":"Jonghee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kim","given":"Kyungduk","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lee","given":"Shinwha","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Park","given":"Yongkeun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"CurrentAppliedPhysics","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"title":"Recentadvancesinwavefrontshapingtechniquesforbiomedicalapplications","type":"article","volume":"15"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=0f356fcd-1f37-385d-abbb-4f2442680596"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"^[53]","plainTextFormattedCitation":"[53]","previouslyFormattedCitation":"^[53]"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}[53]，例如利用散射介质的传输矩阵的技术。传输矩阵是描述光学元件输入光和输出光之间线性关系的矩阵，在线性空间不变系统（例如透镜）中，传输矩阵具有非常简单的形式。由于光透过散射介质仍然是线性和确定性过程，因此我们仍然能够使用传输矩阵来表征散射介质ADDINCSL_CITATION{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1103/physics.3.22","ISSN":"1943-2879","abstract":"Thetransmissionoflightthroughadisorderedmediumisdescribedinmicroscopicdetailbyahigh-dimensionalmatrix.Researchershavenowmeasuredthistransmissionmatrixdirectly,providinganewapproachtocontrollightpropagation.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Putten","given":"Elbert","non-dropping-particle":"van","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mosk","given":"Allard","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"conta