2023考研哲学英语阅读模拟题

Wittgenstein’sLinguisticPhilosophyandItsImplicationsforContemporaryCognitiveScience

Philosophyandcognitivesciencehavelongengagedinadynamicdialogue,witheachfieldilluminatingtheother’squestionsaboutmind,language,andreality.AmongthemostprofoundphilosophicalinfluencesoncognitivescienceisLudwigWittgenstein’slaterworkonlanguage,particularlyhisconceptsof“language-games”and“meaningasuse.”Thisarticleexploreshowtheseideaschallengeandenrichcontemporarytheoriesofcognition,perception,andlinguisticdevelopment.

I.Wittgenstein’sLinguisticTurn:BeyondEssentialism

Wittgenstein’sdeparturefromhisearlier*TractatusLogico-Philosophicus*markedaradicalshiftinphilosophicalinquiry.In*PhilosophicalInvestigations*,herejectedthenotionthatlanguagefunctionsasamirrorofobjectivereality,arguinginsteadthatmeaningarisesfromlanguage-games—rule-governed,context-boundpracticesembeddedinsociallife.A“language-game”isnotmerelyametaphor;itisaframeworkthatdefineshowwordsacquiresignificancethroughtheiruseinspecificactivities(e.g.,givingorders,tellingjokes,ordescribingcolors).

II.CognitiveScience’sQuest:RepresentationsandLanguageAcquisition

Contemporarycognitivescience,particularlyinthesubfieldsofcognitivelinguisticsanddevelopmentalpsychology,hasgrappledwithquestionsofhowthemindrepresentsconceptsandacquireslanguage.Manytraditionalmodels,influencedbyCartesiandualismandChomskyannativism,positinnatementalrepresentations—pre-formedstructuresinthemindthatorganizeexperience(e.g.,a“languageacquisitiondevice”orinnate“conceptualprimitives”).

Forinstance,theoriesofconceptualdevelopmentoftenassumethatchildrenlearnwordsbymappingthemontopre-existing,universalcategories(e.g.,“dog”correspondstoaninnate“animal”concept).However,empiricalstudiesindevelopmentalpsychologyrevealamorenuancedpicture:children’swordlearningisdeeplycontextual,influencedbysocialinteraction,culturalpractices,andthe*use*ofwordsineverydayactivities(e.g.,atoddlerlearns“cup”notbymatchingittoaPlatonicformof“cup-ness,”butbyparticipatinginthepracticeofdrinking,sharing,orcleaningcups).

III.WittgensteinianInsightsforCognitiveScience

Wittgenstein’sideasofferthreecriticalcorrectivestocognitivescience’sdominantparadigms:

1.AgainstMentalRepresentationalism

The“language-game”metaphorchallengestheideathatthemindcontainsstatic,essentializedrepresentationsofconcepts.Instead,cognitionisadynamic,context-dependentactivity—muchlikeplayingagame,wherethe“rules”ofthoughtandlanguageemergefromuse,notfrompre-existingmentalstructures.Forexample,theconceptof“justice”isnotafixedideainthemindbutasetofpractices(e.g.,legaldebates,socialprotests,oreverydayfairnessjudgments)thatevolvewithculturalandhistoricalcontexts.

2.ThePrimacyofSocialPractice

3.TheFluidityofConcepts

The“familyresemblance”modelofconceptsreplacesrigidessentialismwithamoreflexibleviewofcategorization.CognitivescientistslikeEleanorRoschhaveechoedthiswiththetheoryofprototypecategorization—whereconceptsareorganizedaroundcentralexamples(e.g.,arobinisa“better”birdthanapenguin)ratherthanstrictdefinitions.Wittgenstein’sworkanticipatesthisbyshowingthatconceptsarenotboundedbynecessaryconditionsbutbyawebofoverlappingsimilarities,allowingforcreativityandchangeinhowwethinkandspeak.

IV.Conclusion:ADialogicalFuture

Wittgenstein’slinguisticphilosophydoesnotoffera“solution”tocognitivescience’sproblemsbutratheranewwayofframingthem.Byshiftingfocusfrom“whatislanguage/thought?”to“howdoweuselanguage/think?,”itinvitescognitivescientiststoprioritizecontext,socialpractice,andthedynamicnatureofmeaning-making.Asthefieldcontinuestoexploret