雨课堂学堂在线学堂云《Medical Ethics（山东）》单元测试考核答案

第1题In1975,pediatricianKarenTeelsuggestedthathospital“ethicscommittees”couldbeestablishedtoaddressethicalquestionsinhealthcare.(

)第2题Aprocessofmoralnegotiationandcompromisemayachieveagreementonajointcourseofactionthatisnotoptimalforeitherparty,butthatdoesenablethepartiestoworktogethertoachievesharedgoals.()第3题VirtueethicsdescendsfromtheclassicalGreektraditionrepresentedbyHippocratesandAristotle.(

)第4题Whenculture-baseddisagreementsariseinhealthcare,moralnegotiationisthebestsolutionbecauseitdoesn'thaveanyweaknesses.()第5题Itisimportantforyoutoknowthebasicsofethicsandlawastheyapplytohealthcare,soyoucanrecognizeandavoidthosesituationsthatmightputyouatriskoflegalliability.()第6题Methodsforresolvingmoralconflictsinclude(

).ARationalargumentBMoralpersuasionCNegotiationandcompromiseDAgreeingtodisagree正确答案：ABCD第7题Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmoralrelativismareappropriateorreasonable?()AThereisnolegitimatewaytoevaluateorcriticizethemoralbeliefsofanotherculture.Eachculture’smoralbeliefsarevalidforthatculture.BMoralrelativistsobviouslyshowsubstantialrespectforanddeferencetowardthemoralbeliefsofpersonsofdifferentcultures.CAccordingtomoralrelativism,femalecircumcisionisjustifiedinAfrica.DTherelativisticpositionmayunderestimateourabilitytomakeanddefendcross-culturalmoraljudgments.正确答案：ABCD第8题ModernMedicalEthicsincludessomecharacteristics.WhichdoesnotbelongtoacharacteristicofModernMedicalEthics?()ABio-psycho-socialmedicinemodehasbeenestablished.BMedicinebecomesacollectiveandsocialenterprise.CIttalksaboutnotonlyphysician-patientrelationship,butalsoallkindsofcomplexmoralrelationshipandethicalprinciplesandnormswhichareinterrelatedwithlife.DThemedicalassociationregulatesthebehaviorofdoctors.正确答案：AC第9题Knowledgeofethicsandlawcanalsohelpyougainperspectiveinthefollowingthreeareas.Thesethreeareasinclude().ATherights,responsibilities,andconcernsofpatients.BTheethicalandlegalissuesfacingsociety,patients,andhealthcarepractitionersastheworldchanges.CTheimpactofrisingcostsontheethicsandlawsofhealthcaredelivery.DThedevelopmentofmedicaltechnology正确答案：ABC第10题Alongwiththelatestmedicaltechnologywasputintoclinicalpractice,manyethicalproblemsappeared.AftertheQuinlancase,a“new”subjectappears:(

).AMedicalethicsBBioethicsCVirtueethicsDNormativeethics第11题Averydifferenttypeofcommittee,called(),wasmandatedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealth()in1966forallinstitutionsconductingfederallyfundedresearchonhumansubjects.AtheAdmissionsandPolicyCommitteeBaninstitutionalreviewboard(IRB)Ca“medical-moral”committeeDahospitalethicscommittee第12题“Myculture’smoralbeliefsaretrueandmustthereforeberespected;otherculturalbeliefs(insofarastheydisagreewithmine)arefalseandmaybedisregarded.”Theassertionbelongstotheviewpointof(

).AmoralimperialismBmoralrelativismCmoralnegotiationDmoralpersuasion第13题TheHippocraticOathbelongsto().AdescriptiveethicsBmeta-ethicsCnormativeethicsDvirtueethics第14题Thereisatypeofethicswhichisthestudyofwhatethicaltermsactuallyrefertoandalsothephilosophicalstudyofquestionsaboutthenatureofethicaljudgment.Thistypeofethicsis().AdescriptiveethicsBmeta-ethicsCnormativeethicsDvirtueethics第1题Therightnessorwrongnessoftheactdependsonitsintrinsicnatureandnottheoutcomeoftheact.Thisviewbelongsto(

).ATeleologicalorconsequence-orientedtheoryBUtilitarianismCDeontologicalorduty-orientedtheoryDVirtueethics第2题Intellectualpleasuresarebetterthansensualones.Whotriedtoprovethisassertion?()ASocratesBJeremyBenthamCJohnStuartMillDMaslow第3题Ratherthanfocusingondecisionmakingorreasoningtoarriveatarightaction,()focusesonthetraits,characteristics,andvirtuesthatamoralpersonshouldhave.ATeleologicalorconsequence-orientedtheoryBUtilitarianismCDeontologicalorduty-orientedtheoryDVirtueethics第4题“Treateverypersonasanendandneversolelyasameans.”Thisquotecomesfrom().AAristoleBJeremyBenthamCJohnStuartMillDImmanuelKant第5题Accordingtovirtueethics,only()willbeabletodecidewhethertorevealthefulltruthtoaseverelyillpatientandaccepttheriskofthepatient’sseveredepressionAatechnician,BamedicalassistantCanexperiencedphysicianDanurse第6题Themainadvantageof()isthatitincludeshumanrelations,andindeedgivesacentralpositiontothem,afactorthathasadecisiveroleinthepracticalreasoningofallofus.ATeleologicalorconsequence-orientedtheoryBUtilitarianismCDeontologicalorduty-orientedtheoryDVirtueethics第7题TheclassicaloriginsofUtilitarianismarefoundinthewritingsof

(

).ASocratesBJeremyBenthamCJohnStuartMillDMaslow正确答案：BC第8题Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdeontologyareright?(

)ATheGoldenRule(“dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou”)isoftencitedinsupportofduty-orientedtheory.BAbasicmissionofdeontologyistoregulatethepeople’sactions.CThedeontologyinmedicalethicscentersontheresponsibilityandobligation.DItislimitedtoonlytakethedeontologyasthetheoreticalbasisandanalyticalmethodofmedicalethics,becausethedeontologyistooabsolute.正确答案：ABCD第9题AccordingtoBentham,weshouldconsidernotonlythequantityofhappinessbutalsothequalityofhappiness.(

)第10题Theprincipleofutility,alsocalledthe“greatesthappinessprinciple”,meansthat“thoseactionsarerightthatproducethegreatesthappinessforthegreatestnumberofpeople”.

(

)第11题Itisessentialtoemphasizethatanactshouldnotbevaluedonlybyconsideringitsconsequences.(

)第12题Inrule-utilitarianism,apersonmakesvaluedecisionsbasedonresultsthatwillproducethegreatestbalanceofgoodoverevil,everyoneconsidered.(

)第13题Inthefieldofinfectiousdiseases,utilitarianismalsoplaysanimportantrole.Toprotectthehealthofthevastmajorityofpeople,weneedtorestrictthepersonalfreedomsofthosewhoareinfected.()

Chapter3Test第1题Distributionofmedicalcareisbestregulatedbythemarket.Medicaltreatmentisnotaright,andtheidealmedicalsystemshouldbeprivatized.Thisviewbelongsto(

).AUtilitariantheoriesBLibertariantheoriesCEgalitariantheoriesDCommunitariantheories第2题Scholarshavedevelopedandrecommendedsomeapproachestoaddressingandresolvingmoralquestionsinhealthcare.Whodevelopedasystematic,rule-basedapproach?()ATheologianAlbertJonsenBPhilosopherBernardGertCPhilosopherStephenToulminDPhilosopher-physician

TristramEngelhardt第3题TheBelmontReportidentifiesthreefundamentalethical

principlesforallhumansubjectresearch–().

ArespectforpersonsBdonoharmCbeneficenceDjustice正确答案：ACD第4题Moraldeliberationinhealthcareshouldbeginwiththeseparadigmcasesasexamplesandshouldreasonbyanalogyfromthesecasesinordertoresolvequestionsposedbynewcases.Whichscholararticulatedordefendedthisview?(

)ATheologianAlbertJonsenBPhilosopherBernardGertCPhilosopherStephenToulminDPhilosopher-physician

TristramEngelhardt正确答案：AC第5题Ingeneral,Rulessupportedbytheprincipleofnonmaleficenceareasfollows:().ADonokill.BDonotcausepainorsuffering.CDonotincapacitate.DDonotcauseoffense.正确答案：ABCD第6题Therearecasesinwhichthepatientsmaybeclinicallyinjured.Whichviolatestheprincipleofnonmaleficence?(

)Amedicalpersonnel’slowlevelofknowledgeandskillsBdiscrimination,insults,abuseofpatientsortheirfamiliesCnecessaryexaminationortreatmentpurposesDignoringthepatients,carelessness正确答案：ABD第7题Thepositivesidesofrespectforautonomyinclude().ATellthetruthBRespecttheprivacyofpatientsCProtectconfidentialinformationofpatientsDObtainconsentforinterventionswithpatients正确答案：ABCD第8题TheprincipleofnonmaleficencecanbefoundintheGreekwritingsonmedicineattributedtoHippocrates.()第9题A“postmodern”approach(theprincipleofpermission)appliesto“moralfriends.”()第10题Theprincipleofnonmaleficenceandtheprincipleofbeneficencemustbefollowedunconditionally.()第11题TheadvantageofLibertariantheories:everyoneshouldtakeresponsibilityforhisownhealth.Itishelpfultosavehealthresources.()第12题Ingeneral,Westernmedicinedeferstothewishesofamentallycompetentpatienttomakehisowndecisions.(

)第13题Ourobligationstorespectautonomydonotextendtopersonswhocannotactinasufficientlyautonomousmannerbecausetheyareimmature,ignorant,coerced,orexploited.(

)第14题Aristotle,anancientGreecephilosopher,broughtouttheformalprincipleofjustice,equalsmustbetreatedequally,andunequalmustbetreatedunequally.

(

)

Chapter4Test第1题Patientswithoutdecision-makingcapacitycannotexpressoractivelypursuetheirinterests,buttheystillhaveimportantinterests.Whenthelossofdecision-makingcapacitymaybetemporaryandtreatmentisnoturgentlyneeded,whatshoulddoctorsdo?(

)Anoconsent,notreatment!Bwaitforthepatienttoregaindecision-makingcapacity!Cletthephysiciandecide!Didentifyasurrogatedecision-maker!第2题Whichstatementaboutinformedconsentisreasonable?()AToprovideinformationaboutharmsthatareveryminorBPhysicians,aswellasfamilymembers,mayseektopersuadethepatienttoacceptthisrecommendationClimitingtheinformationsharedwiththepatientDtakingadvantageofaparticularfearofthepatient第3题AdoctortoldawomanthatherhusbandwasinfectedwithHIVandtobeawareoftherisksofsexualrelations.Whichofthefollowingstatementsjustifiesthedoctor'sactions?()AThedoctorinvadedthepatient'sprivacyBAphysicianshallsafeguardpatientconfidencesandprivacyCProfessionaldutyoftencitedtojustifyoverridingpatientprivacyandconfidentialityinparticularcircumstancesisthedutytoprotectthirdpartiesfromharm.DAdutythatmaybeinvokedtooverridepatientprivacyandconfidentialityisthedutytoprotectpatientsthemselvesfromharm.第4题MoralgroundsforaffirmingaprofessionaldutytorespectpatientprivacyandconfidentialitycanbefoundinseveralofthefoundationalprinciplesofbioethicsarticulatedbyBeauchampandChildress,including

(

).ArespectforautonomyBbeneficenceCnonmaleficenceDjustice正确答案：ABC第5题Therearelawsinmostjurisdictionsthatrequirehealthcareprofessionalstoreportvariouskindsofpersonalhealthinformation,including().AdiagnosesofseriouscommunicablediseasesBmedicalfindingsthatsuggestabuseorneglectofchildrenCgunshotandknifewoundsDpoisonings正确答案：ABCD第6题Severalexceptionstothedutytoobtainapatient’sconsenttotreatmentaremorallydefensible,including().AexceptionsforemergencytreatmentBforpatientswholackdecision-makingcapacityCforpatientwaiverofconsentDforpublichealthrequirements正确答案：ABCD第7题Whetherit'sgoodnewsorbadnews,doctorsmusttellthepatientdirectly.Truthfulnessisabasicresponsibilityofhealthcareprofessionals,whichispopularin().ANorthAmericaBWesternEuropeCChinaDJapan正确答案：AB第8题Inorderforapatienttoprovideaninformedconsenttomedicaltreatment,threeessentialelementsmustbepresent.Threeessentialelementsinclude(

).ADecision-makingcapacityBAppropriateinformationdisclosureCVoluntarychoiceDTofollowmedicaladvice正确答案：ABC第9题Thesurrogate’sauthoritytomakemedicaldecisionsshouldbeabsolute.(

)第10题Informationalprivacyreferstoimportantpersonalinterestsinmakingandcarryingoutdecisionsaboutone’sownlifewithoutinterferencefromothers.()第11题Avoluntarychoicemeansachoicefreefromanyinfluencesintheinformedconsentprocess.(

)第12题Physicianshaveexpertknowledgeabouttheprobablebenefitsandrisksofdifferenttreatments,sothereisnotnecessarytotakepatientopinionintoaccountinmedicaldecisions.()第13题Patientshavearighttotheirownhealth-relatedinformation,buttheymaywaivethatright.()第14题Howmuchinformationmustbecommunicatedtothepatient?Theprofessionalstandardwhichreliesoncustomaryprofessionalpracticeisapatient-orientedapproach.()

Chapter5Test第1题Whichistheworld’smostpopulouscountry?().AIndiaBJapanCUnitedStatesDChina第2题Herearesomestatementsaboutassistedreproduction.Whichoneiswrong?()AIntheUnitedKingdom,theHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAuthority(HFEA),inspectsandlicensesallfertilityclinics.BIntheUnitedStates,thereislessfederalregulationandnogovernmentalagencydevotedexclusivelytooversightoffertilityclinicsorARTs.CTheUnitedStatesreliesheavilyonprofessionalself-regulationofARTs,suchas,theAmericanSocietyforReproductiveMedicine(ASRM).DInUS,someprofessionalassociationslikeASRMcancompelphysicianstoadheretotheirguidelines.第3题Theoriginalpurposeofassistedreproductivetechnology(thefirsttesttubebaby-LouisBrown)wastohelp().AInfertilecouplesBindividualswithoutsexualpartnersCgayDWomenwhodon'twanttobeartheburdenofchildbirth第4题Assistedreproductivetechnologycausesanumberofethicalquestions,including().AARTsdestroynaturalprinciples/law.BARTsbringonconfusionofhumanethicalrelations.CARTscompensateinfertilecouplesfortheirdesiretohavechildrenDAdoctorusedhisspermtohelpmanyinfertilecouples.正确答案：ABD第5题Thereasonswhymanypeoplechoosetohavechildrenarewellknown,theyinclude().AarecognitionoftheintrinsicvalueofhumanlifeBadesiretoexperiencethedistinctiveparent-childrelationshipCaninterestinpassingonone’sgeneticorculturalheritageDahopeforsupportfromone’schildreninone’soldage正确答案：ABCD第6题Weneedtodevelopsomemechanismtolimitonprofessionalconscientiousobjection.Theyinclude().ACommonlawandprofessionallicensureboardsmayestablishstandardsofpracticethatpermitorprohibitconscientiousrefusaloftreatmentinparticularcirtumstances.BHealthcareprofessionalassociationsmayadoptexplicitpoliciesorguidelinesthatendorseorrejectprofessionalrightstoconscientiousobjectioninparticularcircumstances.CHospitalsorhealthcaresystems,mayalsoadoptinstitutionalpolicestodirectthedecisionsandactionsoftheprofessionalstheyemploy.DDoctors'ownbeliefsandvaluesguidetheirownactions.正确答案：ABC第7题Galtonfirstusedthewordeugenicinhis1883InquiriesintoHumanFacultyandItsDevelopment.(

)第8题InChinaregulationsofthehealthadministrationprohibitmedicalstafffromcarryingoutsurrogacynow.(

)第9题RobertEdwards,theBritishphysiologistknownasthefatherofIVF,wontheNobelPrizeinphysiologyormedicineonOctober4,2010.(

)第10题AccordingtoethicalprinciplesofARTS,donors(Someonewhodonatesspermoreggs)haverighttoknowinformationaboutfuturechildren.()第11题Procreationisabasichumanright,sosocietyshouldhelppeopletoreceiveARTservices,regardlessoftheirfinancialability(toprovideasafeandnurturingenvironmentforchildren).()第12题Negativerights(toreproductivefreedom)createdutiesofforbearanceinotherpeople,thatis,dutiesnottointerferewiththeactionsoftherights-bearers.()第13题Thepatientdecideshowmanyembryostotransferinacycle.()第14题Theconceptofconscientiousobjectionisoftenlimitedtosituationsinwhichahealthcareprofessionalrefusestoprovidearequestedservicebecausethatactionwouldviolateapersonalmoralbelief,as,forexample,abeliefthatinducedabortionisanunjustifiedkindofkilling.()Chapter6Test第1题Braindeathmeans(

).Anobreathing,noheartbeatBtotalbraindeathCpersistentvegetativestateDcoma第2题Inclinicalpractice,braindeathisgraduallyreplacingcardiopulmonarydeath.Themainreasonis(

).AItcanhelpfultojudgedeathscientificallyandmaintainthelifedignityofpatient.BItishelpfultoutilizelimitedthehealthresourcesinareasonableandeffectivemanner.CItishelpfultopromotethedevelopmentoforgantransplantation.DItishelpfultotheapplicationofnewmedicaltechnology.第3题Theadvocateandpractitionerofphysician-assistedsuicideinUSis(

).AFrancisBaconBD.HumeCJackKevorkianDDr.CicelySaunders第4题Thereisanauthorityinthefieldofdeathanddying,whowasthefirsttolistanddescribethecopingmechanismsofpeoplewhogrieve.Thisauthorityis(

).AFrancisBaconBElisabethKubler-RossCJackKevorkianDDr.CicelySaunders第5题Thebasicelementsofeuthanasiainclude().AwhoisgoingtodiesoonanywayBattheperson’sownrequestCasanactofkindnessDwiththehelpoffamilymembers正确答案：ABC第6题Sincethe17thcentury,peoplemoreandmorethinkthattheeuthanasiaistoletthepatientsdieorevenacceleratetheirdeaththroughthemedicalmeasures.

Thosewhosupportthisviewinclude().AFrancisBaconBD.HumeCJackKevorkianDDr.CicelySaunders正确答案：ABC第7题Theargumentsagainsteuthanasiainclude().ASeveralleadingreligioustraditionsassertthathumanauthoritydoesnotcontroloverlifeanddeathbelongsinsteadtoGod.BLegalizationofeuthanasiaandphysician-assistedsuicidewouldenablephysiciansandothercaregiverstoendthelivesofvulnerablepatients.CPhysicianparticipationineuthanasiaandassistedsuicidewouldunderminepatienttrustintheirphysicians’intentions.DTheeuthanasiamayhinderthedevelopmentofmedicine.正确答案：ABCD第8题Likeadvancedirectives,therearetwomaintypesofportablephysicianorders.Theyare(

).ALivingwillsB“Physician’sOrdersforLife-SustainingTreatment”Ctheportabledonotresuscitate(DNR)orderDa“healthcarepowerofattorney”(HCPOA)正确答案：BC第9题Thereareconflictsovercareneartheendoflife.Internalmoralconflicts(withinasingleindividual)abouttreatmentinclude(

).Apursuitofthegoalofprolonginglifebymeansofadifficultcourseoftreatment,versusenhancementofthequalityofone’slifebyforgoingthatcourseoftreatment.Benduringpaincausedbyadvanceddiseaseinordertoremainalertandresponsivetoothers,versusacceptingsedationtomanagepainCrelianceonlovedonestoprovideneededassistancewithtreatmentandactivitiesofdailyliving,versusforgoinglife-prolongingtreatmentinordertorelievelovedonesoftheburdensofcaregivingDtrustinthetreatmentrecommendationsofone’sprofessionalcaregivers,versussuspicionoftheintentionsofthosecaregivers.正确答案：ABCD第10题Whydoconflictsfrequentlyarisebetweenpatientsortheirsurrogatesandhealthcareprofessionalsovertreatmentneattheendoflife?Thecausesoftheseconflictsinclude(

).ACognitive(knowledge-based)causesBAffective(feeling-based)causesCNormative(value-based)causesDExternalcauses正确答案：ABCD第11题Aboutrespondingtocognitivecausesofconflict,herearesomerecommendationsfromexpertclinicians.Theyare().ABeginbyaskingthepatientorsurrogatewhatheorsheunderstandsorhasbeentold;responsescanrevealwhatheorshedoesanddoesn’tunderstandandcanprovidecuesforfurtherdiscussion.BProfessionalscanexpressawarenessofandconcernforthepatient’sfeelings,as,forexample,inthefollowingwords:“Thismustbeverydifficultforyou,”or“Iwishthenewsweredifferent.”CPhysiciansmayconsidertheriskofaprofessionalliabilityjudgmentagainstthemintheirclinicaljudgments,buttheyshouldbecarefulnottooverestimatethatrisktotheirpatients.DUsesimple,non-technicallanguage.正确答案：AD第12题Apairofseminal1997USSupremeCourtdecisionsrejectedtheclaimthatassistanceinsuicideisabasicconstitutionalrightandallowedindividualstatestodecideitslegalstatuswithintheirborders.()第13题Technically,KarenAnnQuinlan'sdeathbelongstopassiveeuthanasia.(

)第14题Thepurposeofhospicecareistoprolongthepatients'survivaltime,andtoimprovethelifequalityofpatientsattheendoflife.()

Chapter7Test第1题Voluntaryorgandonationbyhealthypeopleisanobleact,whichisacarefullycircumscribedprincipleofreasonableself-sacrifice.Thisviewcomesfrom(

).AJosephMurrayBJohnMerrillCPaulRamseyDArthurCaplan第2题Althoughorgantransplantationisanewlife-savingmedicaltechnology,weshoulduseitcarefully.Forthefollowingreasons:(

).ATransplantationdoesnotcuretheunderlyingdiseasethatcausedtheoriginalorganfailure.BSometransplantorgansneverfunctionandmostdofaileventually.CTransplantpatientsmustadheretoalife-longregimenofimmunosuppressivedrugstopreventrejectionofthetransplantorgan,andthosedrugshavevariousside-effectsandcomplications.DTransplantationanditsassociatedsupportivetherapiesarerelativelycostly.正确答案：ABCD第3题VoluntarydonationfromlivingdonorsinChinaappliesto(

).Aspouse(onlyformorethan3yearsofmarriageorhavingchildrenaftermarriage)Brelativebybloodwithinthreegenerations(nextofkin)CThereisanevidencetoprovetherelationshipsformedbythesupportofperson(adoptiveparentsandadoptedchildren,step-parentsandstep-children).Dstrangerrelation正确答案：ABC第4题Manycountriesbanthesaleoforgans.Thedrawbacksoforgantraffickinginclude().AItunderminesthespecialdignityandmoralworthofhumanlife.BAllowingorgansaleswillexploitorcoerceindigentpeople.CThenumberofaltruisticorgandonorsmaydecrease.DIntheillegalblackmarket,thedonorsmaynotgetsufficientafter-operationcare.正确答案：ABCD第5题Equity-basedcriteriainorganallocationsystemsincludethefollowing:

(

).AurgencyBwaitingtimeCorgansizematchingDpriorlivingdonors正确答案：ABD第6题CriteriaforadditiontoatransplantwaitinglistCommonlyinclude().Aadiagnosisofend-stageorganfailure(toestablishtheneedfortransplantation)Babsenceofactiveinfection,malignancy,orothermajorillness(becausetheseconditionswouldmakesurgerytooriskyorwouldlimitpatientsurvivalaftertransplantation)Cabilitytoadheretopost-transplantimmunosuppressivetherapy(becausethattherapyisessentialfortransplantorgansurvivalandfunction)Dabilitytoabstainfromunhealthybehaviors(becausesmokingandalcoholordrugabusewouldthreatenorganandpatientsurvivalaftertransplantation)正确答案：ABCD第7题TherearenoethicalissueswithAutografttransplantation.(

)第8题InthestateofNorthCarolina,forexample,2007legislationrecognizedanexpressionofwillingnesstobeanorgandonormadewhenobtainingorrenewingadriver’slicenseaslegalconsent.()第9题Harvestingorgansfromexecutedcriminalsisethical.

()第10题Jewishreligiouslawhadfromancienttimesforbiddenthemutilationofthehumanbody,includingmutilationofthecadaver,evenforpurposesofautopsy.()第11题Presumedconsentturnstobesomewhatincompatiblewiththemedicalethicsprincipleofautonomy.()第12题Xenotransplantationisapossiblelong-termresponsetotheproblemoforganscarcity,butnotashort-termsolution.()第13题TheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,andmostotherEnglish-speakingnationsrequireinformedconsenttoorgandonationafterdeath,eitherfirst-personprospectiveconsentorconsentbyasurrogateatthetimeofdonation.(

)

第14题Additionalorganallocationcriteriacanbedefendedusingbothutilityandequityarguments.These“mixed”criteriaincludethefollowing:geographicproximityandgender.()

Chapter8Test第1题AftertheTuskegeesyphilisexperiment,in1974Congresspassed(

),toprovideforprotectionofhuman