雨课堂学堂在线学堂云《Soil Science（西北农科大）》单元测试考核答案

第1题Soilisanimportantenvironmentalfactor,whichisthebufferzoneandfilterofenvironmentalpollutants.第1题Pedospherecansupportthebiosphereandregulatethebiologicalprocesses,providenutrients,waterandphysicalconditionforplantgrowth,anddeterminethedistributionandsuccessionofnaturalvegetation.1.3TheStatusandCharacteristicsofChineseSoilResources第1题ThecurrentsituationofsoilresourcesinChinaisabundantarablelandresources,adequatepreservedsoilresources,andlargecultivatedlandareapercapita.1.4ProblemsintheProcessofSoilResourceUtilizationinChina第1题ThedecreaseinareaofarablelandisinnorthwestornortheastChinawherethequalityofarablelandisbetter;theincreaseinareaofarablelandisinwestandsouthChinawherethenaturalconditionsareworse.1.5DevelopmentofSoilScience第1题Theresearchofsoilchemistryisfocusedonsoilsolutionchemistry,adsorptionanddesorptionofelementsatthesolid-liquidinterface,thecompositionandpropertyofsoilcolloids,thestructure,propertyandfunctionofsoilorganicmatterandminerals.Itcanprovidetheoreticalbasesforimprovingsoilfertilityandsoilenvironmentprotection.Chapter1Assignment第1题2.1Weathering第1题Mechanicaldisintegrationreferstotheprocessthat,undertheeffectsofphysicalfactors,includingtemperaturechanges,waterfreezing,gravelsplitting,windblowing,flowingwaterandglaciermovement,rocksandmineralsdisintegrateintoparticlesindifferentsizesandshapeswithoutchangingtheirchemicalcomposition.2.2.1SoilParentMaterialsI第1题AroundChina'sDongtinglakeinHunanprovince,PoyanglakeinJiangxiprovince,TaihulakeinJiangsuprovince,theparentmaterialsofsoilsaredepositsediments.2.2.2SoilParentMaterialsII第1题LoessistheparentmaterialforhillsinthewestofJiangsuprovince,especiallyfromNanjingtoZhenjiang.2.3TheEssenceofSoilFormation第1题Thelargecycleisthestorageandaccumulationprocessofnutrients,whilethesmallcycleistheleachingprocessofnutrients.2.4.1SoilFormationFactor:ParentMaterial第1题Thestratificationofparentmaterial(heterogeneousparentmaterial)hasamorecomplexinfluenceonthematerialmigrationandsoilfertility,comparedwithhomogeneousparentmaterial.Thestratificationofparentmaterialwillbeinheritedtosoil.2.4.2SoilFormingFactor:Organisms第1题Plantscanselectivelyabsorbthenutrientelementswhicharedispersedintheparentmaterial,waterandatmosphere,accompaniedbytheavailabilityofmineralnutrientelements.2.4.3SoilFormingFactor:Climate第1题Theatmospherichumiditydecreasesfromeasttowestinthetemperateregion.Thesoilsaredistributedinthefollowingsequence:chernozem,blacksoil,chestnutsoil,browncalcicsoil,sierozem,greydesertsoil,grey-browndesertsoil,browndesertsoil.2.4.4SoilFormationFactor:Terrain第1题Mountainsarecharacterizedbyhighelevationandsteepslopes.Themountainsareerodedstronglybywater.Thehydrothermalconditionsandvegetationchangeobviously.Therefore,themountainoussoilshavethecharacteristicofverticaldistribution.2.4.5SoilFormingFactors:TimeandHumanActivity第1题Humanactivitieshavebeneficialeffectsonsoil;italwayscontributestothedevelopmentofsoilfertility.2.5.1SoilFormingProcessesI第1题Theargillizationprocessreferstotheformationandaccumulationofclaymineralsinsoil.

2.5.2SoilFormingProcessesII第1题Gleyizationoccurswhenthesoilperched-waterzoneisconstantlymovingupwardanddownward,alternationofdryingandwettingismoreobvious.Thealternationofoxidativeandreductivereactionsinsoilisinducedrepeatedly.Theresultisformationofmottling,spot,iron/manganeseconcretion,orredcoating.2.5.3SoilFormingProcessesIII第1题Thepodzoliationprocessreferstotheleachingofsesquioxidesanddepositionofsilicondioxideinthesubsurfacesoillayer.

2.6SoilProfile第1题Awell-developednaturalsoiliscomposedofthreebasichorizons:theeluvialhorizon(Ahorizon),theilluvialhorizon(Bhorizon)andtheparentmaterialhorizon(Chorizon).Chapter2Assignment第1题3.1TheSourcesandComponentsofSoilOrganicMatter第1题Fordifferentsystems,thesourcesofSOMaredifferent.3.2TheDecompositionandTransformationofSoilOrganicMatter第1题ThenutrientwillreleaseduringtheSOMhumificationprocess.3.3TheImpactingFactorsofSoilOrganicMatterTransformation第1题Thereisa“tradeoff”relationshipbetweensoilwaterandsoilair.3.4SoilHumus第1题Soilhumusincludinghumin,humicacidandfulvicacid.3.5FunctionsandRegulationsofSoilOrganicMatter第1题

SOMcanpromotenutrientavailabilityandincreasecropyield.3.6SoilOrganismandMicrobialPopulationDiversity第1题Soilorganismsinclude:soilmicroorganisms,soilanimalsandtherootsofhigherplants.3.7EnvironmentalFactorsAffectingSoilMicrobialActivity第1题Microorganismswillobtainthemaximumgrowthrateattheoptimalgrowthtemperature,butthemicroorganismswillstopgrowingordiewhenthetemperatureexceedstheminimumormaximumlimit.3.8DistributionofSoilMicrobes第1题Beneficialrhizospheremicroorganismswillpromotethegrowthofcrops,whileharmfuloneswillaggravateplantdiseases.3.9SoilMicrobialActivityandCharacterization第1题Accordingtothedifferentdeterminationprinciples,themethodsforanalyzingmicrobialbiomasscanbedividedintothreecategories:componentanalysis,substrate-inducedrespirationandfumigation.Chapter3Assignment第1题4.1SoilParticle第1题Inparticleclassificationsystem,thesoilparticlesareusuallyclassifiedintothefollowingsizeclasses().AGravelBSandCSiltDClay正确答案：DCBA4.2SoilTexture第1题Mechanicalcompositionreferstothepercentagesofsoilparticlesindifferentsizeclasses.

4.3SoilTextureandSoilFertility第1题Thefertilitycharacteristicsofclayeysoilscanbedescribedas(

).AFertilizerefficiencyishigh;nutrientscanbeavailableforplantsinalongtime;BFertilizerefficiencyislow;nutrientscanonlybeavailableforplantsinashorttime;CFertilizerefficiencyishigh;nutrientscanonlybeavailableforplantsinashorttime;DFertilizerefficiencyislow;nutrientscanbeavailableforplantsinalongtime;4.4TheTypesofSoilStructure第1题Itiseasytoformblockystructureinsurfacesoilwithhighorganicmatterandlighttexture(lighterthanmediumloam).4.5TheFormationofGranularStructure第1题Timelyandrationaltillage,andcompactioncanbreakuplargelumpsandcrustthroughtheeffectsofcutting-upandsqueezing,whichisbeneficialforpromotingtheformationofstructure.4.6TheSignificanceofGranularStructuretoSoilFertility第1题Filedirrigationcanpromotetheformationofgoodstructures.4.7.1TheQuantityofSoilPores第1题Becausesoilporesaccountfornearly50%ofthetotalsoilvolume.Thesolidparticledensityisabouttwiceofthesoilbulkdensity.So,thevalueofporespaceratioisusuallyaround1.4.7.2TheQualityofSoilPores第1题Becausethesizeandshapeofsoilporesareirregular,itisdifficulttodeterminetheporesizesbydirectdetermination.Insoilscience,adeterminablesoilpropertyrelatedtoporesize,namelysoilwatersuction,isselectedtoindirectlydeterminetheporediameter.4.7.3TheFactorsthatAffectSoilPorosity第1题Theorganicmatterislooseandporous.Itplaysabeneficialroleintheformationofgranularstructure.Thesoilwithhighcontentoforganicmatterhasmoremacropores,resultinginsmallporosity.

4.8SoilTilth第1题Soilstickinessreferstothepropertyofthesoilparticlesbondedtogetherbyvariousattractiveforces.Chapter4Assignment第1题5.1SoilWaterTypes第1题Toplants,onlypartofthemembranouswaterisavailable.5.2SoilWaterContentandRepresentation第1题Thevolumeofcuttingringis100cm3,themassofwetsoilinsideis160g,itsmasswatercontentis25%,thebulkdensityis____g/cm3,volumetricwatercontentis____%.正确答案：:1.28正确答案：:325.3SoilWaterConstantsandAvailability第1题Thewiltingcoefficientofsandyloamislargerthanclay.

5.4SoilWaterPotential第1题Thematrixpotentialofwatersaturatedsoilis____,andthepressurepotentialofunsaturatedsoilis____.正确答案：:0正确答案：:05.5SoilWaterMovement第1题Foracertainsoil,itsunsaturatedwaterconductivityisoneconstant.

5.6SoilWaterSuctionandWaterCharacteristicCurve第1题Thesoilwatercharacteristiccurvesofwaterdesorption&absorptionarecoincident.

5.7FieldCycleofSoilMoisture第1题Thefinalstableinfiltrationrate:clay()sandysoil.A>B<C?5.8SoilMoistureStatusandAdjustment第1题Applyingbiotechnologytosavewaterisanimportantwaytoimprovewateruseefficiency.Chapter5Assignment第1题6.1SoilAirCompositionandCharacteristics第1题Generally,thesoilairhumidityissaturated.6.2SoilAerationandAdjustment第1题Theconvectionbetweensoilandatmospherealwaysflowsfromthehigh-pressureareastothelow-pressureareas.

6.3SoilHeatSourcesandBalance第1题Soilevaporationcanresultinheatloss.

6.4SoilThermalProperties第1题Generally,theheatcapacityofsandysoilislower,soitstemperaturerisesfaster.

6.5SoilTemperatureandAdjustment第1题Inagriculturalproduction,thetheoreticalbasisof"AdjustingTemperaturewithWater"is().AWatertemperatureiseasytocontrol;BWaterhasalargerheatcapacity;CWaterhasalargerthermaldiffusivity.Chapter6Assignment第1题7.1TheSources,ContentandFormsofSoilNitrogen第1题Theorganicnitrogenisthemainlyformsofsoiltotalnitrogen.7.2TransformationandRegulationofSoilNitrogenCycle第1题WecanregulatethesoilC:Nratiotocontrolthesoilnitrogendecomposition.7.3SoilPhosphorus第1题SoilpHinfluencedtheavailabilityofphosphorus,theavailabilityofPishigherwhensoilpHat6.5-6.8.7.4SoilPotassium第1题Thequalityelementis

____.正确答案：:potassium/KChapter7Assignment第1题8.1TheDefinitionandStructureofSoilColloids第1题Insoilscience,particlesthatarelessthan()micronsindiameterarecalledsoilcolloids.AoneBtwoCthreeDfour8.2TypesofSoilColloids第1题Ironoxidesbelongto().AInorganiccolloidsBOrganiccolloidsCOrgano-mineralcolloidsDNoneoftheabove8.3CrystalStructureofPhyllosilicateClayMinerals第1题Aluminum-oxygenoctahedronconsistsofonealuminumionand(

)oxygenions.AfourBfiveCsixDseven8.4TypesandPropertiesofPhyllosilicateClayMinerals第1题Whichofthefollowingclaymineralsisnonexpanding2:1claymineral?AMontmorilloniteBKaoliniteCVermiculiteDIllite8.5TheFundamentalPropertiesofSoilColloids第1题Onlypermanentsurfacechargesarepresentonthesurfaceoftypical1:1phyllosilicateclaymineral-kaolinite.8.6TheAdsorptionandExchangeofCations第1题Ionswiththesamevalencesharethesameexchangeability.8.7CationExchangeCapacityandBaseSaturationPercentage第1题Whichofthefollowingisacidcation?ACa2+BH+CMg2+DK+Chapter8Assignment第1题9.1SoilSolutionandCompositions第1题Thesoilsolutionisaformconversionagentfornutrientelements.9.2Sources,FormsandInfluencingFactorsofSoilAcidandAlkali第1题Whichofthefollowingarethesourcesofsoilacids?AActivationofaluminuminsoilBDissociationofcarbonicacidCDissociationoforganicacidsDDissociationofwater正确答案：ABDC9.3SoilAcid-AlkalineRegulationandItsRelationshipwithSoilQuality第1题Thesecondaryclaymineralcolloidhasthestrongestacid-basebuffercapacitywhilethehumiccolloidhasthelowestacid-basebuffercapacityinsoilcolloids.9.4RedoxReactioninSoilSolution第1题TheredoxpotentialdecreaseswithincreasingpHundercertainconditions.Chapter9Assignment第1题10.1BriefIntroductiontoSoilClassification第1题Thepurposeofsoilclassificationistoclarifythelawofsoildevelopmentundertheinfluencesofnaturalfactorsandhumanfactorsduringwhichthedominant