EN 17423-2020 建筑物的能源性能 一次能源因数和二氧化碳排放系数的测定和报告 一般原则 模块M1-7

November2020ICS13.040.01;91.120.10EnglishVersionEnergyperformanceofbuildings-DeterminationandreportingofPrimaryEnergyFactors(PEF)andCO2emissioncoefficient-GeneralPrinciples,ModuleM1-7Performanceénergétiquedesbatiments-Déterminationetdéclarationdesfacteursd'énergieprimaire(PEF)etducoefficientd'émissiondeCO2-Principesgénéraux,ModuleM1-7EnergieeffizienzvonGebäuden-BestimmungundBerichterstattungvonPrimärenergiefaktoren(PEF)undCO2-EmissionsfaktorenThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon4October2020.CENmembersareboundtocomplywiththeCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEuropeanStandardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Up-to-datelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcerningsuchnationalstandardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentreortoanyCENmember.ThisEuropeanStandardexistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).AversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytranslationundertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheCEN-CENELECManagementCentrehasthesamestatusastheofficialversions.CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TurkeyandUnitedKingdom.EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉEUROPÉENDENORMALISATIONEUROPAISCHESKOMITEEFÜRNORMUNGCEN-CENELECManagementCentre:RuedelaScience23,B-1040Brussels◎2020CENAllrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreservedRef.No.EN17423:2020EworldwideforCENnationalMembers.2EN17423:2020(E)Europeanforeword Introduction 4 2Normativereferences 83Termsanddefinition 84Symbols,subscriptsandabbreviations 4.1Symbols 4.2Subscripts 114.3Abbreviation 115Generaldescriptionofthemethodsandchoices 5.1Basicprinciplesoftheassessmentmethod 5.2Shortdescriptionofthechoices 6SetofdifferentchoicesrelatedtoPEFandCO₂emissioncoeff 6.1Choicesrelatedtotheperimeter—Geographicalperimeter 6.2Choicesrelatedtocalculationconvention 6.3Choicesrelatedtothedata 206.4Choicesrelatedtotheassessmentmethodologies 23AnnexA(normative)Templateforreportingthechoices AnnexB(informative)Examplesofassessmentboundarie 30AnnexC(informative)Additionalexplanationandreporting 453EN17423:2020(E)EuropeanforewordThisdocument(EN17423:2020)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC371“EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsprojectgroup",thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyNEN.ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstandard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextorbyendorsement,atthelatestbyMay2021,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestbyMay2021.Attentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.CENshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.AccordingtotheCEN-CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganisationsofthefollowingcountriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,Portugal,RepublicofNorthMacedonia,Romania,Serbia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,TurkeyandtheUnitedKingdom.4IntroductionThisdocumentbelongstoaseriesofstandardsaimingatinternationalharmonizationofthemethodologyfortheassessmentoftheenergyperformanceofbuildings.Forthecorrectuseofthisdocument,anormativetemplateisgiveninAnnexAtoreportthechoices.ThetargetgroupofthisdocumentarealltheusersofthesetofstandardsrelatedtotheassessmentoftheenergyperformanceofbuildingsandespeciallynationalstandardizationexpertsorbuildingauthoritieswhoareinchargeofdefiningthePEFsandCO₂emissioncoefficients.Inviewofthecomplexityoftheissue,theneedforcontextualknowledgeandpracticalityofuse,itisusefultomentionnecessarycommentsandexplanationsdirectlyinthestandard,andnottoprepareaseparateCEN/TR(TechnicalReport).Forthesamereasons,partstakenfromotherstandardsareappropriatetohaveinthisdocument.Thedocumentcanbeappliedfordifferenttimeintervals(annual,monthly,hourly).Thisdocumentisanewstandard.EN17423:2020(E)5Thisdocumentprovidesatransparentframeworkforreportingonthechoicesrelatedtotheproceduretodetermineprimaryenergyfactors(PEFs)andCO₂emissioncoefficientsforenergydeliveredtoandexportedfromthebuildingsasdescribedinENISO52000-1.ThisdocumentspecifiesthechoicestobemadetocalculatethePEF(s)andCO₂emissioncoefficientsrelatedtodifferentenergycarriers.PEFsandCO₂emissioncoefficientsforexportedenergycanbedifferentfromthosechosenfordeliveredenergy.ThisdocumentisprimarilyintendedforsupportingandcomplementingENISO52000-1,asthelatterrequiresvaluesforthePEFsandCO₂emissioncoefficientstocompletetheEPBcalculation.Butitcanalsobeusedforotherapplications.NOTETheCO₂emissioncoefficientsallowcalculatinggreenhousegasemissions.Accordingtothechoicesmade,theCO₂emissioncoefficientsrepresentonlyCO₂emissionsoralsoothergreenhousegases.Table1showstheposition(markedby“X”)ofthisdocumentwithinthemodularstructureassetoutinENISO52000-1.ThemodulesrepresentEPBstandards,althoughoneEPBstandardmaycovermorethanonemoduleandonemodulemaybecoveredbymorethanoneEPBstandard,forinstanceasimplifiedandadetailedmethodrespectively.6EN17423:2020(E)NeedsEN17423:2020(E)ExpressConditionsTheshadedmodulesare782Normativereferencesconstitutesrequirementsofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatestediti316-4-5,Energyperformanceofbuildings-Methodforcalculatdsystemeficiencies-Part4-5:ENISO7345,Thermalperformanceofbuildingsandbuildingcomponents-Physicalquantitiesandframeworkandprocedures(ISOForthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitISOandIECmaintainterminologi一IECElectropedia:aenergythathasnotbeensubjectedtoanyconversionortransforma[SOURCE:ENISO52000-1:2017,3.4.29,modifiednote-"includes"isreplacedby“mayberbstanceorphenomenonthatcanbeusedtoproducemechanicalworratiooftheprimaryenergytotheenergydeliveredtonon-renewableprimaryenergyforagiveconsiderednon-renewableenergyoverheadsofdeliverytothepointsofuse,dividedbythede9EN17423:2020(E)3.3.2non-renewableprimaryenergyforagivenenerconsiderednon-renewableenergyoverheadsofproducingandexportingtothecollectionpoints,divided3.3.3renewableenergyoverheadsofdeliverytothepointsofuse,dividedbythedeliveredenergy[SOURCE:ENISO520003.3.4renewableprimaryenergyrenewableenergyoverheadsofproducingandexportingtothecollectionpoints,dividedbytheexported3.3.5sumofnon-renewableandrenewablePEFsforagivenenergycarrier3.4coefficientthatdescribestheamo[SOURCE:ENISO52000-1:2017,3.4.2,mquantityofenergygoingfromtheenergysourcetotheenerg3.7greenhousegasgas,thatabsorbsandemitsradiationatspecificwavelengthswithinthespectrumofinfraredradiationemittedbytheearth'ssurface,theatmosphere,andcloudsNote1toentry:Greenhousegasmayhavenaturalandanthropogenicorigins.[SOURCE:ENISO14067:2018,,modified-“gaseousconstituentoftheatmosphere”issimplifiedinto“gas”.Thenoteshavebeendeleted,becausetheyarenotofinterestfortheapplicationofthetermhereNote1usedtobepartofthedefinition.]3.8biogeniccarboncarbonderivedfrombiomass[SOURCE:ENISO14067:2018,]3.9fossilcarboncarbonthatiscontainedinfossilizedmaterialNote1toentry:Examplesoffossilizedmaterialarecoal,oil,naturalgasandpeat.[SOURCE:ENISO14067:2018,]4.1Symbols[SOURCE:ENISO52000-1:2017]Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thesymbolslistedinTable2apply.Thefollowingtextincludessymbolsthatarenotusedinthisdocument,butthatareneededforoverallconsistencyinthesetofEPBstandards.Table2—Symbolsandunits_a_a_aCEfHKQηεEN17423:2020(E)4.2Subscripts[SOURCE:ENISO52000-1:2017]Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thesubscriptslistedinTable3apply.Thefollowingtextincludessubscriptsthatarenotusedinthisdocument,butthatareneededforoverallconsistencyinthesetofEPBstandards.Table3—SubscriptsSubscriptSubscriptCO2CO2emissionnrennon-renewableenergycarrierntdelnetdelivereddeliveredPprimaryenergydistributionPnrennon-renewableprimaryenergyelectricityprproducedexportedpvgengenerationrenewableenergytotalweighting4.3AbbreviationsForthepurposesofthisdocument,theabbreviationslistedinTable4apply.Table4-AbbreviationsAbbreviationCHPCombinedHeatandPowerEPBEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsGHGGreenHouseGasesGWPGlobalWarmingPotentialLCALiveCycleAnalysisPEFPrimaryEnergyFactorPVPhotovoltaic5GeneraldescriptionThethreefundamentaltypesofPEFhasbeenchanged.]energycontentsoftheenTheprimaryenergytakenintoaccountinthenon-renewablePEFcoflows(possiblyincludingalsothenon-renewableenergyoverheadsofdeliverytothepointofuse,accordingtotheLCAmethod,see6.4.4)requiredtodeliveroneunitofenergyoftherelatedenergycarriertothebuilding.Therefore,thenon-renewablePEFcanbelessthanoneiftheincludingthoseconsumedbyexploitationoftherenewablesourceswhenapplicable.energyflows(possiblyincludingalsotherenewableenergyoverheadsofdelivecordingtotheLCAmethod,see6.4.4)requrenergycarrier.Itcoversallrenewableprimaryenergyinofthenon-renewablesources(e.g.renewablpumpforpumpingoilthroughapipeline).ThetotalPEFisthesumofthenon-renewableandrenewablePEF.EN17423:2020(E)PEFfordeliveredandexportedenergyInlinewithENISO52000-1,thisdocumentdefinesthePEFfordeliveredenergytothebuildingthroughtheassessmentboundaryandtheenergyproduced“on-site”andexportedthroughtheassessmentboundary.一PEFforadeliveredenergycarriercrThePEF,fdel,foradeliveredenergycarriercrfromon-site,nearbyordistantisdefinedas:whereEwe;delisdeliveredenergy,inkWh;cristhesubscriptrepresentingthetypeoftheenergycarrier;weisthesubscriptrepresentingsequentiallytotal,non-renewableorrenewableattribute;jKeyABC123⑧+⑨energysourceupstreamchainofenergysupplyinsidetheassessmentboundarytotalprimaryenergynon-renewableprimaryenergyrenewableprimaryenergy4non-renewableinfrastructurerelatedenergy(seealso6.4.4)5renewableinfrastructurerelatedenergy(seealso6.4.4)non-renewableenergytoextract,refine,convertandtransport7renewableenergytoextract,refine,convertandtransport8deliverednon-renewableenergy9deliveredrenewableenergyFigure1—PEFsforatwosource(onenon-renewable,theotherrenewable)energycarrierEnergythatisproducedon-sitecanresourcesusedforproducinLCAapproachisusedinEN15978(Sustainabilityofconstructionworks-Assessmeperformanceofbuildings-Calculationmethod)fortheassessmentofenvironmentalimpactsofbuildings(includingclimatechange)duringlifecycleofbuildings(includingoperationalenergyuseofbuildings).Footprint(PEF)calculatiwhentheybothareusingtheLCAapproachfofbuildingsintothesamedirection,i.ereportingthemainmethodologicalmethane,N₂0,etc.].Tobemoreprecise,itshouldTheemissionfactorsshallbecoherentwiththechoiceofrefecoefficientrepresentingtheresourcesusedforproducingtheenergy.Subclause6.3.4definesbothcoefficientrepresentingtheresourcesusedforproducingTostartthedeterminationandreportingofPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientthepe“inside”-seehereafter)andwheretheassessmentofthePEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientstarts(“outside”-seehereafter).calculatedtoassestakenintoaccountinsidetheascombustibleenergyvectorsincludetheCO₂efficiencyiscalculatedinsidetheassessmentboun一"outside"theassessdeliveroneunitoftheenergycarriertothebuildingaretakcarrier.ThePEFofdeliveredenergycarriersshaTherefore,theplacementoaccountinthePEFandtheCO₂emissioncoefficient.ExamplesonpossibleplacementsoftheassessmentThedeliveredenergiesare—nearby,RefertoENISO52000-1:2017,9.EN17423:2020(E)aassessmentboundary(useenergybalance)1PV,thermalsolarbperimeter:on-site2windcperimeter:nearby3boilerroomdperimeter:distant4heatpumpS1thermallyconditionedspace5districtheating/coolingS2spaceoutsidethermalenvelope6substation(low/mediumvoltageandpossiblestorage)Figure2—ExampleofaschemeoftheconceptofassessmentboundaryandoriginofdeliveredenergyPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientsaredefinedforeachenergyflowdeliveredorexportedthroughtheassessmentboundary,consideringtheoriginfordeliveredandthedestinationforexportedenergy.5.1.5AccountingmethodsGeneralTheassessmentofthePEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientforanenergycarriercanbedoneby:—followingthereverseenergyflow(fromthebuildingtotheprimaryenergysource),NOTE1Bothapproachesshouldleadtothesameresultsnotwithstandingcalculationorinventoryapproximations.Theselectionoftheapproachmainlydependsonthekindofdataavailable.Itcanalsodependonthesizeofthegeographicalperimeterandtheinterconnectionbetweentheenergysourcesincaseofmulti-sourceenergycarriers.NOTE2Atthisstageofthestandard,thetreatmentofmulti-outputsystemswhereoneormoreoutputsarenotanenergycarrier(forexample,ifitisachemicalfeedstockornon-energymaterial)isnotexplicitlytakenintoonLCA(e.g.takingintoaccoenergycarrierwithinthegeographicalperimeter.Eachenergycarrierisconnectedtoabuildingthroughanetworkofenergyflowofanenergycarrierfromtheenergysourcetothebuildingiswelldefined,thenthefdeliveredenergytothebuildingandgatheringinformationupstreamre(e.g.conversion).—auxiliaryenergyconsumption;Alltheprimaryenergyconsumption,wNOTEInsomecases,CO₂emissionstakenintoaccountforanenergycarrieraredeterminedbytheenergycarrieritselfratherthanthespecifictransformationprocess(bustionofgaswithinthebuilding).Foradditionalexplanationandreporting,seeAnnexIncaseofmultiplesourceenergycarriers(e.g.electricity),largecentralisednetwork(e.g.gasnetwork)orenergycarriersthatarenotprovidedbyanetwork(e.g.heatingoil),itmaynotbepossibletofollowthereverseenergyflow.Butitmightbethattheinputprimaryenergytothegeographicalperimeterisavailable.Insuchcases,aglobalevaluationapproachcanbeusedtocalculatePEFandCO₂emissioncoefficients.TheinventoriesofallprimaryenergyinputsandCO₂emissionsoccurringwithinthegeographicalperimetercouldbeused.InadditionaLCAapproach(see6.4.4)couldalsobeusedtotakeintoaccountprimaryenergyconsumptionandCO₂emissionsoccurringoutsidethegeographicalperimeterrelatedtothedifferentconsideredenergycarriers.5.2ShortdescriptionofthechoicesTolimittheassessmentmethods(e.g.inputdata,perimeter),variouschoicesneedtobemade.Foreachchoice,asetofoptionsisdefined(seeClause6)tofacilitatethereportingofthechoicesandtomakethecontentofPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientsmoretransparent.AnnexAprovidesatemplateforreportingthechoicesmadeforthedeterminationofPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientsforeachenergycarrier.ThechoicestobemadeintheassessmentofPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientsareresumedhereafterandstructuredinfollowingmaincategories:1)Choicesrelatedtotheperimeteroftheassessment:—geographicalperimeterwhichdefinestheboundarieswithinwhichPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientsapply.2)Choicesrelatedtocalculationconventions:—timeresolution;—sourcesofthedataused;一netorgrosscalorificvalues.3)Choicesrelatedtothedata:—energysourcestobeconsidered(availableenergysources);一typeofCO₂emissioncoefficients;一greenhousegasestakenintoaccount,timehorizonfortheglobalwarmingpotential(GWP);—biogeniccarbon;一conventionsrelatedtoenergyconversion;一conventionsforPEFrelatedtoexportedenergy.4)Choicesrelatedtotheassessmentmethodologies:—energyexchangeswithothergeographicalperimeters;—calculationapproachesformultisourcegenerationmix;一allocationofmultienergyoutputsystem;—lifecycleanalysis(LCA).6.1Choicesrelatedtotheperimeter—GeographicalperimeterThegeographicalperimeteristheperimeteroftheenergyusetowhich:Thegeographicalperimetermaybedifferentfro—Option1:European(specifythebordersThetimeresolutionisthetimeperiodoftheoutputs(i.e.thePEFandCO₂coefficient).—Option3:Annual;periodwithrespectoftheavailabilityofinputdata.addedupuntiltheintervalofthetimeresolutionisreached.ThesedataarethenusedforthecalculationIfthetimeresolutionoftheiaddedupuntilthecalculationinterForeachenergycarrier,thetypeofdatasourcindicated).fofallsystemsandthePEFsofallenergycarrierswithoutmixingnetandgrossvalues.oftheratiorelatedtothePEForInENISO52000-1,on-siteproducedenergycanbetakenintoaccTherefore,theself-consumedon-siteproductionshouldnotbeincludedinthecalculationofthePEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientofthegeneralgridaspartofenergyproduction.Thisdoublecounting(countingExportedenergy,evenifalreadyvalorizedinthebuildingenergyperformance,canbecountedinThefollowingoptionsshEN17423:2020(E)-Option3:ExcludeItaimsclarifyingwhatisincludedandn一Greenhousegases(GHG)considerTheGreenhousegasemissioncoefficientshallbeexpressedinkgofCO₂equTheGWPofeachGHGdependsonthetimehorizon.Thetimehorizoninfluenceremainsintheclimatesystemforaverylongtime(thousandsofyears).account.TheindicatorcorrespondstotheweightedsumofthemassofallGHGmultipliedbytheirrespectiveglobalwarmingpotential(GWP).emissions)ofbiomassproducts,whereasfossilcarboncorrespondstothecombustion(CO₂)orthedegradationorleaks(CH₄),orthetransformationofEvenifthereisnophysicaldifferencebetweenthemolecules(fossilorbiogenic)thereisamajordifferenceregardingtheevaluationoftheirrespectiveimpactsonclimatechange.IttakesafatmosphericcarbontobeabsorbethatbiogenicCO₂iscompensatedbfossilcarbonwhereittakesmillionsofyearstobeabsorbedbyfossilreservoirs.ThatisthereasonwhythetwocarbonemissionsmaybAllbiogenicCO₂emissionsarecompensatedbytheequivalentamountofCO₂sequestrated.BioBiogenicCO₂storedbybiomassisnotaccounton"referstotheprocessoftransforminganinfassessmentboundary(e.g.electricalpowerplancracking).fThechoicesrelatedtotheenergycarrier.Onlythenaccountforthesetypesofenergyconversion;EN17423:2020(E)Thisoptioncouldbechosenwhentheenergycontentoftheinputfuel(energycarrier):—isdifficulttoestimate;—isconsideredasnotrelevante.g.becausetheenergysourcewillbeavailableforuseinanycase;—tounderlinetheclimatechangebenefitoftheenergycarrier;—Option3:Technicalconversionefficienciesconvention.TheconversionusestheefficiencyofthetechnologiestodeterminetheenergyinputtogenerateonekWhofusefulenergyoutput(ngen≠1);EXAMPLEConversion一Option4:Physicalenergycontent(primaryenergy)convention.Thefirstenergy(downstream)forwhichmultipleusesarepossible(e.g.theelectricityproducedbyPVpanels)isdefinedas"primaryenergy";一Option5:Other.Theoptionscanbedifferentwhenappliedtodifferentenergycarriers.ForadditionalexplanationandreportingseeAnnexC,C.ConventionsforPEFrelatedtoexportedenergy[SOURCE:ENISO52000-1:2017(9.6.6)]TheaimofthisoptionistoclarifywhichmethodhasbeenchosentocalculatethecontentofthePEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientbythefollowingoptions:一Option1:Resourcesusedtoproducetheexportedenergycarrier;一Option2:Resourcesavoidedbytheexternalgridduetoexportoftheenergycarrier;一Option3:Other.6.4Choicesrelatedtotheassessmentmethodologies6.4.1EnergyexchangeswithothergeographicalperimetersExchangesareimportedorexportedenergybetweentheassessmentboundaryandothergeographicalperimeters.ItmayhappenthatthecalculationofPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientaremainlybasedondatarelatedtotheproductionofenergy,ratherthanonthedemandofenergy,forreasonsofdataavailability.ButthePEFandCO₂emissionofanationalproductionisnotstrictlyspeakingthePEFandCO₂emissionofthenationaldemandasimportandexportmayhappenthroughtheborder.DatacouldthenbecorrectedbytakingintoaccounttheimportedandexportedenergypercarrierwiththeirassociatedPEFandtheCOzemissioncoefficientsorbyusingnetenergyexchangesbyselectingtheassociatedPEFandtheCO₂emissioncoefficientsaccordingly.Iftheenergycarrierexchange,foraspecificgeographicalperimeterandenergycarrier,isconsiderednotsignificant,itispossibletoignoresuchenergyexchangeandtoconsideronlytheenergyflowinsidethatgeographicalperimeter.ThePEFandCO₂emissionfactorsshallbecalculatedaccordingtooneofthefollowingoptions:一Option1:IgnoringexchangeswithothergeographicalperimetersOnlyconsideringtheenergyflowwithinthegeographicalperimeterandignoringtheexchangeswithothergeographicalperimetersthroughtheborders;一Option2:NetexchangeswithothergeographicalperimetersConsideringthenetenergyexchangeswithothergeographicalperimeters.Thenetexchangesequalthetotalofimportsminustotalofexports;timeresolutionorviceversa.NetenergyexportsandnetimportsaremultipliedwiththerelatedPEFandCO₂NOTE2Whenimportsandexportsoccursimultaneouslywithothergeographicalperimeters,energymaytransitacrossageographicalperimeter,withoutbeingusedfordemandwithinthisgeographicalperimeter.Thisappliesinparticularwherenetworkswithinthegeographicalperimeterarewelldeveloped.Energytransitsshouldnotbetakeninconsiderationwithinthegeographicalperimeter.Energytransitisneutralizedbythisoption.一Option3:GrossexchangeswithothergeographicalperimetersConsideringenergyexchangeswithothergeographicalperimeters,bytakingintoaccounttheexchangeswithdifferentassociatedPEFandCO₂emissioncoefficientscalculatedoverallthebordersbetweenthegeographicalperimeterconsideredandothergeographicalperimetersintheconsideredtimeresolution.ImportedandexportedenergysourcesareweightedbytherelatedprimaryenergyfactorsandCO₂emissioncoefficients;NOTE3Whenenergyimportsandexportsoccursimultaneouslywitho