《英语国家社会与文化》答案 外研社- Chapter 1-9 Land and History-Social Life

SuggestedAnswerstoExercises

TheUnitedStates

Chapter1LandandHistory

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

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2Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.C2.D3.C4.B5.D6.B7.A8.A9.A10.C

3Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

NativeAmericans:

TheyarethefirstAmericansettlers.Beginningmorethan20,000yearsago,thesetribalpeoplewanderingfromcontinenttocontinent:huntersandfamiliesfollowinganimalherdsfromAsiatoAmerica,acrossalandbridgewheretheBeringStraitistoday.TheyarecalledIndians.

ThomasPaine:

HeisanativeofEngland,aspokesmanfortherevolutionarycauseinthecolonies,whowrotethat“Europe,andnotEngland,istheparentcountryofAmerica.”

EmancipationProclamation:

ItwasissuedbyPresidentAbrahamLincolnonJanuary1,1863,whichabolishedslaveryinthosesouthernslavestates.

ProgressiveMovement:

Intheearly20thcentury,itarosetoreformsociety.Politically,thismovementwasasignofresistanceonthepartofthemiddleclassagainstthemonopolycapitalists,againstthecoalitionofmoneyandpower.

NewDeal:

In1932,itwasimplementedbyFranklinD.Roosevelt.WithinthreemonthsRoosevelthadrushedthroughtheCongressagreatnumberoflawstohelptheeconomyrecover.However,Roosevelt’sNewDealprogramsdidnotendtheDepression.

MartinLutherKing,Jr.:

Inthelate1950sandearly1960s,heledAfricanAmericansandtheyusedboycotts,marches,andotherformsofnonviolentprotesttodemandequaltreatmentunderthelawandanendtoracialprejudice.In1964,theUSCongresspassedlawsprohibitingdiscriminationinvoting,education,employment,andpublicaccommodations.

Chapter2GovernmentandPolitics

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

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2Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.D7.A8.A9.B10.B

3Questionsforshortanswers.

TheConstitutiondefinesthethreebranchesofthenationalgovernment:alegislature,thebicameralCongress;anexecutivebranchledbythePresident;andajudicialbranchheadedbytheSupremeCourt.Thesethreebranchescancheckandbalanceeachothertoensurenosinglebranchbecomestoopowerful.

SincethefoundingoftheUnitedStates,thependulumofAmericanforeignpolicyhasswayedbetweentheextremesofisolationismandactiveinvolvementinworldaffairs.

PresidentBushandhisneoconservativeadvisorswentintoaction,takingadvantageofthissenseoffear.TheydeclaredWaronTerror,puttingtheUnitedStatesonawarfooting,anddemandedthattherestoftheworldshouldtakeastand.Eitheryouarewithus,oryouarewiththeterrorists,sostatedPresidentBush.

ItisbecauseTrumpsimultaneouslycalledforisolationismandamorerobustmilitary.

Biden’sapproachtoChinawascharacterizedbycompetitionandcooperation.Whilehemaintainedatoughstanceonissueslikehightechexportandso-calledunfairtradepractices,healsosoughtareasofcooperation,suchasclimatechangeandnon-proliferation.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

MonroeDoctrine:

ItwasproposedbyPresidentJamesMonroein1823,whichassertedthattheUnitedStatesshouldstayoutofEuropeanaffairsandthatEuropeanpowersshouldnotinterfereintheaffairsofAmerica’sbackyard.

PearlHarborAttack:

ItisJapan’ssurpriseattackonPearlHarborinWorldWarII,whichforcedAmericatotakeactiveparticipationtoensureitsendangeredsecurity.

ColdWar:

ItwastheindirectclashesbetweenAmericaandSoviet,thetwosuperpowersintheworldaftertheendofWorldWarII.TheUnitedStatesbecamethecenterofanalliance,aimingtocontaintheexpansionofSovietpowerinEasternEuropeandinotherareasofWesterninterest.Althoughtheydidnothavedirectclashes,theColdWardrewtheUnitedStatesintomajorwarsagainstSovietforcesinperipheralareas.TheendoftheColdWarleftAmericatheonlysuperpowerintheworld.

BushDoctrine:

ItwasproposedbyGeorgeW.BushafterSeptember11,withunilateralism,preemption,andregimechangeformedasitscoreelements.

PatriotAct:

ItwassignedbyGeorgeW.BushsoonafterSeptember11,givingtheintelligenceawiderangeofpowerofsurveillanceathomeandabroad.

ShanghaiCommuniqué:

ItwasjointlysignedbytheleadersofChinaandtheUnitedStatesinShanghaiduringPresidentNixon’svisittoChinainFebruary1972.Basedontheprinciplesofseekingcommongroundwhilereservingdifferencesandpresentingrespectivepositions,itoutlinedthesharedstancesofbothsidesonseveralmajorissues.Itmarkedthebeginningofthenormalizationofrelationsbetweenthetwocountriesandservedasthefoundationfortheestablishmentanddevelopmentoftheirfuturerelationship.

HarryTruman’sliberalrealism:

ItwasaforeignpolicyproposedbyHarryTruman,whichsoughttocreateapreponderanceofpowerforAmericaafterWorldWarII.

Chapter3NationalEconomy

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

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2Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.B2.A3.D4.C5.C6.B7.A8.D

3Questionsforshortanswers.

Withtheeconomicboominthecolonies,disputesdevelopedwithEnglandovertaxationandothermatters;AmericanshopedforamodificationofEnglishtaxesandregulationsthatwouldsatisfytheirdemandformoreself-government,whichultimatelyledtothecallofindependenceandthecreationofanewnation—theUnitedStates.

TheWestwardMovementexpandedthenation’sborderstoincludemorethanthreemillionsqmi.

BritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynesproposedthatgovernments,byusingtheirfiscalandmonetarytools,couldguaranteeprosperityandhighemployment.Americaenteredaneweconomicera.Governmentalinterventioncontinuedtogrowthroughthe1960sandintothe1970s.

Foronething,theyworkunderextremelyfavorablenaturalconditions.TheUnitedStatescontainssomeofthebestcroplandintheworld,therichsoilinitsMidwestinparticular.Rainfallismodesttoabundantovermostareasofthecountry;riversandundergroundwaterpermitextensiveirrigationwhereitisnot.Besides,largecapitalinvestments,scientificinnovation,andincreasinguseofhighlytrainedlaboralsohavecontributedtothesuccessofAmericanagriculture.Thegreatesttechnicalchangesinfarminghavebeenassociatedwithmechanization,irrigation,electrification,andtheapplicationofscience.Biotechnologyhasledtothedevelopmentofseedsthataredisease-anddrought-resistant.Computerstrackfarmoperations,andevenspacetechnologyisutilizedtofindthebestplacestoplantandfertilizecrops.

Itistheentrepreneurialandinnovativespirit.ThenotableUSentrepreneursincludeBenjaminFranklin,ThomasEdison,HenryFord,BillGates,SteveJobs,SamWalton,HerbKelleher,RollinKing,andMichaelEisner.

Thisrapidequityvalueriseintheinternetsectorandrelatedfieldscreatedanenvironmentinwhichmanyinvestors,especiallyventurecapitalists,movedfasterandwithlesscautionthanusual.Thenoveltyofthesestocks,combinedwiththedifficultyofvaluingthedot-coms,sentmanystockstodizzyingheightsandmadetheinitialcontrollersofthecompanieswildlyrichonpaper.Inaddition,thelowinterestratesin1998—1999helpedincreasethestart-upcapitalamounts.Over1999andearly2000,theUSFederalReserveincreasedinterestratessixtimes,andtheeconomywasbeginningtolosespeed.Thedot-combubbleburstonMarch10,2000whenthesharepricesfelldramatically,andmanycompanieswentoutofbusiness.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

GildedAge:

Itwastheepochoftycoonsinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Theywerefiercecompetitors,single-mindedintheirpursuitoffinancialsuccessandpower.Oftentheirsuccesslayinseeingthelong-rangepotentialforanewserviceorProduct.Sometycoonswerehonestaccordingtobusinessstandardsoftheirday;others,however,usedforce,bribery,andguiletoachievetheirwealthandpower.Forbetterorworse,businessinterestsacquiredsignificantinfluenceovergovernment.

laissez-faire:

ItisaFrenchtermlaissez-faire—“leaveitalone”—theconceptfromtheeconomictheoriesofAdamSmith,whichmeansthatletthegovernmentinterferewithcommerceaslittleaspossible.

GreatSociety:

ItisapolicyproposedbyLyndonB.Johnson,whosoughttobuilda“GreatSociety”byspreadingbenefitsofAmerica’ssuccessfuleconomytomorecitizens.Federalspendingincreaseddramatically,asthegovernmentlaunchedsuchnewprogramsasMedicareandfoodstamps.

Keynesianstimulus:

ItisproposedbyBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes,whichmeansthatgovernments,byusingtheirfiscalandmonetarytools,couldguaranteeprosperityandhighemployment.Americaenteredaneweconomicera.Governmentalinterventioncontinuedtogrowthroughthe1960sandintothe1970s.

“OccupyWallStreet”movement:

Itisamovementfollowingthe2008financialcrisis,whichopposedtheblatantprofit-seekingbehaviorofmanyfinancialinstitutionsonWallStreetwhichoftenignoredhumanityanddisregardedsocialinjustice.

Chapter4SocialLifeandCulture

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

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Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.B2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.D8.D9.B10.A

3Questionsforshortanswers.

Themostnoticeabletrendsarethefundamentalistrevival,theproliferationofcults,andthesecularizationofreligion.

Firstly,astheoriginalfunction,mediaworktospreadinformation.Secondly,besidestransmittinginformation,themediaarealsorecreational.Thirdly,themediaalsofunctionasa“watchdog,”protectingthepublicfromdeceitful,careless,incompetentandcorruptofficials.

ThestyleofMarkTwainwasvigorousandrealistic.HeportrayedvividcharacterswithhumanvaluesandrealAmericanlifeinthe19thcentury.

Authorsexaminedtheeffectsoftechnologyonprivacy,identity,andsocialconnections,likeDaveEggers,withhisnovelTheCircle,andJenniferEgan,withherPulitzerPrize-winningAVisitfromtheGoonSquad.

Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

SuperBowl:

ItisthefinalcontestoftheNFL’sseasonanddeterminestheleague’sannualchampion.

“yellow”press:

ItoriginatedfromTheYellowKid,acomicstripduringthefiercecompetitionintheAmericannewspaperindustryinthelate19thcentury.Thistypeofnewspaperischaracterizedbyitsunscrupulousmethodstoattractreaders,oftenusingsensationalismandexaggerationtoachieveashockingeffect.

Jazz:

ItisoneoftheUSmostwidely-recognizedstylesborninAfricanAmericancommunitiesnearthebeginningofthe20thcenturyinNewOrleans,Louisiana,drawingrichnutritionfromtraditions.Characterizedbybluenotes,syncopation,polyrhythms,andimprovisation,ithasitsrootsinWestAfricanculturalandmusicalexpression,andinAfricanAmericanmusictraditions,aswellasinEuropeanmilitarybandmusic.

WaltWhitman:

HewasfamousAmericanwritersintheRomanticPeriod.HewasfamousforLeavesofGrass,whichwasavisionarybookcelebratingallcreation.ItwasinspiredlargelybyEmerson’swritings.ItsinnovativeformpermanentlyalteredthecourseofAmericanpoetry.Itcontains“SongofMyself,”themoststunninglyoriginalpoemeverwrittenbyanAmericanwithopeninglineslikemusic.

LostGeneration:

YoungAmericansofthe1920sweretheLostGenerationbecauseWorldWarIdestroyedtheirsecureandsupportivefamilyandcommunity,theirsustainingsenseofpatriotism,andmoralvaluesmaintainedbyreligiousbeliefs.Withoutastable,traditionalstructureofvalues,theindividuallostasenseofidentity.

Chapter5Education

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

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2Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.C2.D3.D4.B5.B6.A

Questionsforshortanswers.

Inthe1960s,manypeoplebelievedthatschools’maintaskwastopromoteindividualdevelopment.Butsincetheearly1980s,ithasbeenwidelybelievedthatschoolsshouldpreparestudentsforjobssoastostrengthenthenation’seconomy.Inthe1960s,peopleawoketotheproblemofeducationalinequalities,butbythe1980sageneraldeclineinacademicperformancebecameapressingproblem.Followingthesocialchangesandtheconsequentpublicideasaboutwhattheproblemsare,reformsandnewtrendshaveconstantlyemergedintheAmericanschoolsystemoverthelastfewdecades.AmongthemareHeadStart,alternativeschools,Back-to-Basicsmovement,schoolchoice(VoucherPlan),homeschooling,andlifelonglearning.

Challengesincludethedigitaldivide,qualityassurance,teachertraining,andstudentengagement.

ThestratificationsystemisperhapsmorepronouncedintheUSsystemofhighereducation.Therearesignificantdifferencesinthetypesofschoolsaswellastheirqualityavailabletostudentsfromdifferentsocialandeconomicbackgrounds.HighereducationintheUnitedStatesisalsocharacterizedbydiversityintermsofinstitutionalsize,type,control,programemphasisandclimate,andpopulationserved.

Admissiontoaninstitutionofhighereducationisautonomouslygovernedbyeachcollegeoruniversity.Thoughweightedandevaluateddifferentlybyeachinstitution,thegeneralcriteriausedtodetermineadmissionincludesuccessfulcompletionofhighschool,grades9—12;highschoolgradepointaverageandclassrank;minimalcourseofstudiesinareasofEnglish,mathematics,andsciences;andresultsfromstandardizedtestssuchastheSATandtheACT.

Americansbelievethateducationmustbemeaningfulandstudentslearnbestbydoing.Thiscapability-orientedteachingapproachhasbeenwidelyappreciatedandevenlearnedbymanyothercountries.

Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

associatedegree:

Itisakindofdegreeawardedbytwo-yearcolleges.Two-yearcollegeorjuniorcollegegraduatesusuallytransfertofour-yearcollegesoruniversities,wheretheycompletethebachelor’sdegreeintwoormoreadditionalyears.

pragmatism:

ItisaphilosophyproposedbyJohnDewey,whichclaimsthattheonlyworthwhileknowledgeisknowledgethatcanbeusedandhasgreatlyinfluencedAmericaneducators.

Back-to-Basicsmovement:

ItisamovementintheAmericanschoolsystemwhichemergedinthelate1970swhentheacademicperformanceofAmericanelementaryandsecondaryschoolsshowedasignificantdecline.Asaresult,manyschoolsbegantoemphasizetraditionalsubjectteaching,standardizedteachingstyles,andtheprincipleof“highscoresinexams.”Sincetheearly1980s,ithasgraduallyexpandedinscale.

distanceeducation:

Itisamodeoflearningwherestudentsandteachersinteractvirtualclassesratherthanintraditionalclassrooms.Ithasbecomemoreaccessiblewiththeriseofonlinelearningplatforms,whichoffercoursesfromprestigiousuniversitiesandinstitutions,enablingstudentstolearnfromanywhereintheworld.Videoconferencingtoolsareessentialforconductingvirtualclasses,facilitatingreal-timeinteractionbetweenstudentsandteacherstoreplicatetheclassroomexperienceonline.Distanceeducationoffersflexibilityforstudentswhomaynotbeabletoattendtraditionalclassesduetogeographical,financial,orpersonalconstraints.Onlinecoursesanddegreesprovideopportunitiesforlifelonglearningandprofessionaldevelopment.

GRE:

ItistheabbreviationforGraduateRecordExamination,astandardizedteststakenbystudentswhowanttopursuegraduatestudiesintheUS.

TheUnitedKingdom

Chapter6LandandHistory

Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.D2.B3.D4.B5.C6.D7.D8.C

MatchtheitemsinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

1c2b3a4e5d

Questionsforshortanswers.

Around3,500yearsago,theancientBritonslivedthere.Fromaround700BC,theCeltsmigratedfrommainlandEuropeandsettledontheisland,graduallybecomingthedominantpopulation.Theylivedintribalsocietiesanddevelopedtheirowndistinctcultureandtraditions.

HeseveredtieswithRome,grantingindependencetotheChurchofEngland,andin1535,EnglandunitedwithWales.

TheTudordynastyruledEnglandfrom1485to1603,witnessingthedeclineoffeudalismandtheascendanceofcapitalism.HenryVIIIseveredtieswithRome,grantingindependencetotheChurchofEngland,andin1535,EnglandunitedwithWales.UndertheTudors,theRenaissancereachedEngland,withWillianShakespearebeingthegreatestdramatistoftheage.QueenElizabethI,backedbytherisingbourgeoisieandnewaristocrats,governedwithafirmhandduringaperiodofrapidcapitalistgrowth.Thewooltradeenrichedmerchantcapitalists,leadingtotheenclosureoflandandthemigrationofpeasantstourbanareasasasourceoffreelabor.

TheEnglishbourgeoisrevolutionisasignificanthistoricevent.WiththesupremacyofParliament,nokinginthefuturecouldputhimselfabovethelaw.ThroughthepassageofBillofRightsof1689andActofSettlementof1701,constitutionalmonarchybecamethesystemofgovernmentinEngland,whichlaststillnow.Itmarkedthebeginningofanewera,theeraofcapitalismbysweepingawaytheobstaclesoffeudalismforthedevelopmentofcapitalisminEngland.

Bytheendofthe19thcentury,Britainhadbecomethegreatestimperialpowerintheworld.

In1921,26countiesontheislandofIrelandlefttheUnitedKingdomandformedtheIrishFreeState.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

Romaninvasion:

TheactualRomanconquestoftheislandcameinAD43.TheRomansbroughtwiththemChristianitytoEnglandandmanyoftheirarmybasesbecameimportantcities.HereonthenorthbankoftheThamestheRomansbuiltawalledtradingcity,London,whichlaterdevelopedintoacommercialcenteroftheworld.ButtheRomansweretoofewtochangethelanguageandcustomsofthepeople.

Anglo-Saxonsettlement:

WhentheRomansleftinAD410,theAnglesandSaxonsfromthenorthernGermanictribesstartedtopourintotheisland.Thesesettlersinthe5thcenturywerethepeoplewhoformedtheEnglishnationandgaveEnglanditsnameandtheyspokealanguagenowcalledOldEnglish.Theytookoverallthelandasfarasthemountainsinthenorthandwest,andestablishedahandfulofsmallkingdoms.EastAnglia,EssexandSussexarestillthenamesusedforEnglishcounties.TheCeltswerepushedbackintothemountainsofWalesandScotlandandacrosstoIreland.TheearlyAnglo-Saxonsettlers,whowerefarmers,fishermen,soldiers,andsailors,possessedtheskillsneededtobuildanddefendanindependentisland.Initially,theyweredividedandlackedunity.

GreatCharter:

GreatCharter(MagnaCarta)isadocumentwhichKingJohnwasforcedtosignbecausehisdefeatinawarwithFranceledtoharshtaxes,causinglords’rebellionin1215.Itskeyprovisionswerecouncilapprovalfortaxesandprotectingfreemenfromarbitraryarrest.ThoughtheCharterservedtheinterestsofthelords,ithadaprogressivesignificance.Itgrantedtothetownspeoplefreedomoftradeandself-government.ThemerchantsandcraftsmeninEnglandappearedforthefirsttimeasanewpoliticalforce.TheGreatCharteralsoheraldedthedevelopmentofparliamentaryinstitutions,providingaplatformforrepresentation.ItisafoundationaldocumentoutlininglibertiesensuredfortheEnglishpeopleanddeclaresrightsthathaveintegratedintoEnglishlaw,formingthebasisoftheconstitutionintheUKandeveryEnglish-speakingnation.

GloriousRevolution:

Itisarevolutionin1688carriedoutbytheEnglishbourgeoisieandnewaristocratstooverthrowtheruleofJamesIIandpreventtherestorationofCatholicism.Itiscalled“glorious”becausenobloodwasshedduringtherevolution.WilliamofOrange,theDutchson-in-lawofJamesII,andhisdaughterMarywereinvitedtoEnglandandcrownedasjointmonarchs.ThefollowingyeartheBillofRightswaspassed,andtheeventsof1689settledreligiousandpoliticalproblemsforthenext150years.ThekingandParliamentwerenolongerrivals.TheyworkedtogetherbutnowParliamentwasthestrongerpower.TheEnglishbourgeoisrevolutionisasignificanthistoricevent.WiththesupremacyofParliament,nokinginthefuturecouldputhimselfabovethelaw.

SevenYears’War:

Itisawarfoughtfrom1756to1763amongEuropeanpowersinEurope,NorthAmerica,andtheIndiansubcontinent.Asaresult,FrancewascompelledtocedeallofCanadatoBritainandwithdrawfromIndiaundertheTreatyofParis.Britainbecametheleadingcolonialpower,earningthetitleofthe“Empireonwhichthesunneversets.”

Chapter7GovernmentandPolitics

1Judgewhethereachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).

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2Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.D2.A3.C4.D5.D6.D7.C8.D

3Questionsforshortanswers.

TheBritishconstitutionmainlycomesfromsourcesof:statutelaw,thatis,lawspassedbyParliamentasacts;thecommonlaw,establishedthroughcommonpracticeinthecourts;andconventions—rulesandpracticeswhichdonotexistlegally,butareasvitaltotheworkingsofgovernment.

ParliamentisthehighestlegislativeauthorityintheUnitedKingdom,madeupofthemonarch(King-in-Parliament),HouseofLords,andHouseofCommons.TheessentialfunctionsoftheHouseofCommonsare:makinglawsandscrutinizing(supervising)thegovernmentanditsfinance.OnemoretaskoftheHouseistoprovidepersonnelforthegovernment.TheHouseofLordsusuallyundertakesdetailedrevisionofbillsfromtheCommons.ThosethatpassthroughinbothhousesaresignedbytheKingbeforetheybecomelawasactsofParliament.

TheOppositionisthepartythathaswonthesecondlargestnumberofseatsintheHouseofCommons.Itsmemberssitononeofthetwosidesofthedebatingchambertogetherwithmembersoftheotherparties,andthegovernmentmemberssitontheotherside.

TheUKgovernmentoperatesunderatwo-partysystem,dominatedbytheConservativePartyandtheLabourParty,althoughsmallerpartiesliketheLiberalDemocratsandregionalparties(e.g.,theScottishNationalParty)alsoplaysignificantroles.GeneralelectionsareheldeveryfiveyearstoelectMembersofParliament(MPs)totheHouseofCommons,theUK’sprimarylegislativebody.Thefirst-past-the-postvotingsystemisused,wherethecandidatewiththemostvotesineachconstituencywinsaseat.Thepartywiththemajorityofseatsformsthegovernment,anditsleaderbecomesthePrimeMinister.Ifnopartywinsamajority,acoalitionorminoritygovernmentmaybeformed.Themonarchplaysaceremonialroleinthegovernment,formallyappointingthePrimeMinister,whoisusuallytheleaderofthepartywiththemajorityintheHouseofCommons.

ChieflygovernedbytheEU-UKTradeandCooperationAgreement,currentUK-EUrelations,althoughlooserthanbefore,stillfeaturefreetradeaswellasclosecooperationonsecurityandsocialissues.AlthoughnolongeranEUmember,theUKremainsaEuropeanpower.

4Explaineachiteminyourownwords.

Parliamentarysovereignty:

ItisacentralelementintheBritishconstitution,meaningthattheUKParliamentistraditionallyregardedashavingsupremeauthoritytomake,amend,orrepealanylaw.However,inpractice,itspowerissubjecttocertainpolitical,legal,andpracticalconstraints.

Devolution:

ItmeansthatthereareseparatelegislaturesandexecutivesinScotland,WalesandNorthernIreland,whichhavepowersoverarangeofpolicyareaswhichwerepreviouslythepreserveoftheUKgovernment.TheUKgovernmenthasalsodevelopeddecentralisationinEngland.Thisisthroughthetransferofpowers,budgets,andresponsibilitiestomayorsandthroughcitydealsbutdoesnotinvolvedistinctlegislatures.

Cabinet:

OneoftheroomsinNo.10DowningStreetisthecabinetroom,anditisherethatthecabinetmeets,usuallyonceaweek,butsometimesmoreoften.ThePrimeMinistermayappointapproximately20ministerstositinthecabinet.Itconsists,besidesthePrimeMinister,oftheheadsofthemostimportantdepartmentstogetherwithafewministerswithoutdepartments.Thecabinetbalancesministers’individualdutieswiththeircollectiveresponsibilityasmembersofthegovernmentandtakesthefinaldecisionsonallgovernmentpolicy.AsthecabinetisdrawnfromthemajoritypartyintheHouseofCommons,itiseasiertoreachadecision.Cabinetministersassumeresponsibilityforallcabinetdecisionsandaministerwhorefusestoacceptadecisionisexpectedtoresign.ItshouldformaunitedfrontwithParliamentandthecountrybynotlettingthepublicknowthedifferencesofopinionbeforeandafterthecabinetdecision.Therefore,inprinciplecabinetmeetingstakeplaceonaconfidentialbasis.

ThreeMajesticCircles:

OutlinedbyChurchillin1948,itshapedBritishforeignpolicyforgenerations:thefirstcircleisBritishCommonwealthandEmpire;thesecondistheEnglish-speaking(Anglophone)world;thethirdisUnitedEurope.TheabovetraditionskeepinfluencingBritishforeignpolicyuntiltoday.

Chapter8NationalEconomy

1Choosethemostappropriateanswertoeachquestionorstatement.

1.D2.D3.B4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.B10.A

2MatchthenamesinColumnAwiththeitemsinColumnB.

1f2c3d4e5b6a

Questionsforshortanswers.

ModernagricultureintheUKisintensive,highlymechanised,andefficientbyEuropeanstandards.Itcontributesaround0.5percentoftheUK’snationalGDP,uses69percentofthecountry’slandarea,andemploys1percentofitsworkforce.

TheincreasedcoalandironoutputpositionedtheUKastheworld’sprimaryproducer,contributing46percentofpigironand36percentofsteelbythe1870s,earningitthetitle“workshopoftheworld.”

Theexpansionofthetextile,mining,andironindustriesinthe19thcenturynecessitatedimprovedtransportation,leadingtosignificantdevelopmentsinshipping.By1870,theUK’sseagoingshippingequaledthatoftherestoftheworldcombined.

TheUKgovernmenthassetambitiouseconomicpolicygoalsaimedatstabilizingtheeconomyandfosteringlong-termgrowth.Centraltoitsagendaisthepromotionofinvestmentininnovation,greenenergy,andinfrastructuretoboostproductivityandcompetitiveness.Alowcarbonfutureisconsideredto