《电力系统继电保护及应用（双语）》课件-情境一：发电机保护

发电机保护Powergeneratorprotection情境一：发电机保护配置ScenarioI:ConfigurationforPowerGeneratorProtection目录页CONTENTSPAGE发电机的故障和异常运行状态01Faultsandabnormalrunningstatesofpowergenerator发电机保护的配置02Configurationforpowergeneratorprotection发电机的故障和异常运行状态Faultsandabnormalrunningstatesofpowergenerator0101发电机的故障类型Faulttypesofgenerators定子绕组相间短路Interphaseshortcircuitofstatorwinding12定子绕组的匝间短路Turn-to-turnshortcircuitofstatorwinding3定子绕组单相接地Singlephasegroundingofstatorwinding5发电机失磁Excitationlossofpowergenerator4转子绕组一点接地或两点接地等One-pointortwo-pointgroundingofrotorwinding,etc.发电机的主要故障类型Majorfaulttypesofgenerators02发电机的不正常运行状态Abnormalrunningstatesofpowergenerator发电机不正常的主要运行状态Abnormalrunningstatesofpowergenerator1由外部短路引起的定子绕组过电流2定子绕组三相对称过负荷3由于突然甩负荷而引起的定子绕组过电压4由外部不对称短路或不对称负荷(如单相负荷、非全相运行等)引起的转子表层过负荷等++++StatorwindingovercurrentcausedbyexternalshortcircuitThree-phasesymmetricoverloadofstatorwindingStatorwindingovervoltagecausedbysuddenloadsheddingRotorsurfaceoverloadcausedbyexternallyunsymmetricalshortcircuitorunsymmetricalload(e.g.,singlephaseload,openphaseoperation,etc.)发电机保护的配置Configurationforpowergeneratorprotection0201发电机的主保护Mainprotectionofpowergenerator定子绕组相间短路纵联差动保护Interphaseshortcircuitofstatorwinding-longitudinaldifferentialprotection1定子绕组的匝间短路匝间短路保护Turn-to-turnshortcircuitofstatorwinding-turn-to-turnshortcircuitprotection2ABCABC01发电机的主保护Mainprotectionofpowergenerator定子绕组单相接地定子绕组单相接地保护Singlephasegroundingofstatorwinding-singlephasegroundprotectionofstatorwinding3转子绕组一点接地或两点接地转子绕组接地保护One-pointortwo-pointgroundingofrotorwinding-groundprotectionofrotorwinding4发电机转子一点，两点接地+-A转子定子12ABCOne-pointortwo-pointgroundingofpowergeneratorrotor01发电机的主保护MainprotectionofpowergeneratorAXBCYZSN+-发电机失磁发电机失磁保护Excitationlossofpowergenerator-excitationlossprotectionofpowergenerator5发电机失磁Excitationlossofpowergenerator02发电机的后备保护Backupprotectionofpowergenerator外部短路引起的定子绕组过电流保护定子绕组过负荷保护转子绕组、转子表层过负荷保护定子绕组过电压保护逆功率保护失步保护过激磁保护低频率保护12345678ProtectionforstatorwindingovercurrentcausedbyexternalshortcircuitProtectionforstatorwindingoverloadProtectionforrotorwindingandrotorsurfaceoverloadProtectionforstatorwindingovervoltageReversepowerprotectionOut-of-stepprotectionOverexcitationprotectionLow-frequencyprotection在保护动作于发电机断路器跳闸的同时，还必须动作于自动灭磁开关。02发电机的后备保护BackupprotectionofpowergeneratorTheprotectionuponthetrippingofthepowergeneratorbreakerandfortheautomaticfielddischargeswitchmustbeperformedsimultaneously.发电机保护Powergeneratorprotection情境二：发电机相间短路的纵联差动保护ScenarioII:LongitudinalDifferentialProtectionforInterphaseShortCircuitofPowerGenerator作用Function反映发电机定子绕组及其引出线相间短路故障的主保护Reflectthemainprotectionfortheinterphaseshortcircuitfaultofstatorwindingofpowergeneratorandthelead-outwire目录页CONTENTSPAGE发电机纵差保护的接线方式01Connectionmodeofgeneratorlongitudinaldifferentialprotection发电机纵差保护的原理02Principlesofgeneratorlongitudinaldifferentialprotection发电机纵差保护的接线方式Connectionmodeofgeneratorlongitudinaldifferentialprotection01发电机纵差保护的接线方式0102完全纵差动保护不完全纵差动保护ConnectionmodeofgeneratorlongitudinaldifferentialprotectionFullydifferentialprotectionNon-fullydifferentialprotection01发电机完全纵差动保护Generatorfullydifferentialprotection图9—1G发电机纵差保护原理接线示意图PrinciplesofgeneratorlongitudinaldifferentialprotectionConnectionschematicdiagram02发电机不完全纵差动保护Generatorincompletedifferentialprotection（a）中性点侧引出6个端子(a)6lead-outterminalsattheneutralpointside

（b）中性点侧引出4个端子(b)4lead-outterminalsattheneutralpointside

分析可见Analysisfindings发电机完全纵差保护和不完全纵差保护均是比较发电机两侧同相电流的大小和相位而构成不同之处Difference完全纵差保护是比较每相定子首末两端的全相电流。不完全纵差动保护是比较机端每相定子全相电流和中性点侧每相定子的部分相电流而构成。Fullyandnon-fullydifferentialprotectionsbothrequirecomparingthemagnitudeandphasepositionofpowergeneratorcurrentofthesamephaseonbothsidesFullydifferentialprotectionrequirescomparingfull-phasecurrentattheheadandtailendsofstatorofeachphase.Non-fullydifferentialprotectionrequirescomparingthefull-phasecurrentofstatorofeachphaseatthegeneratorendandthecurrentofpartialphasesforstatorofeachphaseattheneutralpointside.发电机纵差保护的原理Principlesofgeneratorlongitudinaldifferentialprotection0201比率制动式发电机纵差保护原理PrincipleoflongitudinaldifferentialprotectionforratiobrakinggeneratorG发电机纵差保护原理接线示意图PrinciplesofgeneratorlongitudinaldifferentialprotectionConnectionschematicdiagram01比率制动式发电机纵差保护原理Principleoflongitudinaldifferentialprotectionforratiobrakinggenerator动作电流：operatingcurrent制动电流：brakingcurrent当Kb=1时为完全纵差保护接线方式Kb>1时为不完全纵差保护接线方式IopIres动作电流和制动电流的定义Definitionsofoperatingcurrentandbrakingcurrent

1IopIreswhileKb>1,thenon-fullydifferentialprotectionconnectionisapplied式中：IntheformulaWhenKb=1,thefullydifferentialprotectionconnectionisapplied01比率制动式发电机纵差保护原理PrincipleoflongitudinaldifferentialprotectionforratiobrakinggeneratorIop.min.Ires.min.IresK动作区制动区Iop2动作特性曲线Operatingcharacteristiccurve图9－3比率制动式发电机纵差保护的动作特性Operatingcharacteristicoflongitudinaldifferentialprotectionofrationbrakinggenerator01比率制动式发电机纵差保护原理Principleoflongitudinaldifferentialprotectionforratiobrakinggenerator纵差保护的动作判据Operationcriterionoflongitudinaldifferentialprotection3IOp.min：一般取（0.3~0.5）

UsuallyInIres.min：一般取（0.8~1.0）UsuallyInIres：一般取0.3~0.5Usually02标积制动式发电机纵差动保护原理Principleoflongitudinaldifferentialprotectionofscalarproductbrakinggenerator动作电流、制动电流及其动作判据：Operatingcurrent,brakingcurrentandtheoperationcriterion式中：Intheformula动作电流：Operatingcurrent制动电流：brakingcurrent动作判据：operationcriterionθ

为

之间的相位差；S为标积制动系数，通常取1.0θisthephasedifferencebetweenand;Sisthescalarproductbrakingcoefficient,usually1.002标积制动式发电机纵差动保护原理Principleoflongitudinaldifferentialprotectionofscalarproductbrakinggenerator当发电机正常运行或保护区外短路时Whenthepowergeneratoroperatessmoothlyorthereisashortcircuitoutsidetheprotectionzone制动量最大，动作量最小，保护可靠不动。当保护区内短路时Whenthereisashortcircuitinsidetheprotectionzone制动量为负值，呈现动作作用，动作量最大，保护动作，且灵敏。采用标积制动式差动保护，可以大大提高反应发电机内部故障的灵敏度。显然Thebrakingcapacityisthemaximumandtheoperationcapacityistheminimumwithreliableandconstantprotection.Thebrakingcapacityisnegativeshowinganoperationeffect,withlargestamountofoperation,protectionoperation,andhighsensitivity.andifthescalarproductbrakingdifferentialprotectionisapplied,theresponsesensitivitytointernalfaultsofpowergeneratorcanbegreatlyimproved.电力发电机保护Powergeneratorprotection情境三：电力变压器定子绕组的匝间短路保护ScenarioIII:Turn-to-turnShortCircuitProtectionofPowerTransformerStatorWinding目录页CONTENTSPAGE匝间短路每个分支的匝间或分支之间的短路。单元件式横联差动保护01Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection纵向零序电压原理的匝间短路保护02Turn-to-turnshortcircuitprotectionbasedonlongitudinalzero-sequencevoltageprincipleTurn-to-turnshortcircuitreferstotheshortcircuitthatoccursoneachbranchorbetweenbranches.单元件式横联差动保护Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection0101单元件式横联差动保护Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection（b）·UVW横差TA纵差TA·····纵差TA纵差TA·机壳

1．保护的接线方式及其特点Protectionwiringmodeandcharacteristics（a）

UVW横差TA纵差TA·····纵差TA纵差TA机壳01单元件式横联差动保护Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection

2．保护的原理分析Principleanalysisofprotection当定子绕组的同分支匝间短路时01Incasethesamebranchofstatorwindingisshort-circuitedbetweenturns01单元件式横联差动保护Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection

2．保护的原理分析Principleanalysisofprotection定子绕组不同分支间发生短路时02Incaseshortcircuitoccursbetweendifferentbranchesofstatorwinding01单元件式横联差动保护Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection2图9－6单元件式横联差保护原理接线图Figure9-6Schematicwiringdiagramofunit-typetransversedifferentialprotection1-三次谐波滤过器1-Thirdharmonicfilter2－带有延时的保护装置2-Protectiondevicewithtimedelay

2．保护的原理分析Principleanalysisofprotection保护的接线03Protectionwiring01单元件式横联差动保护Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection保护接线较简单，灵敏度较高保护存在死区：当α很小时或者不同分支间的短路匝数相同时,保护不能动作

2．保护的原理分析Principleanalysisofprotection评价04EvaluationSimpleprotectionwiringandhighsensitivityDeadzoneofprotection:Incasethatαisverysmallorthenumberofshortcircuitturnsbetweendifferentbranchesisthesame,theprotectioncannotoperate01单元件式横联差动保护Unit-typetransversedifferentialprotection需增设0.5～1秒的延时，以躲过转子回路的瞬时两点接地故障。动作电流为

IOP

3．保护的整定原则SettingprincipleofprotectionTheoperationcurrentisIOPAnd0.5~1sdelayisrequiredtoavoidtheinstantaneoustwo-pointgroundingfaultoftherotorcircuit.纵向零序电压原理的匝间短路保护Turn-to-turnshortcircuitprotectionbasedonlongitudinalzero-sequencevoltageprinciple02该保护利用发电机定子绕组发生匝间短路时，机端三相对发电机中性点出现的零序电压而构成。适用于中性点侧没有6个或4个引出端子的发电机定子匝间短路。02纵向零序电压原理的匝间短路保护UnittypetransversedifferentialprotectionItisapplicabletoturn-to-turnshortcircuitofgeneratorstatorwithout6or4leading-outterminalsatneutralpointside.Theprotectioniscomposedofzero-sequencevoltageofgeneratorterminalthree-phasetogeneratorneutralpointincaseofturn-to-turnshortcircuitofgeneratorstatorwinding.02纵向零序电压原理的匝间短路保护Interturnshortcircuitprotectionbasedonlongitudinalzerosequencevoltageprinciple图9—9零序电压匝间短路保护原理接线图Schematicwiringdiagramofzero-sequencevoltageturn-to-turnshortcircuitprotection

1．保护的构成原理Compositionprincipleofprotection02纵向零序电压原理的匝间短路保护Interturnshortcircuitprotectionbasedonlongitudinalzerosequencevoltageprinciple01TV0的第三绕组没有输出电压，即3U0=0，保护不动作。当发电机正常运行时IncasethegeneratoroperatesnormallyTV0开口三角形绕组也不会出现零序电压，保护不会动作。当发电机内部或外部发生单相接地故障时Incaseofsingle-phasegroundingfaultinsideoroutsidethegenerator02thethirdwindingofTV0hasnooutputvoltage,i.e.3U0=0,andtheprotectiondoesnotoperate.zero-sequencevoltagewillnotappearintheopendeltawindingofTV0,withtheprotectionnotoperating.02纵向零序电压原理的匝间短路保护Interturnshortcircuitprotectionbasedonlongitudinalzerosequencevoltageprinciple03三相一次对中性点的电压不再平衡，3U0=0，使零序电压匝间短路保护动作。当发电机定子绕组发生匝间短路时Incaseofturn-to-turnshortcircuitonthegeneratorstatorwinding在构成零序电压匝间短路保护时，需设置三次谐波滤过器，以提高保护的灵敏度。thevoltageofthree-phaseprimarytoneutralpointisnolongerbalanced,3U0=0,sothatzero-sequencevoltageturn-to-turnshortcircuitprotectionoperates.Inthecaseofformingzero-sequencevoltageturn-to-turnshortcircuitprotection,thethirdharmonicfiltershallbesettoimprovethesensitivityofprotection.02纵向零序电压原理的匝间短路保护Interturnshortcircuitprotectionbasedonlongitudinalzerosequencevoltageprinciple04零序电压匝间短路保护原理方框图Schematicblockdiagramofzero-sequencevoltageturn-to-turnshortcircuitprotection

图9－10负序功率闭锁的零序电压匝间保护原理方框图Schematicblockdiagramofzero-sequencevoltageturn-to-turnprotectionofnegative-sequencepowerblocking三次谐波滤过器Thirdharmonicfilter断线闭锁保护Disconnectionlockingprotection跳闸出口Tripexit123在构成零序电压匝间短路保护时，需设置三次谐波滤过器，以提高保护的灵敏度。Inthecaseofformingzero-sequencevoltageturn-to-turnshortcircuitprotection,athirdharmonicfilterisrequiredtoimprovethesensitivityoftheprotection.发电机保护Powergeneratorprotection情境四：发电机定子绕组的单相接地保护ScenarioIV:Single-PhaseGroundProtectionofGeneratorStatorWinding目录页CONTENTSPAGE发电机定子绕组单相接地故障的分析01Analysisofsingle-phasegroundfaultinstatorwindingofagenerator反应基波零序电压的定子接地保护02Statorgroundprotectionthatreflectsfundamentalzero-sequencevoltage基波零序电压和三次谐波电压构成的100％定子接地保护03100%statorgroundprotectioncomposedoffundamentalzero-sequencevoltageandthirdharmonicvoltage发电机定子绕组单相接地故障的分析Analysisofsingle-phasegroundfaultinstatorwindingofagenerator0101定子绕组单相接地故障的零序电压Zero-sequencevoltageofsingle-phasegroundfaultinstatorwinding机端金属性单相接地时电压相量图图9-11VoltagePhasorDiagramforDeadSingle-PhaseGroundingatGeneratorTerminal01定子绕组单相接地故障的零序电压Zero-sequencevoltageofsingle-phasegroundfaultinstatorwinding当机端单相接地时Whenthegeneratorterminalissingle-phasegrounded1如图9-11所示AsshowninFigures9-11机端零序电压的大小等于发电机故障前的相电压。显

然obviously发电机机端一相金属性接地时，whenonephaseofthegeneratorterminalisdeadlygrounded,themagnitudeofthezero-sequencevoltageatthegeneratorterminalisequaltotheline-to-neutralvoltagebeforethegeneratorfault.01定子绕组单相接地故障的零序电压Zero-sequencevoltageofsingle-phasegroundfaultinstatorwinding接地发生在定子绕组距中性点α处Whenthegroundingoccursatadistanceofαfromthestatorwindingtotheneutralpoint

201定子绕组单相接地故障的零序电压Zero-sequencevoltageofsingle-phasegroundfaultinstatorwinding电压相量图VoltagePhasorDiagram01定子绕组单相接地故障的零序电压Zero-sequencevoltageofsingle-phasegroundfaultinstatorwinding各相机端对地电压分别为thevoltagestogroundofeachphaseatgeneratorterminalare机端零序电压为zero-sequencevoltageatthegeneratorterminalare可见发电机零序电压的大小等于故障前相电压的α倍。Itcanbeseenthatthemagnitudeofthezero-sequencevoltageofthegeneratorisequaltoαtimestheline-to-neutralvoltagebeforethefault.02发电机三次谐波电压的分布Distributionofthirdharmonicvoltageingenerators正常运行时三次谐波电压分布Distributionofthirdharmonicvoltageduringnormaloperation1SN发电机三次谐波电势及对地电容的等值电路图9-13Equivalentcircuitofthethirdharmonicelectromotiveforceandgroundcapacitanceofthegenerator02发电机三次谐波电压的分布Thethreeharmonicvoltagedistributionofgenerator机端等值电容为Herewecanseetheequivalentcapacitanceatthegeneratorterminal机端的三次谐波电压US3与中性点的UN3的比值为：即approach可见：正常运行时，US3总小于的UN3。andtheratioofthethirdharmonicvoltageUS3atthegeneratorterminaltotheUN3attheneutralpointIt’svisiblethatUS3isalwayslessthanUN3duringnormaloperation02发电机三次谐波电压的分布Thethreeharmonicvoltagedistributionofgenerator距中性点α处发生单相接地时三次谐波电压的分布Distributionofthethirdharmonicvoltagewhensingle-phasegroundingoccursatadistanceofαfromtheneutralpoint2发电机内部单相接地时等值电路图9-15Equivalentcircuitwhensingle-phasegroundingoccursinsidethegenerator02发电机三次谐波电压的分布Distributionofthirdharmonicvoltageingenerators此时恒有Atthistimethereisalways02发电机三次谐波电压的分布Distributionofthirdharmonicvoltageingenerators可见Visibleα

=0时，α

=1时，α

=0.5时，010.502发电机三次谐波电压的分布DistributionofthirdharmonicvoltageingeneratorsUS3与UN3随α变化曲线图9-16curveofchangeofUS3andUN3withα反应基波零序电压的定子接地保护Statorgroundingprotectionbasedonzerosequencevoltageofreactivefundamentalwave0201反应基波零序电压的定子接地保护Statorgroundingprotectionbasedonzerosequencevoltageofreactivefundamentalwave发电机零序电压保护接线示意图图9-13WiringSchematicDiagramforZero-SequenceVoltageProtectionofGenerators01反应基波零序电压的定子接地保护Statorgroundingprotectionbasedonzerosequencevoltageofreactivefundamentalwave过电压元件检测发电机机端电压互感器二次侧开口三角形的输出电压，当检测的电压大于保护的动作整定值时，过电压元件动作发出信号。4321保护装置的整定值应避开正常运行时的不平衡电压。根据运行经验，保护的起动电压一般整定为15～30V左右。考虑采用性能良好的三次谐波滤过器后，其动作值可降至5～10V。保护在中性点附近有5％～10％的死区。Theovervoltageelementdetectstheoutputvoltageoftheopendeltaonthesecondarysideofthevoltagetransformeratthegeneratorterminal.Whenthedetectedvoltageisgreaterthanthesettingvalueofthe