山东青岛市2025-2026学年度第一学期期末学业水平检测高三英语试卷（含答案）

2025—2026学年度第一学期期末学业水平检测高三英语2026.02(考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分)注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号等填写在答题卡和试卷指定位置上。2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。3.考试结束后，本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话读两遍。1.Whatdothespeakershaveincommon?A.Theyarebothstrictaboutwork.B.Theywenttothesameuniversity.C.Theyonceworkedinthesamecompany.2.Whatisthemanrecommending?A.Theirnewdrink. B.Theirmostpopularburger. C.Theirvalue-addedservice.3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.Managerandemployee. B.Doctorandpatient. C.Husbandandwife.4.Whatarethespeakersgoingtodothisweekend?A.Attendabirthdayparty. B.ShopforChristmaspresents. C.Takepartinavolunteeractivity.5.WhatisFreda’sissueprobably?A.Shehastroublefallingasleep.B.Shefindsitdifficulttowakeup. C.Shedownloadedtoomanyapps.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第6段录音，回答第6、7题。6.WhencanthespeakersgetcheaperticketsonSaturday?A.At3:00p.m. B.At5:00p.m. C.At6:00p.m.7.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Differentfilmstyles. B.Aweekendarrangement. C.Cheapticketsforanewfilm.听第7段录音，回答第8至10题。8.Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A.Ataschoolgate. B.Ataticketoffice. C.Atabusstation.9.Whatistheweatherprobablylikenow?A.Rainy. B.Sunny. C.Cloudy.10.Whydoesthewomanasktoseetheman’sticket?A.Toreadabouthisfinaldestination.B.Tocheckifhehasboughtaticket.C.Toconfirmwhetherit’savailableonthesubway.听第8段录音，回答第11至13题。11.WhatdifferencedoesCarrienoticebetweenAmericanandBritishEnglish?A.Thedifferenceinsound. B.Thedifferenceinspelling. C.Thedifferenceinwordusage.12.HowdoesthemanexplainthedifferencesbetweenAmericanandBritishEnglish?A.Bylistingwordexamples. B.Byreferringtotheirhistory. C.Byanalyzingtheirnationalcharacters.13.WhydoesCarriebelieveherteacherisusingBritishEnglish?A.Becauseofthewayhespellscertainwords.B.Becauseofcertainphrasesheuses.C.Becauseoftheplacewherehewasborn.听第9段录音，回答第14至17题。14.WhydoesJimthinkyogaisnotforhimatfirst?A.Hefindsituninteresting. B.Hedoesn’thavegreatflexibility.C.Hecan’taffordtimetoattendaclass.15.Whatdoesthewomanthinkofyoga?A.Ithelpsherhandlepressure. B.Itprovidesawaytosocialize. C.Itimprovesherworkproductivity.16.WhatwillJimdowhenhe’soutinnature?A.Havearelaxingchatwithfriends.B.Enjoyhisquietalonetime.C.Reflectonhislife.17.WhatwillJimprobablydonext?A.Playsoccer. B.Practiceyoga.C.Gorunning.听第10段录音，回答第18至20题。18.Whatisthespeakerdoing?A.UsinganAItool. B.Advertisinganewproduct. C.Sharingherplanningskills.19.Howdoesthespeakerdescribetheapp?A.Expensive. B.Traditional. C.User-friendly.20.HowcanpeopleaccesstheAIfunction?A.Bypayingamonthlycharge.B.BycreatingaVIPaccountofChatGPT.C.Bydownloadingthelatestversionoftheapp.第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(15个小题;每题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。AYaleYoungGlobalScholars(YYGS)isoneofthemostgloballydiverse,two-weekacademicsummerprogramsintheworld,withitscurriculumbuiltaroundcollaboration,exposingparticipantstoinnovativetopics.QualificationsApplicantsmustmeetallofthefollowingcriteria:·Be16to18yearsoldasofJuly19,2026.·Becurrentlyahighschoolsophomoreorjunior.·BeabletoparticipateinanintensiveacademiccurriculumconductedinEnglish.·Befirst-timeapplicantstoYYGS;alumni(校友)oftheprogramarenotqualifiedtoreapply.TuitionForYYGSResidentialstudents,thefullprogramtuitionforone2-weeksessionis$7,000USD.Pleasenotethattuitioncoversallon-campuscomponentsoftheprogram,buttravelisnotcovered.CurriculumThecurriculumtiestogetherallYYGSsessionsandisthefoundationoftheacademicprogram.Itisdeliveredthroughthefollowinglearningactivities:CapstoneProjectBrainstormandexploreacollaborativeprojectundertheguidanceofYYGSstaff.FamilyTimeDevelopstrongtieswithstudentsfromaroundtheworldthroughidentityreflection,courageousconversations,activelistening,andfunactivities.LecturesHearfromaccomplishedYalestaffandleadingpractitionersaboutthemostimportantandrelevanttopicsintheirfields.SymposiumJoinaninvolving,hands-onactivitytoexploretopicswithinyouracademictrack.Throughitsmixofglobalperspectives,collaborativelearning,andvariedacademicformats,YYGSprovidesavaluableopportunityformotivatedhighschoolstudentstolearnandgrowinasupportiveenvironmentatYale.1.WhichofthefollowingisarequirementforYYGSapplicants?A.Beingcapableofall-Englishstudy. B.Providingspecifichighschoolgrades.C.Possessinginterdisciplinarybackgrounds. D.Havingexperiencewithsimilarprograms.2.Whichactivityfocusesonimprovingstudents’socialskills?A.CapstoneProject. B.FamilyTime. C.Lectures. D.Symposium.3.Whatisthewritingpurposeofthistext?ATopromotetheYYGSsummerprogram. B.TocollectfeedbackontheYYGSprogram.C.ToexplainYaleUniversity’sadmissionpolicies. D.TocompareYYGSwithothersummerprograms.BSevenyearsago,collegeseniorJoeyRomanobrokehiswristskateboardingneartheUniversityofTexasatAustin.Withpoorinsurance,heworriedaboutthehighcostofanambulance,sohecalledanUberinstead.Thedriver,BeniLukumu,helpedhimintothecaranddrovehimtourgentcare,whichquicklysenthimtotheemergencyroom(ER).LearningRomanohadnofamilynearby,Lukumu,who’dimmigratedfromtheCongoat25andknewthepainofbeingfarfromlovedones,insistedonstaying.Despiteabusydayofrides,hesignedRomanointotheERandsatwithhimfrom2to8p.m.,missinghoursofwork.“Heneededsomebodytobebyhisside,”Lukumulatersaid.Atthetime,Romanowasundertreatmentandrecalled,“Irememberfeelinggladhewasthere.Hehasthiswarmpresence,andstrangely,itfeltlikewehadknowneachotherforever.”UnknowntoLukumu,Romanowasinoneofthedarkestperiodsofhislife.HisbrotherJohnnyhaddiedofcancerin2008,andRomanohadahardtimewithsorrow.“Afterlosingmybrother,Ijustbecamereallylonely.Icouldbarelytakecareofmyself,letaloneothers.Ishutdownandclosedmyselfoff.Ibecamereallycold,”hesaid.Lukumu’skindnessbecameaturningpoint.WhenRomano’sgrandmotherarrivedtotakehimhomeandofferedareward,Lukumurefusedbutjoinedthemfordinner—agesturethatbeganafriendshiplastingoversevenyears.“Thatoneactofkindnesshelpedmeseethegoodintheworldagain,”Romanosaid,“Havinghimspendhisentiredaywithme—acompletestranger,outofthegoodnessofhisheart—helpedmeputthingsintoperspective.Lukumuabsolutelychangedmylife.”Today,LukumuworksintheinsuranceindustryinAustin,whileRomanoisarenewableenergydeveloper.Theycheckinoneachotheracoupleoftimesayear.Itallstartedwithasharedride—anencounterthey’rebothstillgratefulfor.4.WhydidRomanocallanUberinsteadofanambulance?A.BecauseheknewanUberdriver. B.BecausehepreferredUber’sservice.C.Becausehecouldn’treachanambulance. D.Becausehisinsurancecoveragewaslimited.5.WhatdidLukumudoforRomanoattheER?A.HehelpedRomanofindadoctor. B.HepaidforRomano’smedicalbills.C.HemanagedtocontactRomano’srelatives. D.HekeptRomanocompanyforseveralhours.6.WhichwordbestdescribesRomanobeforehemetLukumu?A.Peaceful. B.Regretful. C.Withdrawn. D.Ambitious.7.Whatmessagedoesthestoryconvey?A.Loveandkindnesscanrestorefaithinlife. B.Goodluckcanchangeahopelesssituation.C.Long-distancefriendshiprequiresregularcontact. D.Careersuccesscomesfromunexpectedencounters.CPeoplehavebeentryingtocreateglowing(发光)plantsfordecades.Thechallengeismakingtheglowbrightenoughforoureyestosee.Lastyear,USbiotechcompanyLightBiolaunchedtheFireflyPetunia,thefirstgeneticallyengineeredglowingplanttogoonsale.Itclaimsthattheplant’sbrightnessis“similartomoonlight”,butjudgingfromphotosonsocialmedia,it’snowherenearasbrightasafullmoon.Thereisareasonwhythisissodifficult.Plantsgettheirenergyfromlight,butphotosynthesis(光合作用)iswildlyinefficient.It’sestimatedthatmostplantscapturelessthan2percentofthelightthatfallsonthem,andtheyneedpartofittosurviveandgrow.Thatleavespreciouslittletotransformbackintolight.Giventhisfact,plantswillneverglowbrightenoughtotaketheplaceofstreetlights.Tosolvethis,afewgroupshaveinsteadbeentryingtophysicallyaddphosphors(磷光体),atypeoflight-storingmaterialthatglowsinthedark,toadultplants,whicharemuchmoreefficientthanphotosynthesis.Theproblemisgettingthephosphorchemicalsevenlydistributedinsidetheleaves.Butnowit’sfoundthatsuchdistributioniseasilyachievedincertainplants,sobrightlyphosphorescentplantsofvariouscolorsarecreatedbyaddingphosphorsintoeachleafbyhand.Butmakingplantsglowbyphysicallyaddingphosphorsintothemischeating.Attheveryleast,theglowwillbecomeweakeriftheseplantssurviveandgrowlarger.Thereisalsoapotentialpollutionissuewhentheplantsdieandarethrownout.Iftheplantsweregeneticallyengineeredtomaketheirownlong-lastingphosphorsthatarefullybiodegradable,itwouldbeadifferentstory.Infact,givingplantsthisabilitymightevenboosttheefficiencyofphotosynthesis.Beingabletotemporarily“store”lightcouldhelpkeepthelightsteady,transformunusablewavelengthsintousableonesandallowphotosynthesistocontinueintothenight.Oneday,perhapsentirefieldswillglowinthedark.8.Whatmakesithardforplantstoglowbrightly?A.Thelowlight-useefficiency. B.Theinfluenceoftheenvironment.C.Thecomplexityofplantgrowth. D.Thelongphotosyntheticprocess.9.Howdosomegroupsimprovethebrightnessoftheplants?A.Bythickeningtheirleaves. B.Byprovidingmoreartificiallight.C.Byfillingsomespecialchemicals. D.Bylengtheningtheirexposuretosunlight.10.Whatcanwelearnaboutphosphorescentplants?A.Theyaresensitivetolight. B.Theyhavelimitedcolorvariety.C.Theyareexpensivetomaintain. D.Theydoharmtotheenvironment.11.What’sthefunctionofthelastparagraph?A.Tostresstheachievementinplantresearch.B.Topresentwaysoftakingfulladvantageoflight.C.Toexplorethefutureapplicationofglowingplants.D.Toproposeanewresearchfocusincreatingglowingplants.DAnannualreportonhealthandclimatechangepublishedinTheLancetfoundthatanestimated2.5millionpeopledieeachyearasaresultofairpollution.Italsofoundthatheatexposuredeathshaverisensharplyby23percentsincethe1990s.Intotal,12outof20healthindicatorsfelltorecordlevelsfortwoyears.Allhealthrisksofclimatechangeareworsening.Despitethelargenumbersofdeathsassociatedwithfossilfuelpollution,governmentsstillspent$956billionfundingoilandgascompaniesin2023.“Weareseeingtheexpansionofoilandgasgloballyandthatisthreateningoursurvival,”saidDrMarinaRomanello,ExecutiveDirectoroftheLancetCountdown.Newanalysisshowstherecentlydraftednationalclimateplansfrommorethan60countriesfallshortofwhatisneededtopreventtheworstimpactsofclimatebreakdown.Takentogether,theseplanstoreducecarbonoverthenextdecadewouldonlyreduceglobalemissions(排放)byabout10percentby2035comparedwith2019levels.DrRomanellosaid,“Themostconcerningfindingisthedecliningofclimatechangecommitmentsandactionsfromworldleaders.Ourpopulationisatgreatrisk.IntheUK,halfofNationalHealthService(NHS)hospitalshavealreadybeenforcedtoclosewards(病房)orchangeservicesduetoflooding,whileothersstruggleduringheatwaves.”Despitethesewarnings,someprogresshasbeenmade.Cleanerairduetocoalphase-outshassavedanestimated160,000livesannually,andrenewableenergygenerationreachedrecordhighs.Thegreeneconomyisnowthreetimesfaster-growingthanfossilfuels,supportingmorethan16millionjobsin2023.“We’realreadyseeingbigbenefitsfromtacklingclimatechange.Weneedtoensurethatthetransitionsupportspeopleandtheirwell-beingandtheirhealth.Otherwisethetransitionwillbeuseless.Witheverymomentofinaction,thosethreatswillworsen,andprotectingpeoplewillbecomeincreasinglychallenging,ifnotimpossible,”saidDrRomanello.12.Theauthorliststhedatainparagraph1toshow________.A.thespeedofglobalwarming B.thebenefitsofclimatepoliciesC.theriseofhumanhealthindicators D.theimpactofclimatechangeonhumanhealth13.Whatcanbeinferredaboutgovernmentsfromparagraph2?A.Theyinvestinsufficientlyinpublicservice. B.Theytakelittleconsiderationofpublichealth.C.Theyplantolimittheexpansionofoilandgas. D.Theyarecooperatingcloselywithhealthexperts.14.WhatisDr.Romanello’sattitudetowardsthenationalclimateplans?A.Doubtful. B.Optimistic. C.Critical. D.Objective.15.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Theeconomiccostofclimateinaction. B.Warningsandprogressintheclimatecrisis.C.Ascientificguidetophasingoutfossilfuels. D.Theenvironmentalimpactofrenewableenergy.第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Nowadayswearequicktotakeoffense,slowtoforgive,andoftentooproudtoadmitwhenwearewrong.Yetperhapsifwebrushedupourapologyskills,wecouldhelprelievethetensioninourcommunitiesandourworld,onehonestadmissionatatime.____16____Theyacknowledgetheworthofthepersonwehavewrongedandthesharedrespectthatstillconnectsus,evenwhentrusthasbeenbroken.In2016,ProfessorRoyLewickiandcolleaguesexaminedwhatmakesanapologyeffective.Theyidentifiedsixessentialelements:Expressionofregret;Explanationofwhatwentwrong;Acknowledgmentofresponsibility;Declarationofregret;Offerofrepair;Requestforforgiveness.Whileallsixplayarole,theresearchersfoundthattwostoodabovetherest:acknowledgingresponsibilityandofferingtorepairthedamage.Itturnsoutthatthemostpowerfulwordsinanapologyarethesimplest:“Itwasmyfault.”____17____Ittellstheotherpersonthatyouseewhathappenedclearlyandthatyouarewillingtoownyourpartinit.____18____AsProfessorLewickipointsout,talkis…justwords.That’swhythesecondmostimportantpartofanapologyistheofferofrepair.Saying“I’llfixwhatIbroke”transformsregretintoaction.Otherelementsstillmatter.Butinterestingly,theleastimportantpiecewasaskingforforgiveness.Perhapsthat’sbecauseit’snotsomethingyoucandemand.____19____Wecan’tcontrolhowtheworldacts,butwecanliveoutthehumblenessandresponsibilitythatmakeharmonypossible.____20____Inatimewhendivisionsfeelunending,agoodapologyisnotjustwords,it’sanactofrepairforthefabricofoursharedlives.A.Butresponsibilityaloneisnotenough.B.Apologiesmatterastheybridgehurtandhealing.C.Still,weallknownotallapologiesarecreatedequal.D.Asincereapologyreleasesangerandbringsbackconnection.E.Takingresponsibilitybreaksdowndefensivenessandexcuses.F.It’sagifttheotherpersonchoosestogivewhenthey’reready.G.Withthesesixsteps,ourconflictswillfindanewpathforward.第三部分语言运用(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。InJune,29-year-oldQuirozwasdrivingtopickuplunchwhenshenoticed97-year-oldLilianwalkingslowlyontheoppositesideofthestreet.Shedecidedtoapproachhertoseeifsheneeded____21____.Quirozdrovearoundsearchingforthewoman,and____22____herwaitingatabusstop.SheofferedherarideandLilian____23____accepted.“Youremindmeofmygrandma,”Quirozexplained,____24____Lilian’sdoubt.Thepairbecamefastfriendsanditwasall____25____onvideo.Chatting,thepairlearnedmoreabouteachother.Then,Quirozofferedtobuyherlunchandtheyatetogether,whichstrengthenedtheir____26____.Thevideooftheiradventure____27____millionsofviews.Commentsontheir____28____friendshipfloodedin.Inafollow-upvideo,QuiroztoldLilianaGoFundMestartedinherhonorhad____29____over$21,000—Lilianwasdeeply____30____.“I’mgladshebelievedinme.Itjusttakesonemomentoractionto____31____someone’slife,”Quirozsaid.____32____byheruncle,whooncespent10minutestalkingtoahomelesspersonandliterallygavehimnothing,Quirozstressed,“Wordsare____33____.”LiliannowcallsQuirozher“honorarygranddaughter”“I’msogratefulforourfriendship,”shesaid.ForQuiroz,it’ssimple:“Besincere,and____34____cangrow—evenwithastranger.____35____,thoughsmall,createslifelongconnections.”21.A.food B.assistance C.money D.energy22.A.spotted B.imagined C.reported D.kept23.A.cautiously B.eagerly C.proudly D.secretly24.A.causing B.accepting C.easing D.expressing25.A.created B.documented C.discussed D.noted26.A.ability B.memory C.bond D.confidence27.A.lost B.acquired C.delivered D.required28.A.funny B.beautiful C.ordinary D.strange29.A.raised B.saved C.donated D.borrowed30.A.confused B.relaxed C.touched D.surprised31.A.compare B.change C.control D.understand32.A.Inspired B.Taught C.Attended D.Questioned33.A.unique B.logical C.powerful D.reliable34.A.benefit B.age C.trust D.passion35.A.Pity B.Duty C.Charity D.Kindness第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。InGuangzhou,HeWeijinghasnoticedsomethingremarkable.Attheendoflastyear,thenumberofforeigntouristsinGuangzhouwasmuchhigherthaninmidyear.Apost-1995tourguide____36____(grow)upinthecity,Hehasalreadyworkedfortwoyears.____37____(fluency)inEnglish,CantoneseandItalian,sheseesherselfasbothstorytellerandculturalambassador.Herexperience____38____(reflect)abroadertrendthatisnowbecomingcommonacrosstheworld.AccordingtotheNationalImmigrationAdministration,Chinarecorded51.27millionforeign____39____(entry)fromJanuarytoAugust2025,up27.8percentyear-on-year.Sheowes____40____increasetostreamlinedvisapolicies,more____41____(afford)flights,andChina’sgrowingvisibilityonsocialmedia.Manypeopleusedtothinkitwasdifficulttovisitbutnowthey’recurioustoseeforthemselves____42____Chinaisreallylike.____43____(help)visitorsconnectwiththecity’scharacter,shedesignstoursthathighlightLingnantraditions—fromthetanglongmen,athree-layeredhalf-gatethatbalancesventilation(空气流通)andprivacy,____44____thefruittreeslocalsplantintheircourtyards.HeconsidersherworkasaguideasawaytohelppeopleunderstandChinabetter.“ManyforeignersimagineChinaasunsafeorchaotic.Talkingwiththemhelpsbridgesuchgaps.Attheendofeachtour,manytoldmetheirimpressionsofChinahadchanged.That’sthepartIfindmost____45____(rewarding)unforgettable,”shesaid.第四部分写作(共两节，满分40分)第一节(满分15分)46.假定你是李华，上周你参加了学校举行的“美丽乡村”摄影展活动，请你给英国笔友Chris写一封邮件，内容包括：(1)活动介绍；(2)你的感受。注意：(1)写作词数应为80个左右；(2)请按如下格式在答题纸相应位置作答。DearChris,____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua第二节(满分25分)47.阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。Onacoldwinterafternoon,six-year-oldLilyinabrightredcoat,wasplayingaroundthefrozenpondbehindherhouse.Theicelookedlikeagiant,smoothmirrorinthesun.Withajoyfullaugh,shesteppedontoitsedge,slidingcarefullyatfirst.Sheslidmorebravelyimaginingherselfafigureskaterastheiceseemedstrongenoughtoholdher.Suddenly,ahorriblecrack(破碎声)disturbedthequiet.Theicebeneathhergaveway.Thecoldpondswallowedherwhole.“Help”Shescreamed.Herheavycoatwaswetandheavy,pullingherdown.Shestruggledinthecoldwater.However,eachtimeshetriedtograsptheiceedge,itbroke.Thefreezingcoldstartedtoreplacethepanic.HerneighborMr.Jenkins,whowascleaninghisdrivewaynextdoor,heardthecrack.Hisheartbeatfast.Hemovedasfastashecouldtothepond.Hesawtheredcoatunderthebrokenice.“Holdon!I’mcoming”heyelled,lyingflatonhisstomachtospreadhisweight.Heinchedforward,andstretchedhisarmintothefreezingwater.Hetriedtoreachthecoat.Withastrengthhedidn’tknowhehad,hegrabbedLily’sarmandpulled.Shewassoheavy.Hemanagedtopullherheadandshouldersontothesolidice,buthecouldnotliftherfullyout.Hewasexhausted,tremblingviolentlyfromcoldandeffort.WhatMr.Jenkinscoulddowaskeepherfaceabovethewater.Hisvoicewasadesperatecallforhelp.Itwasthenthatacouple,CruseandMichelle,passedby.Theynoticedtheheart-stoppingscene:theelderlymanlayontheice,pullingamotionlesschildinthecoldwater.Therewasnotimeforalengthyplan.Everysecondinthatwaterreducedthechanceofsurvival.注意：(1)续写词数应为150个左右;(2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Withouthesitation,Crusedivedintotheicypond.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thankstotheteamworkofeveryoneinvolved,Lilywassenttothehospital.___________________________________________________________________________________________________