英语数词用法全套规则归纳与练习

英语数词用法全套规则归纳与练习数词是英语词汇中用以表示数量、顺序、比例等概念的重要组成部分。其用法看似简单，实则蕴含诸多细节与特例，是英语学习中容易出错的知识点之一。本文旨在系统归纳英语数词的各类用法规则，并辅以针对性练习，帮助读者全面掌握这一基础语法点，提升语言应用的准确性与规范性。一、基数词(CardinalNumbers)基数词是表示数量多少的数词，如one,two,three,hundred,thousand等。1.1基数词的构成*1-12:独立单词，需逐个记忆。如：one,two,...,twelve。*13-19:多以"-teen"结尾。其中，thirteen,fifteen,eighteen为特殊变化，其余如fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen均由相应基数词加"-teen"构成。注意eighteen中"-eight"结尾的"t"保留。*20-90整十数:多以"-ty"结尾。其中，twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,eighty为特殊变化，其余如sixty,seventy,ninety均由相应基数词去尾加"-ty"构成。*21-99非整十数:由“整十数+连字符'-'+个位数”构成。例如：twenty-one(21),thirty-five(35),ninety-nine(99)。*100及以上:*100:onehundred;101:onehundredandone(美式英语中"and"常省略，但在正式书面语及英式英语中较为常见)。*1,000:onethousand。*1,000,000:onemillion。*1,000,000,000:onebillion(美式)/onethousandmillion(英式，不过"billion"现在在英式英语中也逐渐通用)。*构成规律：从右往左数，每三位为一个单位，依次是thousand,million,billion等。百位与十位（或个位）之间通常用"and"连接（尤其在英式英语中）。例如：twohundredandforty-five(245),threethousandsixhundredandseventy-eight(3,678),fivemilliononehundredthousand(5,100,000)。1.2基数词的用法*表示数量:直接修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。*Therearefivebooksonthedesk.*Ineedtwocupsofcoffee.*表示年龄、时间、日期、温度等:*Sheiseighteenyearsold.*Themeetingstartsatnine(o'clock).*TodayisMayfirst(orthefirstofMay).*Thetemperatureisthirtydegrees.*表示编号:可直接用于名词前，此时名词首字母通常大写。*LessonFive(orthefifthlesson)*BusNumberTen(ortheNumberTenbus)*“几十”的复数形式表示年代或年龄:*ShelivedinParisinthenineties(1990s).*Heisinhissixties(60-69岁).*与"of"连用表示概数:*Hundredsofpeopleattendedtheconcert.*Thousandsofstarsarevisibleatnight.(注意：此时hundred,thousand,million等词用复数，且前面不能有具体数字)二、序数词(OrdinalNumbers)序数词是表示顺序或等级的数词，如first,second,third,tenth等。2.1序数词的构成*1-3:first,second,third(特殊变化)。*4-19:通常由相应基数词加"-th"构成。注意：fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth为特殊变化。例如：fourth,sixth,seventh,tenth,eleventh,thirteenth,nineteenth。*20以上整十数:将相应基数词词尾的"-ty"变为"-tieth"。例如：twentieth,thirtieth,fortieth,fiftieth,sixtieth,seventieth,eightieth,ninetieth。*21以上非整十数:由“整十序数词+连字符'-'+个位序数词”构成。例如：twenty-first,thirty-second,forty-fifth,ninety-ninth。2.2序数词的用法*通常与定冠词"the"连用:*Hecamethefirstintherace.*ThisisthethirdtimeI'vetoldyou.*名词前有物主代词或名词所有格时，不加"the":*It'smyfirstcar.*TodayisTom'stwelfthbirthday.*用作副词时，不加"the":*Hefinishedfirst.*Theyarrivedsecond.*表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数:*onethird(1/3),twothirds(2/3),onefourth/aquarter(1/4),threefourths/threequarters(3/4)。*日期表达中:*June1st(Junethefirst)*the5thofMarch(Marchthefifth)三、分数(Fractions)、小数(Decimals)与百分数(Percentages)3.1分数*构成:分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。*1/2:onehalf/ahalf*1/3:onethird*2/3:twothirds*1/4:onefourth/aquarter*3/4:threefourths/threequarters*5/8:fiveeighths*21/2:twoandahalf(或twoandonehalf)*33/4:threeandthreequarters*用法:分数作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其指代的名词。*Athirdofthebookisinteresting.(书不可数)*Twothirdsofthestudentsarehere.(学生可数)3.2小数*读法:小数点读作"point"，小数点前后的数字分别读出。整数部分为零时，可省略不读或读作"zero"。*0.5:(zero)pointfive*1.25:onepointtwofive*3.1415:threepointonefouronefive*100.03:onehundredpointzerothree*注意:小数中没有复数形式。3.3百分数*构成与读法:由基数词+percent(%)构成，"percent"单复数同形。*5%:fivepercent*20%:twentypercent*75%:seventy-fivepercent*用法:百分数作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于其指代的名词。*Thirtypercentofthemoneyhasbeenspent.*Sixtypercentofthemembersagreewiththeproposal.四、倍数表达法(ExpressingMultiples)英语中表示倍数常用以下几种结构：1.A+be+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B(A是B的X倍)*Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.(这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。)2.A+be+倍数+形容词比较级+than+B(A比B大/长/高X-1倍)*Thisroomistwicebiggerthanthatone.(这个房间比那个房间大两倍/是那个房间的三倍大。——注：此用法在美式英语中较常见，英式英语更倾向于用第一种结构以避免歧义。)3.A+be+倍数+the+名词(size/length/height/width/weight等)+of+B(A的大小/长度/高度/宽度/重量等是B的X倍)*Thesizeofthisroomistwicethesizeofthatone.(这个房间的大小是那个房间的两倍。)4.倍数+asmany/much+名词+as*HeearnsthreetimesasmuchmoneyasIdo.(他挣的钱是我的三倍。)五、数词在日期、时间中的表达5.1日期(Date)*英式:日/月/年(the+序数词+of+月份,年份)*5thMarch(读作：thefifthofMarch)*21stJune,2023(读作：thetwenty-firstofJune,twentytwenty-three)*美式:月/日/年(月份+the+序数词,年份)*March5th(读作：Marchthefifth)*June21st,2023(读作：Junethetwenty-first,twentytwenty-three)*年份读法:*两位数：直接读。98:ninety-eight*四位数：通常分为前两位和后两位来读。2023:twentytwenty-three;1997:nineteenninety-seven;2000:twothousand;2008:twothousandandeight/twentyzeroeight;1905:nineteenhundredandfive/nineteenohfive。5.2时间(Time)*整点:基数词+o'clock(o'clock可省略，尤其在非正式场合)*8:00a.m.:eight(o'clock)inthemorning*3:00p.m.:three(o'clock)intheafternoon/threep.m.*半点:halfpast+基数词*9:30:halfpastnine*一刻钟:aquarterpast(过)/to(差)+基数词*2:15:aquarterpasttwo*4:45:aquartertofive*其他:*顺读法:先时后分。6:05:six(oh)five;7:20:seventwenty;8:35:eightthirty-five。*逆读法:分钟+past/to+小时(分钟≤30用past；分钟>30用to，且分钟为60减去原分钟数，小时加1)。*9:20:twentypastnine*10:40:twentytoeleven*注意:"a.m."(antemeridiem)指上午，"p.m."(postmeridiem)指下午。中午12点为"twelvenoon"，午夜12点为"twelvemidnight"。六、常见错误与注意事项1.基数词与序数词混淆:表示顺序用序数词，前面常加"the"；表示数量用基数词。*错误:Heisthethreestudenttoarrive.*正确:Heisthethirdstudenttoarrive.2."hundred","thousand","million","billion"的用法:*前面有具体数字时，用单数形式，不加"s"，不与"of"连用。*错误:twohundredspeople/twohundredofpeople*正确:twohundredpeople*表示不确定数量时，用复数形式，与"of"连用。*错误:hundredofpeople/twohundredsofpeople*正确:hundredsofpeople3.分数中分母序数词的单复数:分子大于1时，分母用复数。*错误:threefourth*正确:threefourths4.日期表达中序数词的使用:日期中的“日”需要用序数词，书写时可缩写(1st,2nd,3rd,4th...)。*错误:March5*正确:March5th/the5thofMarch5.倍数表达的歧义:"AisXtimesbiggerthanB"在不同语境和版本中可能有歧义，建议优先使用"AisXtimesasbigasB"以确保清晰。七、数词用法综合练习练习一：用适当的基数词或序数词填空1.Thereare______(7)daysinaweek.The______(1)dayisSunday.2.Myfatheris______(45)yearsold.Hisbirthdayisonthe______(12)ofOctober.3.Thisismy______(3)attempt.Ihopeitwillbesuccessful.4.Thereare______(100)centsinadollar.5.Shelivesonthe______(5)floorofthatbuilding.练习二：将下列分数、小数、百分数翻译成英语1.1/4______________2.3/5______________3.0.75______________4.3.14______________5.60%______________练习三：选择正确的倍数表达结构填空1.Thisriveris______thatone.(这条河是那条河的三倍长。)a)threetimesaslongasb)threetimeslongerasc)threetimeaslongthan2.Thepopulationofthiscityis______itwastenyearsago.(这个城市的人口是十年前的两倍。)a)twicemorethanb)twiceasmuchasc)twiceasmanyas练习四：用数词正确表达下列日期和时间1.2023年11月15日(英式)______________2.6月3日(美式，缩写)______________3.上午9点45分______________4.下午2点10分______________练习五：改正下列句子中的错误1.Ihavetwohundredsbooksinmystudy.3.T