初中英语语法总结+练习

初中英语语法总结+练习英语语法是构建语言大厦的基石，尤其在初中阶段，打好语法基础，不仅能帮助我们准确理解和运用语言，更是未来深入学习的前提。这份总结力求精炼实用，结合练习，希望能助你系统梳理初中阶段核心语法知识。一、名词(Nouns)名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的词。1.1名词的分类*专有名词(ProperNouns):表示特定的人、地方、机构等，首字母通常大写。如：Tom,Beijing,September。*可数名词(CountableNouns):可以用数目来计算，可以有单数和复数形式。如：book(books),student(students)。*不可数名词(UncountableNouns):无法用数目直接计算，通常只有单数形式。如：water,information,happiness。1.2可数名词的复数形式*规则变化:*一般情况下加-s:desk→desks,cat→cats。*以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词加-es:bus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes。*以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y为i再加-es:city→cities,baby→babies。(注意：元音字母+y结尾直接加-s:boy→boys,toy→toys)*以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f/fe为v再加-es:leaf→leaves,knife→knives。(部分词直接加-s:roof→roofs,belief→beliefs)*以o结尾的词，有生命的加-es，无生命的加-s:potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,photo→photos,piano→pianos。*不规则变化:*变内部元音:man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice。*单复数同形:sheep→sheep,deer→deer,fish→fish(强调种类时可用fishes)。*其他特殊变化:child→children,ox→oxen。1.3名词所有格名词所有格表示所属关系，意为“……的”。*有生命的名词:*单数名词后加’s:Tom’sbook,thegirl’spen。*以s结尾的复数名词后加’:theteachers’office,thestudents’playground。*不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s:Children’sDay,men’sroom。*无生命的名词:通常用“of+名词”结构:thedooroftheroom,thecoverofthebook。[名词练习]1.Therearethree______(knife)onthetable.2.Thisisnotmybook.It's______(Lucy).3.Ihavetwo______(sister)andone______(brother).4.Wegetalotof______(information)fromtheInternet.二、代词(Pronouns)代词是用来代替名词或名词词组的词，以避免重复。2.1人称代词(PersonalPronouns)表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”等。有人称、数和格的变化。*主格(SubjectForm):作句子的主语。I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they。*Sheisagoodstudent.*宾格(ObjectForm):作句子的宾语（动词或介词的宾语）。me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them。*Mymotherlovesme./Givethebooktoher.2.2物主代词(PossessivePronouns)表示所属关系。*形容词性物主代词(PossessiveAdjectives):相当于形容词，后面必须跟名词。my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their。*Thisismypen.HernameisLily.*名词性物主代词(PossessivePronouns):相当于名词，后面不跟名词，可独立使用。mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs。*Thispenismine.Thebookishers.2.3指示代词(DemonstrativePronouns)表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”。this,that,these,those。*this/that指代单数名词或不可数名词，these/those指代复数名词。*this/these指较近的人或物，that/those指较远的人或物。*Thisisacar.Thatisabus.*Theseareapples.Thoseareoranges.2.4反身代词(ReflexivePronouns)表示动作反作用于主语本身。myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves。*HetaughthimselfEnglish.*Weenjoyedourselvesattheparty.[代词练习]1.Mybrotherisadoctor.______(He/Him)worksinabighospital.2.Isthispencil______(your/yours)?No,it'snot______(my/mine).3.Weshouldlearntotakecareof______(us/ourselves).4.______(This/These)booksaremine.______(That/Those)onthedeskareLucy's.三、冠词(Articles)冠词是一种虚词，放在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义。分为定冠词(the)、不定冠词(a,an)和零冠词(不用冠词)。3.1不定冠词(a,an)*a用于辅音音素开头的单词前:abook,auniversity(ju:是辅音音素)。*an用于元音音素开头的单词前:anapple,anhour(h不发音，our开头是元音音素)。*用法:*表示某一类人或事物中的“一个”，但不具体指明是哪一个。Astudentisreading.*表示“第一次提到”的人或事物。Isawacat.Thecatwasblack.*用于某些固定搭配中。alotof,havearest。3.2定冠词(the)*用法:*表示特指的人或事物。Thebookonthedeskismine.*指双方都知道的人或事物。Whereistheteacher?*用在世界上独一无二的事物前。thesun,themoon,theearth。*用在序数词、形容词最高级前。thefirstlesson,thetallestboy。*用在乐器名称前。playthepiano,playtheviolin。*用在姓氏复数前，表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩”。theGreens。3.3零冠词(NoArticle)*用法:*复数可数名词和不可数名词表示泛指时。Booksareourgoodfriends.Waterisnecessaryforlife.*专有名词前(国名、人名、地名等，某些特殊情况除外)。China,Tom,Beijing。*球类运动、棋类游戏前。playfootball,playchess。*一日三餐、季节、月份、星期前(但若有形容词修饰则需加a/an)。havebreakfast,inspring,inMarch,onMonday。Wehadawonderfuldinner.*学科名称前。IlikeEnglish.[冠词练习]1.Ihave______pen.______penisred.2.Sheis______honestgirl.Everyonelikesher.3.______sunrisesin______east.4.Mybrotherusuallyplays______basketballafterschool.5.Wewillhave______examnextMonday.四、数词(Numerals)数词表示数量或顺序。分为基数词和序数词。4.1基数词(CardinalNumerals)表示数量多少。如：one,two,three,...,ten,eleven,twelve,twenty,thirty,...,onehundred,onethousand。*1-12为特殊形式。*13-19以-teen结尾。*20-90等整十位数以-ty结尾。*两位数由几十和几中间加连字符构成：twenty-one,thirty-five。*三位数由几百+and+两位数（或个位数）构成：onehundredandfifty-three(英式)，onehundredfifty-three(美式)。4.2序数词(OrdinalNumerals)表示顺序。如：first,second,third,...,tenth,eleventh,twelfth,twentieth,...,hundredth。*一般在基数词后加-th:four→fourth,six→sixth。*特殊变化：one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve→twelfth。*以y结尾的整十数，变y为i再加-eth:twenty→twentieth,thirty→thirtieth。*两位数的序数词，只需把个位数变成序数词：twenty-one→twenty-first,thirty-five→thirty-fifth。[数词练习]1.Thereare______(三十)studentsinourclass.2.Mybirthdayisonthe______(五)ofMay.3.Thisismy______(第一)timetovisitBeijing.4.Thereare______(七十二)booksontheshelf.五、形容词(Adjectives)&副词(Adverbs)5.1形容词形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。*用法:*作定语，放在名词前：abeautifulflower,atallbuilding。*作宾语补足语：Wekeepourclassroomclean.5.2副词副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。*用法:*修饰动词：Herunsfast.Shesingsbeautifully.*修饰形容词：Thisstoryisveryinteresting.Heistallenoughtoreachtheshelf.*修饰副词：Herunsveryfast.ShespeaksEnglishquitewell.*修饰整个句子：Luckily,hepassedtheexam.5.3形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三种形式。*规则变化:*单音节词和部分双音节词:*比较级在词尾加-er，最高级加-est。small→smaller→smallest,fast→faster→fastest。*以不发音的e结尾的词，加-r,-st。nice→nicer→nicest,large→larger→largest。*以辅音字母+y结尾的词，变y为i再加-er,-est。happy→happier→happiest,easy→easier→easiest。*以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写末尾辅音字母，再加-er,-est。big→bigger→biggest,thin→thinner→thinnest。*部分双音节词和多音节词:*比较级在词前加more，最高级加most。beautiful→morebeautiful→mostbeautiful,carefully→morecarefully→mostcarefully。*不规则变化:*good/well→better→best*bad/badly/ill→worse→worst*many/much→more→most*little→less→least*far→farther/further→farthest/furthest*用法:*比较级:用于两者之间的比较。*A+be+比较级+than+B。TomistallerthanMike.*A+实义动词+比较级+than+B。Herunsfasterthanme.*"比较级+and+比较级"表示“越来越……”。Theweatherisgettingwarmerandwarmer.*"The+比较级...,the+比较级..."表示“越……，就越……”。Theharderyoustudy,thebettergradesyouwillget.*最高级:用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较，通常与定冠词the连用，后面常跟表示范围的介词短语(in/of等)。*A+be+the+最高级+(名词)+(表示范围的短语)。Sheisthetallestgirlinourclass.*A+实义动词+(the)+最高级+(表示范围的短语)。Heruns(the)fastestofallthestudents.[形容词副词练习]1.Thisstoryis______(interesting)thanthatone.2.Shesings______(beautifully)inourschool.3.Mymotherisgetting______(old)and______(old).4.Whichis______(big),thesunorthemoon?5.Hestudies______(hard)thanhisbrother,sohealwaysgetsbettergrades.六、动词(Verbs)动词是表示动作或状态的词，是句子的核心。6.1动词的基本形式*原形(BaseForm)*第三人称单数现在式(ThirdPersonSingularPresentTense)*过去式(PastTense)*过去分词(PastParticiple)*现在分词(PresentParticiple)6.2动词时态(Tenses)初中阶段主要掌握以下几种基本时态：*一般现在时(SimplePresentTense)*构成:*主语为第一、二人称及复数时，动词用原形。*主语为第三人称单数时，动词后加-s或-es(规则同名词复数)。*用法:*表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。Igetupatseveneverymorning.Helikesplayingfootball.*表示客观事实或真理。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.Lighttravelsfasterthansound.*时间状语:always,usually,often,sometimes,never,everyday/week/month/year,onSundays等。*一般过去时(SimplePastTense)*构成:动词用过去式(规则动词加-ed，不规则动词需记忆)。*用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。*Iwenttotheparkyesterday.*Shewasastudentthreeyearsago.*时间状语:yesterday,lastweek/month/year,...ago,in2008,justnow,then等。*一般将来时(SimpleFutureTense)*构成:*will/shall