法律英语全套课件

Lesson

one

Legal

system

3/11/20261法律英语Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.

Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。

美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯W

3/11/20262法律英语BackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)3/11/20263法律英语3/11/20264法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵从前例3/11/20265法律英语Text——Part

OneThe

United

States

is

atoncea

very

new

nationa

very

old

nation既年轻又古老的国家3/11/20266法律英语it

is

constantly

being

renewed

by

the

addition

of

new

elements

of

population

and

of

new

States不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入It

is

a

new

nationComparedwithmanyothercountries

与其他国家相比3/11/20267法律英语

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"

nations

—the

first

one

to

be

made

out

ofan

Old

World

colony.

第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家the

oldest

written

constitution

the

oldest

continuous

federal

systemthe

oldest

practice

of

self-governmentIt

is

old3/11/20268法律英语The

whole

of

its

history

belongs

in

the

period

since

the

invention

of

the

printing

press.美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。3/11/20269法律英语for

events

such

as

those

that

are

lost

in

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

or

France

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States

那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。The

whole

of

its

history

is

recorded3/11/202610法律英语And

the

American

record

Comprehensive

复杂Immense

繁多3/11/202611法律英语Record

of

the

colonial

era

殖民时代的记载Recordof

the

Nation

since

1776国家从1776年开始的记载Recordof

the

present

fifty

States

当前50个州的记载The

intricate

network

ofrelationships

between

States

andNation

各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载3/11/202612法律英语The

reports

of

the

United

States

Supreme

Court

fill

350

volumesThe

reports

of

some

States

are

almost

equally

voluminous.

联邦最高法院判例汇编州法院判例汇编3/11/202613法律英语The

reader

who

wants

to

trace

the

history

of

law

in

America

is

confronted

with

over

5,000

stout

volumes

of

legal

cases.想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。3/11/202614法律英语No

one

document,

no

handful

of

documents,

can

properly

be

said

to

reveal

the

character

of

a

people

or

of

their

government.

没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。3/11/202615法律英语When

hundreds

and

thousands

of

documents

strike

a

consistent

note，over

more

than

a

hundred

years,

we

have

a

right

to

say

that

is

the

keynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。3/11/202616法律英语The

American

legal

system,

like

the

English,

is

methodologically

mainly

a

caselaw

system.

判例法Part

Two

3/11/202617法律英语Civillawlegalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法国和德国为代表，还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新加坡，香港地区也采用英美法3/11/202618法律英语

Most

fields

of

private

law

still

consist

primarily

of

case

law

and

the

extensive

and

steadily

growing

statutory

continues

to

be

subject

to

binding

interpretation

through

case

law.

私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。3/11/202619法律英语Knowledge

Technique

central

importancefor

an

understanding

of

American

lawand

legal

methodology3/11/202620法律英语The

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。3/11/202621法律英语

enforcement强制执行；

claim请求；

action诉讼行为；

writ法院令状；

classicalRomanlaw古罗马法3/11/202622法律英语Theenforcementofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘action’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。3/11/202623法律英语

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,

the

claim

did

notexist.

没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。3/11/202624法律英语

This

system

became

inflexible

when

the

"Provisions

of

Oxford"

(1258)

prohibited

the

creation

of

new

writs,

except

for

the

flexibility

which

the

"writ

upon

the

case"

allowed

and

which

later

led

to

the

development

of

contract

and

tort

law.

这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。3/11/202625法律英语The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

development

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。3/11/202626法律英语衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是衡平法。3/11/202627法律英语“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行为公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono决定公平且善良（拉丁语）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。3/11/202628法律英语In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。3/11/202629法律英语普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。3/11/202630法律英语Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

in

any

legal

system.

衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程度的固定性。equity

law3/11/202631法律英语relief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特殊履行的救济方式the

injunction禁令（临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令）the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所谓的衡平法座右铭

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：3/11/202632法律英语However,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

不过，只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。3/11/202633法律英语For

instance,

specific

performance

for

the

purchase

of

real

propertywill

be

granted

because

common

law

damages

are

deemed

to

be

inadequate

since

they

cannot

compensate

the

buyerin

view

of

the

uniqueness

attributed

toreal

property.

例如，对购买不动产提供特殊履行的救济，因为普通法的赔偿被认为不充分，由于不动产具有特殊性，普通法的赔偿无法补偿买方。3/11/202634法律英语As

the

common

law,

equity

law

became

part

of

American

law

either

through

judicial

acceptance司法接受

or

through

express

statutory

provision明确的成文法条款3/11/202635法律英语

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式3/11/202636法律英语美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲尔德起草的《菲尔德民事程序法典》，稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州的全部法律简化为成文的、系统化的法典”。3/11/202637法律英语Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

独立大法官法庭3/11/202638法律英语Referencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常重要Itexplainstheoriginandsignificanceofmanycontemporarylegalconceptsthe

division

of

title

in

the

law

of

property财产法上的所有权分割3/11/202639法律英语

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

decision

of

such

questionsReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常重要

a

right

to

a

trial

by

jury

陪审团的审判权3/11/202640法律英语“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法规定的赔偿金救济“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法规定的特定履行救济3/11/202641法律英语"Case

law"

describes

the

entire

body

of

judge

made

law

and

today

includes

common

law

and

equity

precedents.

“判例法”指所有的法官定法，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。3/11/202642法律英语

In

imprecise

and

confusing

usage

the

terms

"common

law"

and

"case

law"

are

often

used

synonymously,

with

the

term

“common

law”

in

thisusage

connoting

judge-made

law

in

general

as

contrasted

with

statutory

law.

普通法与判例法混用，被用作同义词，是指“法官定法”。是与成文法相对的概念。3/11/202643法律英语"Case

law"

：always

connotes

judge

made

law判例法总是指法官定法"common

law"

：either

the

judge

made

law

in

common

law

subject

matters

or,

more

extensively,

all

judge-made

law.普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法，又包括更广义的所有的法官定法3/11/202644法律英语重点词汇United

States

Supreme

CourtCommonlawlegalsystemCivillawlegalsystemCaselawStatutorylawclassical

Roman

law3/11/202645法律英语private

lawbindinginterpretationitinerant

judges

English

royal

courtEnforcement，claim，action，writwrit

upon

the

case3/11/202646法律英语equity

lawequitycase

lawex

aequo

et

bonospecific

performance

injunctionequitable

reliefcommon

law

reliefcommon

law

damages3/11/202647法律英语civil

suitJurisdictions

titletrial

by

juryjudge-made

law

3/11/202648法律英语3/11/202649法律英语Exercises1.Questionsaboutthetext2.Dictation3.Discussion3/11/202650法律英语LessonTwoLegalProfession法律职业3/11/202651法律英语Iftherewerenobadpeople,therewouldbenogoodlawyers.CharlesDickens,Britishnovelist

倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。英国小说家狄更斯C3/11/202652法律英语Background律师法官检查官法学教师法律职业变换频繁

HarlanFiskeStone3/11/202653法律英语3/11/202654法律英语Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。美国律师协会3/11/202655法律英语3/11/202656法律英语律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师3/11/202657法律英语Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。3/11/202658法律英语Mostrequirethreeyearsof

collegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.三年大学

法律学位

书面考试3/11/202659法律英语Almostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.各州律师联考

州综合问答题3/11/202660法律英语TheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.

3/11/202661法律英语Asubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。3/11/202662法律英语Inall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationstothebarintheirrespectivestates.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。3/11/202663法律英语Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。3/11/202664法律英语Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresent

clients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业3/11/202665法律英语

Itis

customarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。

3/11/202666法律英语Onewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmitted

withoutexamination

ifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。

3/11/202667法律英语Alawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动3/11/202668法律英语Itisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.在公司的董事会任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务3/11/202669法律英语Alawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,anymayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。3/11/202670法律英语

Arelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。3/11/202671法律英语ThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.律师教授院长总检察长首席大法官3/11/202672法律英语HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946DistinguishedjuristHarlanFiskeStonewasbornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield,NewHampshire.著名法理学家3/11/202673法律英语AftergraduatingfromAmherstCollegein1894,hecontinuedontoColumbiaUniversityfromwhichhereceivedhislawdegreein1898.ThenextyearhewasadmittedtotheNewYorkbar.加入纽约律师协会3/11/202674法律英语In1910StonebecamethedeanoftheColumbiaLawSchool.In1924hewasappointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）3/11/202675法律英语In1925hewasnominatedtotheSupremeCourt.WhileontheCourt,StonewasastrongsupporterofPresidentRoosevelt's

NewDeallegislation.RooseveltappointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonediedin1946attheageof73.最高法院法官罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官3/11/202676法律英语Theseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国没有律师职业的划分。英国：Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师

3/11/202677法律英语thereisnobranchofprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverighttoappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.美国：出庭代理诉讼准备法律文书attorney3/11/202678法律英语

TheAmericanlawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,and

drafting.Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedomainisexclusiveandisnotopentoothers.代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；起草文书；律师实务3/11/202679法律英语

Inthefieldofadvocacy,therulesarefairlyclear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut,withtheexceptionofafewinferiorcourts,onlyalawyermayrepresentanotherincourt.

出庭辩护：当事人本人代理律师3/11/202680法律英语Thelinesofdemarcationarelessclearintheareasofcounselinganddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetweenthepracticeoflawandthatofaccountinginthefieldoffederalincometaxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。3/11/202681法律英语

However,thestrictapproachofmostAmericancourtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYork’shighestcourtthatalawyeradmittedtopracticeinaforeigncountrybutnotinNewYorkisprohibitedfromgivinglegaladvicetoclientsinNewYork,eventhoughtheadviceislimitedtothelawofforeigncountrywherethelawyerisadmitted.纽约最高法院规定，在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师，不得给纽约的当事人提供法律咨询，即使咨询在该律师允许执业的国家是被允许的，美国大多数法院都采取了这一严格的措施。3/11/202682法律英语Aforeignlawyermaybeadmittedtothebarofoneofstatesandmay,evenwithoutbeingadmitted,adviseanAmericanlawyer

asaconsultantonforeignlaw.外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接纳为会员，甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨询。3/11/202683法律英语Part2Lawyersinprivatepractice

独立开业的律师Amongthesefifteenlawyersinpractice,nine,aclearmajority,aresinglepractitioners.在独立开业的律师中，大多数（9/15）是单独开业者。3/11/202684法律英语Theremainingsixpracticeinlawfirms,whicharegenerallyorganizedaspartnerships.

剩下的6个人组成律师事务所，一般采用合伙制。

Fourorfiveofthesesixarepartnersandtheothersareassociates,atermappliedtosalariedlawyersemployedbyafirmoranotherlawyer.6个人中有4、5个是合伙人；其他1、2个是合作者，他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。3/11/202685法律英语Thistrendtowardgrouppracticeisrelativelyrecentorigin.合伙开业3/11/202686法律英语Throughoutmostofnineteenthcentury,lawpracticewasgeneralratherthanspecialized,itschiefingredientwasadvocacyratherthancounselinganddrafting,andtheprototypeoftheAmericanlawyerwasthesinglepractitioner.律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起草文书美国律师的原型是单独开业者。3/11/202687法律英语

Markedspecializationbeganinthelaterpartofthatcenturyinthelargecitiesnearthefinancialcenters.……theworkofthelawyeraccommodateditselftotheneedsofclientsforexpertcounselinganddraftingtopreventaswellastosettledisputes.19世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出现了显著的律师专业化。——律师为客户提供专业咨询和起草文书，以防止和解决争议。3/11/202688法律英语Thebestlawyerswereattractedtothiswork最好的律师被吸引来做这些事。

leadershipofthebargravitatedtopersonswhorarelyifeverappearedincourtsandwhoweresoughtafterasadvisors,planners,andnegotiators.律师界的领导人物多为那些极少出庭——即使确曾出庭的话——的人，和那些作为顾问、计划者和谈判者而深受欢迎的人。3/11/202689法律英语

Todaythelawyerregardsitassoundpracticetobecontinuouslyfamiliarwithclients’businessproblemsandtoparticipateatallstepsinshapingoftheirpolicies.目前律师们都认为一直了解客户的商务问题，并参与商业决策形成的每一个步骤是理想的活动。3/11/202690法律英语Part3HouseCounsel受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师Outofeverytwentylawyers,twoareemployedbyprivatebusinessconcerns,suchasindustrialcorporations,insurancecompanies,andbanks,usuallyashouseorcorporatecounselintheconcern’slegaldepartment.20个律师中有2个受雇于私人企业，如工业公司、金融公司、银行。专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问3/11/202691法律英语

thegrowthofcorporations

thecomplexityofbusiness

themultitudeofproblemposedbygovernmentregulationfirmstohaveintheiremploypersonswithlegaltraining非常了解企业的特殊问题和条件3/11/202692法律英语Thegeneralcounsel(总法律顾问)

AnofficerofthecompanyServeonimportantpolicymakingcommitteesServeontheboardofdirectors.公司管理人员

重要决策委员会

董事会3/11/202693法律英语Housecounselremainmembersofthebar

保留律师协会会员身份entitledtoappearincourt有资格出庭进行诉讼3/11/202694法律英语HousecounselHowever,itisthehousecounsel’sskillasadvisorratherthanasanadvocatethatisavaluedasset.专职律师的专长是法律顾问而不是辩护律师，这是个珍贵的财富。3/11/202695法律英语Constantlyintouchwiththeemployer’sproblem,housecounselisideallysituatedtopracticepreventivelawandmayalsobecalledupontoadvisethecompanyonitsbroaderobligationtothepublicandthenation.专职律师一直接触雇主的问题，他们理当致力于预防性的法律，并应该建议公司为公共事务和国家承担更多的义务。3/11/202696法律英语Part4LawyersinGovernmentTwooutoftwentylawyersarenowemployeesofthefederal,city,county,andmunicipalgovernments,exclusiveofjudiciary.20个律师中有2个受雇于联邦、都市、县和地方政府，这中间还不包括法官。3/11/202697法律英语Manyofthoseenteringpublicservicearerecentlawgraduates

许多加入公共服务的是刚毕业的法学大学生。whofindgovernmentsalariessufficientlyattractiveatthisstageoftheircareers政府薪水有足够的吸引力seekthetrainingthatsuchservicemayofferasapreludetoprivatepractice.锻炼自己，作为私人开业的前奏3/11/202698法律英语

Limitationontopsalariesdiscouragesomefromcontinuingwiththegovernment.最高薪水的限制使一些人不再为政府工作。3/11/202699法律英语Themajorityservesbyappointmentinlegaldepartmentsofavarietyoffederalandstateagenciesandlocalentities.大多数的政府律师在联邦、州政府和地方机构的法律部门任职。3/11/2026100法律英语TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticealoneemploysmorethantwothousand,andtheLawDepartmentoftheCityofNewYorkmorethanfourhundred.美国司法部—2000多人纽约司法局—400多人3/11/2026101法律英语Othersareengagedaspublicprosecutors.

Federalprosecutors,theUnitedStatesattorneysandtheirassistants,areappointedbythePresidentandaresubordinatetotheAttorneyGeneral

oftheUnitedStates.其他政府律师是检查官。联邦检查官、美国政府律师和助理检查官由总统任命，受命于美国总检察长（司法部长）。3/11/2026102法律英语AttorneyGeneral

总检察长，司法部长

JohnAshcroft

约翰·阿什克里夫特3/11/2026103法律英语TheAttorneyGeneral,asheadoftheDepartmentofJusticeandchieflawenforcementofficeroftheFederalGovernment,representstheUnitedStatesinlegalmattersgenerallyandgivesadviceandopinionstothePresidentandtotheheadsoftheexecutivedepartmentsoftheGovernmentwhensorequested.TheAttorneyGeneralappearsinpersontorepresenttheGovernmentbeforetheU.S.SupremeCourtincasesofexceptionalgravityorimportance.3/11/2026104法律英语Statesprosecutors,sometimesknownasdistrictattorneys,arecommonlyelectedbyeachcountyandarenotunderthecontrolofthestateattorneygeneral.州检查官，又叫地区检查官，一般由其所在县的公民选举产生，不受州司法局长的控制。3/11/2026105法律英语Lawyersingovernmentaredirectlyengagedinlegalwork政府律师直接从事法律工作。lawtrainingisinfrequentlysoughtaspreparationforgeneralgovernmentservice.因为一般政府服务很少要求事先进行法律培训。3/11/2026106法律英语Asmallbutimportantminority

——anexceptionthosewhohavebeenappointedtohighexecutivepositionsthosewhohavebeenelectedtopoliticaloffice.例外：被任命担任高级行政职务，被选举担任政治性官职的人。3/11/2026107法律英语LawyershavemadeuproughlyhalfoftheCongressoftheUnitedStatesandofthestategovernment.

美国国会和地方政府中有大约一半的人是律师。3/11/2026108法律英语ChiefJusticeStoneHarlanFiskeStone1872-1946“Notraditionofourprofessionismorecherishedbylawyersthanthatofitsleadershipinpublicaffairs.”在我们的职业传统中，没有一个像其担任公共事务领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱。3/11/2026109法律英语LegalProfessionMultistateBarExam

federalcourtsboardsofdirectorsJudgeAttorneyGeneralChiefJustice重点专业词汇3/11/2026110法律英语BarristersSolicitorsAttorneypracticeoflawLawyersinprivatepracticesinglepractitionerhouseCounselcorporatecounsel3/11/2026111法律英语TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticepublicprosecutorsFederalprosecutorsdistrictattorneysCongressoftheUnitedStates3/11/2026112法律英语Exercises1.Questionsaboutthetext2.Dictation3.Discussion3/11/2026113法律英语LessonThreeLegalEducation3/11/2026114法律英语OneofthemoststrikingandsalutarythinginAmericanlifeisthewidespreadstudyoflaw.

AlexisdeTocqueville,Frenchjudge

美国人生活中最显著而又有益的事情莫过于对法律的广泛研究了。

――法国法官托克维尔A

3/11/2026115法律英语Background大学后教育美国法学院设立的学位JD，JurisDoctor——法律博士LLM，MasterofLaws——法学硕士SJD，DoctorofJuridicalScience——法学博士3/11/2026116法律英语3/11/2026117法律英语In1983,over125000lawstudentswerestudyinginmorethan170ABAaccreditedlawschools得到美国律师协会认可的法学院TextPubliclawschoolsPrivatelawschoolsLocalornationalschools3/11/2026118法律英语现状：目前，全美国大约有203所法学院，其中178所是经美国律师协会（AmericanBarAssociation，ABA）批准的。法学院分公立和私立两种，公立法学院主要是州政府所设立。3/11/2026119法律英语主要的私立法学院：哈佛大学法学院（HarvardUniversityLawSchool）耶鲁大学法学院（YaleLawSchool）哥伦比亚大学法学院（ColumbiaUniversityLawSchool）芝加哥大学法学院（UniversityofChicagoLawSchool）斯坦福大学法学院（StanfordUniversityLawSchool）3/11/2026120法律英语Asvirtuallytheonlywaytoprepareformembershipinthelegalprofession,法学院实质上是为法律职业准备人才的唯一途径。Lawschoolfulfillseveralfunctions:ProfessionaltrainingSocializationoffuturelawyersScreeningandgatekeepingforentrancetotheprofession3/11/2026121法律英语Thereisnocentralinstitutionwherealllawyerspractice,theonlyinstitutionalexperiencewhichlawyershaveincommonislawschool.美国没有供所有律师实习的中心机构，因此法学院成为所有律师共同具有的制度上的经历。3/11/2026122法律英语Thecriticismswhichrangefrom“mildtocaustic”ofthewaysinwhichlawschoolshavecarriedoutthesefunctionsandofthefunctionsthemselves

havebeenpersistent,diverseandrootedinthehistoricalandpoliticaldevelopmentoftheprofession.对于法学院履行这些职责的方法以及职责本身的批评从“温和到尖锐”，这些批评持续不断，内容各异，根植于律师职业的历史和政治发展。3/11/2026123法律英语Thesecriticismshavefocusedon:thecurriculumandthedominanceofthecasemethod;案例教学法的课程与主导地位；

thedistributionofpowerandprestigereflectedinthehierarchywithinandamongthelawschools;法学院等级制度中权力与声望的分配；theimbalanceintermsofwomenandminoritiesinthestudentsbodyandfacultyinthelawschools.法学院学生与教职工中妇女和少数民族人数的不平衡。3/11/2026124法律英语Partone:CurriculumandtheCaseMethod

课程与案例教学法First-yearprogram:Contracts,torts,property,criminallawandcivilprocedure.第一年学习基本的法律课程，包括合同法、侵权法、财产法、刑法和民事诉讼程序。3/11/2026125法律英语ThesecondyearandthirdyearcourseexpoundthemoderatereformistNewDealprogramandtheadministrativestructureofthemodernregulatorystate.第二、第三年的课程包括罗斯福新政，法制化国家的行政管理机构。3/11/2026126法律英语第二年学生所修的课程是有关工商业活动所引起的基本法律问题，例如商法和公司法等。同时，也修读公法的基本科目，如宪法、行政法和税法。此外，还要学习有关会计方面的课程。第三年的课程大部分属选修课。3/11/2026127法律英语Theperipheralsubjects

外围课程Legalphilosophy法哲学Legalhistory法制史Legalprocess程序法Clinicaleducation实习培训……3/11/2026128法律英语Somelawschoolshaveexpendedcurriculatoincludecoursesandclinicalprograminenvironmentallaw,housingandurbandevelopment,women’sright,healthintheworkplace,welfarerightsandconsumerprotection.

一些法学院将课程和实习计划拓展到环境法、住房和城市发展、妇女权利、职业健康、福利权利和消费者保护。3/11/2026129法律英语Teachlawininterdisciplinarycontexts

结合各学科间的关系教法律History历史学Psychology心理学Sociology社会学Medicine医学Economics经济学3/11/2026130法律英语LawteachersinalmostalllawschoolsusetosomeextentthecasemethodortheSocraticmethod.几乎所有法学院的法律教师都在一定程度上采用案例教学法或苏格拉底教学法。3/11/2026131法律英语ChristopherColumbusLangdell

(1826-1906)Americanteacheroflaw.HepracticedinNewYorkCityfrom1854to1870;in1875hebecamedeanofHarvardlawschool.Langdellisespeciallyfamedfortheintroductionofthe“casemethod”inthestudyoflaw.Inhisviewtheprinciplesoflawarebestlearnedbyinductivestudyoftheactuallegalsituations(thecases)inwhichtheyoccur.Langdell'stheorywasfirstadoptedatHarvard,thenatColumbialawschool,andintimegainedalmostuniversalacceptance.3/11/2026132法律英语CasemethodThecasemethodlookedtothecommonlawasthesourceoflegalprinciplesandfocusedontheteachingofanabstractconception

ofthelawasascience.案例教学法将普通法作为法律原则的渊源，将教授法律的抽象概念作为一门科学。3/11/2026133法律英语legalprinciplesThelegalprincipleselicitedweretobetaughtdivorcedfromthe“grubbyworldofpractice—andalsofrompolitics,history,economics,andsocialcontexts”.对抽象的法律原则的教学应该与现实活动分离开来，也应该与政治学、历史学、经济学和社会学分离开来。3/11/2026134法律英语Thisnarrowformalisticapproachwasjustifiedonthegroundthatittaughtstudentshowtostate,analyze,evaluateandcompareconcretefactsituationsthusdevelopingtheirpowersandskillsofanalysis,reasoning,andexpression