【《微塑料在环境中的老化过程研究文献综述》2200字】

-PAGE53-微塑料在环境中的老化过程研究文献综述尽管微（纳米）塑料是难降解物质，可以在环境中长期存在。但是，在环境物理化学因素的作用下，微（纳米）塑料会发生表面性质和微观晶体结构的变化，这一过程称之为“老化”，从而影响其在环境中的迁移、归趋和生物效应等。1.1影响微（纳米）塑料老化的因素从目前有关微（纳米）塑料的老化相关报道来看，与微（纳米）塑料老化有关的因素主要有机械磨损、紫外光照、水解和高温作用。磨损老化是微塑料必将经历的阶段，由于波浪、潮汐、沙子、石头和其他颗粒的磨损，微塑料更易碎，促进了老化。自然环境下，光无处不在，紫外光照射可以使塑料表面的C=O、C-O和-OH含量升高，改变塑料的表面特性和晶体结构，导致微塑料更加易碎为粒径更小的颗粒，进而使其比表面积和孔隙率增加ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA(Alimietal.,2018;Caietal.,2018a;Liuetal.,2019a)。高温和水解可以使塑料中无定型的吸附区域由玻璃态转变成橡胶态，从而对其晶体结构和表面形态产生明显的影响ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Guo</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><DisplayText>(Guoetal.,2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1609900937">31</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Guo,Xiaoying</author><author>Wang,Xilong</author><author>Zhou,Xinzhe</author><author>Kong,Xiangzhen</author><author>Tao,Shu</author><author>Xing,Baoshan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SorptionofFourHydrophobicOrganicCompoundsbyThreeChemicallyDistinctPolymers:RoleofChemicalandPhysicalComposition</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>7252-7259</pages><volume>46</volume><number>13</number><dates><year>2012</year><pub-dates><date>Jul3</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-936X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000305876500048</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000305876500048</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/es301386z</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Guoetal.,2012)。除此之外，微生物无处不在，具有适应不同环境和利用不同物质的内在能力，长期暴露在水体和土壤中的微（纳米）塑料表面会形成生物膜，在微生物的长期作用下，微（纳米）塑料的表面形貌及微观结构也会发生一定的变化ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Vroom</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText>(Vroometal.,2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1609900974">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vroom,RenskeJ.E.</author><author>Koelmans,AlbertA.</author><author>Besseling,Ellen</author><author>Halsband,Claudia</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Agingofmicroplasticspromotestheiringestionbymarinezooplankton</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalPollution</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalPollution</full-title></periodical><pages>987-996</pages><volume>231</volume><keywords><keyword>Zooplankton</keyword><keyword>Marine</keyword><keyword>Microplastics</keyword><keyword>Biofouling</keyword><keyword>Ingestion</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/12/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0269-7491</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0269749116325908</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.088</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Vroometal.,2017)。1.2微（纳米）塑料的老化特性老化会使微（纳米）塑料的表面形貌和微观结构发生变化，使其表现出与原始微塑料不同的表面特性。在老化过程中，微塑料的表面会变得粗糙、出现褶皱、变形甚至产生裂缝，而表面开裂使得微塑料内部可以进一步降解，最终导致脆化和崩解ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>terHalle</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>122</RecNum><DisplayText>(terHalleetal.,2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>122</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620554700">122</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>terHalle,Alexandra</author><author>Ladirat,Lucie</author><author>Martignac,Marion</author><author>Mingotaud,AnneFrancoise</author><author>Boyron,Olivier</author><author>Perez,Emile</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Towhatextentaremicroplasticsfromtheopenoceanweathered?</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalPollution</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalPollution</full-title></periodical><pages>167-174</pages><volume>227</volume><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0269-7491</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000403991600019</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000403991600019</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.051</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(terHalleetal.,2017)。由于老化后生色团的产生，微塑料的表面颜色通常会发生变化，并且随着时间的延长颜色加深ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Veerasingam</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>123</RecNum><DisplayText>(Veerasingametal.,2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>123</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620554833">123</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Veerasingam,S.</author><author>Saha,Mahua</author><author>Suneel,V.</author><author>Vethamony,P.</author><author>Rodrigues,AndreaCarmelita</author><author>Bhattacharyya,Sourav</author><author>Naik,B.G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Characteristics,seasonaldistributionandsurfacedegradationfeaturesofmicroplasticpelletsalongtheGoacoast,India</title><secondary-title>Chemosphere</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemosphere</full-title></periodical><pages>496-505</pages><volume>159</volume><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0045-6535</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000380417800061</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000380417800061</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.056</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Veerasingametal.,2016)。此外，聚合物中的生色团吸收光后会产生自由基，它们会进一步与空气中的氧气发生反应形成过氧自由基，进而生成醇，酸，醛，酮或不饱和基团。因此，一般来说，老化后微（纳米）塑料表面含氧官能团的含量显著增加ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>124</RecNum><DisplayText>(Liuetal.,2019c)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>124</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620554885">124</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Peng</author><author>Qian,Li</author><author>Wang,Hanyu</author><author>Zhan,Xin</author><author>Lu,Kun</author><author>Gu,Cheng</author><author>Gao,Shixiang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>NewInsightsintotheAgingBehaviorofMicroplasticsAcceleratedbyAdvancedOxidationProcesses</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>3579-3588</pages><volume>53</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>Apr2</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-936X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000463679600025</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000463679600025</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acs.est.9b00493</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Liuetal.,2019c)。还有研究表明老化过程引起聚合物主链的断裂以及分子量的降低ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gewert</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gewertetal.,2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620554940">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gewert,Berit</author><author>Plassmann,MerleM.</author><author>MacLeod,Matthew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pathwaysfordegradationofplasticpolymersfloatinginthemarineenvironment</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience-Processes&Impacts</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience-Processes&Impacts</full-title></periodical><pages>1513-1521</pages><volume>17</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2050-7887</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000361146500001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000361146500001</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5em00207a</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gewertetal.,2015)。微塑料在老化过程中还会出现薄片、甚至是剥落的情况，在一定程度上增加了其孔隙结构，这会直接影响其比表面积的变化，进而改变微塑料与污染物的交互作用特性和机制ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Velzeboer</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>126</RecNum><DisplayText>(Velzeboeretal.,2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>126</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620555122">126</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Velzeboer,I.</author><author>Kwadijk,C.J.A.F.</author><author>Koelmans,A.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StrongSorptionofPCBstoNanoplastics,Microplastics,CarbonNanotubes,andFullerenes</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>4869-4876</pages><volume>48</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>May6</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-936X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000335720100029</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000335720100029</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/es405721v</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Velzeboeretal.,2014)。微（纳米）塑料作为一类商品化的含碳异质性材料，不同类型的微（纳米）塑料，其聚合物单体的基本组成不同，从而导致其极性和疏水性不同；对于同一种微（纳米）塑料，其表面由于同时存在结晶区域与无定型区域，从而使其结构也有所不同。而且微（纳米）塑料不仅存在于土壤中，广泛的海洋、湖泊、河流、沙滩等都有分布，加之微（纳米）塑料组成的多样性、结构的异质性，致使其老化特性和机制更加复杂。1.3老化对微（纳米）塑料的环境行为产生影响当这些塑料聚合物的特性因老化而发生改变时，其造成的潜在的环境行的变化也引起了人们的关注。最新的研究报道了老化导致的微塑料生态毒性行为的改变。与原始微塑料相比，老化后的微塑料导致更多海洋浮游动物个体的摄入以及更高的摄入水平ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Gewert</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gewertetal.,2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>125</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620554940">125</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gewert,Berit</author><author>Plassmann,MerleM.</author><author>MacLeod,Matthew</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pathwaysfordegradationofplasticpolymersfloatinginthemarineenvironment</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience-Processes&Impacts</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience-Processes&Impacts</full-title></periodical><pages>1513-1521</pages><volume>17</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2050-7887</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000361146500001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000361146500001</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c5em00207a</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gewertetal.,2015)。在塑料生产过程中，为改善其应用性能，会加入各种有毒添加剂包括抗氧化剂、阻燃剂、着色剂等。在老化过程中，这些有毒添加剂可能从微塑料中渗出，导致生态风险。研究发现抗氧化剂是聚合物中的添加剂之一，其主要功能包括捕获聚合物在老化过程中产生的自由基，防止或阻止连锁反应，因此抗氧化剂可以在一定程度上减缓塑料的老化速度，但随着暴露时间的增加，添加剂的浸出会降低聚合物的耐药性，从而可能加快微塑料的老化速率ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Nakashima</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>121</RecNum><DisplayText>(Nakashimaetal.,2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>121</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620553740">121</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nakashima,Etsuko</author><author>Isobe,Atsuhiko</author><author>Kako,Shin'ichiro</author><author>Itai,Takaaki</author><author>Takahashi,Shin</author><author>Guo,Xinyu</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Thepotentialofoceanictransportandonshoreleachingofadditive-derivedleadbymarinemacro-plasticdebris</title><secondary-title>MarinePollutionBulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MarinePollutionBulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>333-339</pages><volume>107</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Jun15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0025-326X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000377726700053</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000377726700053</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.038</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Nakashimaetal.,2016)。除了添加剂的释放外，老化过程中产生的含氧基团导致微（纳米）塑料表面极性以及亲水性的增加，可能会进一步影响其吸附特性。Liu等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><CiteExcludeAuth="1"><Author>Liu</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>118</RecNum><DisplayText>(2019b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>118</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p9adsxwr7fa09rez5ecpxdsazfr522a9xr0a"timestamp="1620527915">118</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Liu,Jin</author><author>Zhang,Tong</author><author>Tian,Lili</author><author>Liu,Xinlei</author><author>Qi,Zhichong</author><author>Ma,Yini</author><author>Ji,Rong</author><author>Chen,Wei</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AgingSignificantlyAffectsMobilityandContaminant-MobilizingAbilityofNanoplasticsinSaturatedLoamySand</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScience&Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>5805-5815</pages><volume>53</volume><number>10</number><dates><year>2019</year><pub-dates><date>May21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-936X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000469288100032</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000469288100032</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1021/acs.est.9b00787</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(2019b)研究发现老化后的聚苯乙烯纳米塑料（PSNPs）通过不同的机理增强了其与非极性以及极性化合物的结合，对于非极性污染物结合的增加，主要是由于老化引起PSNPs聚合结构的改性导致了缓慢的解吸动力学；而对于极性化合物的吸附，则是通过不可逆的极性相互作用（例如氢键）介导。因此，微（纳米）塑料进入到环境中由于老化作用改变其环境行为，势必也会影响到与矿物的交互作用。参考文献：ACOSTAR,FIERROV,DEYUSOAM,etal.2016.TetracyclineadsorptionontoactivatedcarbonsproducedbyKOHactivationoftyrepyrolysischar.Chemosphere[J],149:168-176.AL-AHMARISD,WATSONK,FONGBN,etal.2018.Adsorptionkineticsof4-n-nonylphenolonhematiteandgoethite.JournalofEnvironmentalChemicalEngineering[J],6:4030-4036.ALIMIOS,BUDARZJF,HERNANDEZLM,etal.2018.MicroplasticsandNanoplasticsinAquaticEnvironments:Aggregation,Deposition,andEnhancedContaminantTransport.EnvironmentalScience&Technology[J],52:1704-1724.AVENAMJ,KOOPALLK1999.Kineticsofhumicacidadsorptionatsolid-waterinterfaces.EnvironmentalScience&Technology[J],33:2739-2744.BLESAMA,BORGHIEB,MAROTOAJG,etal.1984.AdsorptionofEDTAandiron—EDTAcomplexesonmagnetiteandthemechanismofdissolutionofmagnetitebyEDTA.JournalofColloidandInterfaceScience[J],98:295-305.BURSTEINGT1997.Theironoxides:Structure,properties,reactions,occurrenceanduses:R.M.CornellandU.Schwertmann.573pp.VCH,WeinheimandNewYork,1996.ISBN:3-527-28576-8.CorrosionScience[J],39:1499-1500.CAIL,WANGJ,PENGJ,etal.2018a.ObservationofthedegradationofthreetypesofplasticpelletsexposedtoUVirradiationinthreedifferentenvironments.ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment[J],628-629:740-747.CAIM,HEH,LIUM,etal.2018b.Lostbutcan'tbeneglected:Hugequantitiesofsmallmicroplasticshidei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