从奈达功能对等理论看翻译策略的运用及意义-以《包法利夫人》许渊冲版本为例

Analysis

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Nida's

Functional

Equivalence

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Madame

Bovary

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Xu

Yuanchong从奈达功能对等理论看翻译策略的运用及意义——以《包法利夫人》许渊冲版本为例摘要本这篇论文是奈达功能对等理论的实践分析报告，参考分析作品为《包法利夫人》，中文参考版本为许渊冲译。主要分析内容为从奈达功能对等理论看翻译策略的运用及意义。本报告的目的是在功能对等理论的指导下，将中文译版《包法利夫人》与英文原版做分析。《包法利夫人》被列为世界十大文学作品之一，是19世纪法国小说史的一个标志性转折，而且在世界范围影响了小说这个文学体裁在此后一个多世纪的演变和发展过程。

本报告案列分析的第一部分为词汇，分别从直译、意译、增词法等方面举例分析中文词汇翻译与英文原版词汇所表达的含义是否一致。第二部分为文化，文化差异即是指因地区异同，各地区人们因各自所特有的文化而产生的差异。吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德认为:文化是在一个环境中的人们共同的心理程序，不是一种个体特征，而是具有相同的教育和生活经验的许多人所共有的心理程序不同的群体、区域或国家的这种程序互有差异。文学作品是对一个国家文化反映的有力表现形式，而是否能将原文文化展现出来与译语文化相对性至关重要。最后是在句法层面进行举例分析，长句拆译，短句合译和语序调整为主，分析文章的连贯性，采取合适的翻译方法做到功能对等。在此次翻译实践分析的过程中，笔者对奈达的功能对等理论有了进一步的认识，同时也了解了在英汉翻译中该理论的意义所在，并且在实践分析中掌握了相关实用的翻译技巧。同时，此次的实践分析也让笔者认识到了知识储备的重要性，也让笔者明白要不断的学习以提升自我，也要夯实基础，尊重文化差异，做文化传播的桥梁。关键词：功能对等理论；翻译策略；《包法利夫人》AbstractThispaperisapracticalanalysisreportofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory.ThereferenceanalysisworkisMadameBovaryandtheChinesereferenceversionistranslatedbyXuYuanchong.ThemainanalysiscontentistheapplicationandsignificanceoftranslationstrategiesfromNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory.ThepurposeofthisreportistoanalyzetheChinesetranslationofMadameBovaryandtheoriginalEnglishversionundertheguidanceoffunctionalequivalencetheory.MadameBovaryislistedasoneofthetoptenliteraryworksintheworld.ItisalandmarkturninthehistoryofFrenchfictioninthe19thcentury,andithasaffectedtheevolutionanddevelopmentoftheliterarygenreinthefollowingcentury.Thefirstpartofthecaseanalysisofthisreportisvocabulary,whichanalyzeswhetherthemeaningsexpressedbytheChinesevocabularytranslationandtheoriginalEnglishvocabularyarethesameintermsofliteraltranslation,freetranslation,andwordaddition.Thesecondpartisculture.Culturaldifferencesaredifferencesbetweenpeopleindifferentregionsduetotheiruniquecultures.GeertHofstedebelievesthatcultureisapsychologicalprocesscommontopeopleinanenvironment,notanindividualcharacteristic,butapsychologicalprocesssharedbymanypeoplewiththesameeducationandlifeexperience.Differentgroups,regionsorcountries,theseproceduresdifferfromeachother.Literaryworksareapowerfulexpressionofthecultureofacountry,andwhethertheoriginalculturecanbeshowntoberelativelyrelativetothetargetcultureiscrucial.Thelastpartisanexampleanalysisatthesyntacticlevel.Longsentencedeconstruction,shortsentenceconjugationandwordorderadjustmentaremainlyusedtoanalyzethecoherenceofthearticleandadoptappropriatetranslationmethodstoachievefunctionalequivalence.Duringtheanalysisoftranslationpractice,thewriterhasabetterunderstandingofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,andalsounderstandsthesignificanceofthetheoryinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,andhasmasteredrelevantpracticaltranslationskillsinpracticalanalysis.Atthesametime,thispracticalanalysisalsomadethewtiterrealizetheimportanceofknowledgereserve,andalsomademeunderstandthatwemustcontinuetolearntoimproveourselves,alsolayasolidfoundation,respectculturaldifferences,andserveasabridgeforculturalcommunication.Keywords:FunctionalEquivalenceTheory;TranslationStrategy;MadamBovary

ContentsIntroduction1.SelectedTopic12.TextIntroduction13.ThesisStructure2Chapter1AnOverviewofNida'sFunctionalEquivalenceTheory1.1TheDefinitionofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory31.2PrincipleoftheFunctionalEquivalenceTheory3Chapter2TheApplicationofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory2.1FunctionalEquivalenceattheLexicalLevel52.1.1LiteralTranslationofWords52.1.2FreeTranslation62.1.3PositiveandNegativeTranslation82.1.4Amplification82.2FunctionalEquivalenceattheCulturalLevel92.3FunctionalEquivalenceattheSyntacticLevel102.3.1Division102.3.2Combination112.3.3Inversion...12Chapter3ConclusionBibliography15IntroductionSelectedtopicThenovelisakindofliterarygenre.Itfocusesonthecharactersanddisplaysthestyleofthetimesthroughthenarrativeoftheenvironmentandthecharactersandtheirthoughts.Thenovel'sexpressivenessisstrongandthecharactersarevividlyexpressed.Theresearchobjectofthisarticle,MadameBovary,showsthesocialandsocialtrendsofFranceinthe19thcentury.ThenovelisbasedontheheroineEmma'spursuitofthelegendaryloveinthebook,endingwithhersuicide.WhetheritisthedescriptionoftheprotagonistEmmaandherhusband,Mr.Bovary,orthedescriptionofEmma'slover,theauthor'slanguageofFlauberthasbroughtthereaderintotheplotofthebook,empathy,veryresearchvalue.TextintroductionTheobjectofthisthesisisthenovelMadameBovarywrittenbytheFrenchfamilyGustavFlaubert,oneoftheworld'stoptenliterarymasterpiecespublishedbyYilinPublishingHouse.Thenumberofwordsisabout279000.ThetranslatedversionisXuYuanchong'stranslationofMadameBovarypublishedbyYilinPress.Inthe1940s,itwastheperiodwhenthecapitalistsystemwasestablishedinWesternEurope.TheFrenchbourgeoisiealsogaineditsdominanceafterthe"JulyRevolution",andwiththegradualadvancementoftheindustrialrevolution,Frenchcapitalismwasverygreatdevelopment,industrialandagriculturalhavemadegreatprogressduringthisperiod.ThenovelisadepictionofthesocialstyleoftheFrenchSecondEmpireafterthebourgeoisiewasfullyvictoriousin1848.Thenovelisbasedontherealthing:avillagedoctor'swife'sdrugcase.FlaubertwroteMadameBovaryforfouryears.In1856,MadameBovarywaspublishedintheParisJournal.TheworktellsthestoryofafarmerfemaleEmmawhohasbeeneducatedbyaristocrats.Shedespisedthehusbandofthetownshipdoctor,Bovary,dreamingoflegendarylove.However,hertwo-degreeaffairnotonlybroughtherhappiness,butalsomadeherselfthetargetoftheusurer.Intheend,shewaslikeamountain,andshehadnochoicebuttotakethepoison.Hereisapeacheventthatiscommoninbothlifeandliterature.ThedeathofEmmaisnotonlyherowntragedy,butalsothetragedyofthatera.Theauthorusesdelicatebrushstrokestodescribetheprocessoftheprotagonist'semotionaldecline,andstrivestofindthesocialrootsthatcausethistragedy.(百度百科/item/%E5%8C%85%E6%B3%95%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA/4712?fr=aladdin#2）MadameBovarynotonlycriticizedthevulgarromanticismofthetimebutalsorevealedthehypocrisyofthebourgeoisieatthattime.ThesisstructureThisarticleisdividedintofourparts.Thefirstpartistheintroduction.Inthischapter,mainlyintroducethereasonsforchoosingMrs.Bovaryandgiveanoverviewofthearticle.ThesecondpartisanintroductiontoNida'sfunctionaltheory.Inthischapter,Nida'sfunctionaltheoryiselaborated,includingthedefinitionofthetheoryandthemainresearchdirections,andbrieflyexplainsthereasonsandadvantagesofapplyingthetheory.Thethirdpartistheapplicationoffunctionaltheoryinthearticle.Inthischapter,thetranslationskillsoffunctionalkinetictheoryarereflectedintranslationtranslation,includingvocabulary,syntaxandculture.Vocabularyisanalyzedfromfouraspects:literaltranslation,freetranslation,wordadditionandpositiveandnegativetranslation.Syntaxistheanalysisofsentencestructure,longsentencetranslation,shortsentencetranslationandwordorderadjustment.Cultureistheequivalentofthehistoricalreferencecorrespondingtotheoriginalversion.Thefourthpartisasummary.Itincludesthedifficultiesencounteredintheresearch,hisownexperience,thecommunicationwiththetutor,thestateofmindofthetheoreticalanalysis,thepracticeofthewritingofthethesis,andsuggestionsandopinionsonthetranslationofthelaternovels.

Chapter1AnOverviewofNida'sFunctionalEquivalenceTheory1.1TheDefinitionofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryTranslationisabridgebetweendifferentlanguagesandithasalonghistory.Thecommunicationbetweenlanguagesmusttakesintoaccountthedifferentexpressionsofthesamemeaningbetweendifferentlanguages,sothereistheconceptoflanguageequivalence.Nidaseestranslationasacommunicationactivity,whichmeansthat“translationinvolvesrecreatingthenaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguage(SL)intherecipientlanguage,firstintermsofmeaning,secondlyintermsofstyle”(Nida,1967:178).Nidadivideslanguagefunctionsintoninecategories,namely,performance,cognition,interpersonal,information,imperative,behavioral,emotional,aesthetic,andself-explanatoryfunctions.Equivalencecannotbelimitedtothetextitself,andjudgingwhetheritisequivalentismainlyduetothereader'spsychologicalreaction.Inhisview,translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetehclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-languagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.(Nida,1969).ChinesetranslationmasterFuLeipaysattentiontothe"likeness"inthetranslation.Toacertainextent,itisrelatedtothe"style"thatNidapaysattentionto.Nidawrotein‘Language,CultureandTranslation":"Whetheritistranslatedinyournativelanguageortranslatedinyourownlanguage,theprimaryconsiderationoftranslationisathoroughunderstandingofthemeaningandfunctionofthesourcelanguagetext’.(Nida,1993:114).1.2PrincipleofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryInthetranslatedworks,whatthereaderswanttoseeistheequivalentratherthanthewordforwordtranslationofthesourcelanguage.NidacarefullyanalyzesthedifferentculturesinTranslation-thesourcecultureandthetargetculture.Thereareahugedifferencebetweenthetwocultures,notonlyculture,butalsolanguagehabits,waysofthinkingandsoon.Furthermore,Nidaputforwardhistheoryofequivalenceequivalence,formalequivalenceanddynamicequivalence.Dynamicequivalenceiswhatwecallfunctionalequivalence.Inhisopinion,thetranslationshouldbebasedontheideas,cultureandotheraspectsexpressedbytheoriginalauthorinthework,sothatthetargetreaderscanunderstand,notlikeaheadlessfly,unabletofindthelogicofthearticle.HuJuhuabelievesthatthereisaclearboundarybetweenthehighestlevelequivalenceandthelowestlevelequivalenceinNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,andtheirstartingpointsarealsodifferent(HuJuhua134).Thehighestlevelofequivalencemeansthatthetargetreaderscanenjoyaworkasmuchastheoriginalreaders.Fouraspectsofequivalenceareproposed:1.Lexicalequivalence.2.Syntacticequivalence.3.Chapterequivalence.4.Stylisticequivalence(GuoJianzhong2000:67).Theseprincipleshavealmostbecomethemostbasicprinciplesofequivalenceintranslation.Herewillstudythemfromthreeaspects:vocabulary,syntaxandculture.

Chapter2TheApplicationofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryForthetranslationofnovels,weshouldnotonlytranslatetheoriginalwordsandsentences,butalsotheoriginalauthor'sthoughtsandfeelingsandthepotentialmeaningoftheoriginaltext.Becausewearenotthereadersoftheoriginaltext,wecannotunderstandandexperienceanotherculture,whichrequirestranslatorstotranslatethemonebyonetopromotethedevelopmentofthestory.Theartistryofthenovelandthestrongstructuralpowerofthecharactersarehighlightedthroughthedescriptionofpsychologyandenvironment.ThischapterwilldiscussestheapplicationoffunctionalequivalenceinthetranslationofMadameBovary.2.1FunctionalEquivalenceattheLexicalLevelThecorepartoftraditionalgrammarisvocabulary(ZhangQijian,2006).Englishtranslationactivitieswillinvolvetwolanguageforms,anditisimportanttoensurefunctionalityduringthetranslationprocess,andthesemanticlevelisequivalent.(PengQi,2018).Undertheguidanceoffunctionalequivalencetheory,translatorsusetranslationprinciplessuchasliteraltranslation,freetranslation,andtranslationofadditionandsubtractionwordstoensurethetranslationofthetranslatedversionandtheoriginaltext,sothatthetwolanguagesareattheleveloflexicalmeaning.Canbeequal.Literaltranslation,freetranslationandtransliterationarethemethodologicalissuesoftranslation.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaremajorissuesintranslationtheoryandoneofthemostbasictopicsintranslationpractice.Herewediscussthefunctionalequivalenceofthelexicallevelintermsofthefourlevelsofliteraltranslation,freetranslation,positiveandnegativetranslationandwordaddition.2.1.1LiteralTranslationofWordsZhuGuangqianthought:"theso-called"literaltranslation"referstotheliteraltranslationaccordingtotheoriginaltext,onesentenceatatime,andthewordsandsentencesdonotchangeinthesecondplace."(《翻译通讯》编辑部，1984b：362).InhiscourseofEnglishChinesetranslation,Feng Qinghuasaidthatliteraltranslationisatranslationmethodorstylethatkeepsthecontentandformoftheoriginaltext.Thatistosay,weshouldfollowtheorderandmeaningoftheoriginalwhentranslating,soastoachievetheequivalencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginal.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationarethemostcommonlyandfrequentlyusedtranslationmethods.Andliteraltranslationrequiresthatboththeformandthecontentoftheoriginalbemaintained.(FengQinghua,2002).What’smorewhendoingtranslationwork,thetranslatorhastheresponsibilitytoshowthecultureandstyleoftheoriginaltextandkeepthelanguagecharacteristicstothereadersandkeep.(TanZaixi,2004:40).例：Thoughshewasugly,asdryasabone,herfacewithasmanypimplesasthespringhasbuds.MadameDubuchadnosuitors.（Flaubert,09）Translation：杜比克家的寡妇虽然长得丑，骨瘦如柴，满脸的疙瘩像春天发芽的树枝，但并不愁嫁不出去，供她挑选的还不乏其人。（许渊冲,2015：10）Intheabovesentence,theoriginalmeaningoftheword‘pimples’is‘asmallraisedspotontheskinwhichistemporary’;theoriginalmeaningoftheword‘buds’is‘asmallpartofaplant,thatdevelopsintoaflowerorleaf’,thetextdescribesthefaceofMadameDubikeDescriptive,fulloffaces,ugly.Theoriginalmeaningofthetwowordswaspreservedduringtranslation,whichfurtherhighlightedtheuglinessofMadameDubike.Charlesfinishedbyrisinginhisownesteemforpossessingsuchawife。（Flaubert,36）Translation：有了这样的一个妻子，夏尔也终于觉得夫以妻贵。（许渊冲，2015：34）Intheabovesentence,theoriginalmeaningoftheword‘rising’is‘tomoveuowards’;theoriginalmeaningoftheword‘esteemis‘respectforagoodopinionofsomeone’.Inthedescriptionofthearticle,Charlesisabletodothis.Thewifeisproudandfeelsthatherworthhasalsorisen.Thetranslationusesthecombinationofthetwowordsrisingandesteem.Theword"贵"inthe"夫以妻贵"istheprideoftheprotagonist,andthesatisfactionofthehero.The"夫以妻贵"originatedfromtheChineselanguage"母凭子贵"tellsthestoryoftheancientChinesewomenwhogavebirthtotheirsons,andtheiridentityhasalsoincreased.Borrowingsuchlanguagetranslationhasnarrowedthedistancewithreaders.2.1.2FreeTranslationInhisEnglishChinesetranslationcourse,FengQinghuasaid:inmanycases,thelanguageoftheoriginal(orthetargetlanguage)andthelanguageoftheoriginal(ortheinitiallanguage)donotusethesameformofexpressiontoreflectthesamecontent,letaloneproducethesameeffect.Inthiscase,itisgenerallybettertousefreetranslation.Everynationallanguagehasitsownvocabulary,syntacticstructureandexpressionmethod.Whenthereisacontradictionbetweentheideologicalcontentoftheoriginaltextandtheexpressionformofthetranslation,freetranslationshouldbeused.Freetranslationrequiresthatthetargettextcanexpresstheoriginalcontentcorrectly,butitcannotsticktotheoriginalform(FengQinghua,2002).Weusedtofromthedoortotossthemundertheform,sothattheyhitagainstthewallandmadealotofdust:itwas“thething.”（Flaubert,01）Translation：我们平时有个习惯，一跨过门槛，就把帽子扔在长凳底下，并且还要靠墙，掀起一片尘土；这已经成为规矩了。（许渊冲，2015：03）Intheabovesentence,theoriginalmeaningoftheword‘thething’is‘thisthing’.Theoriginalmeaningisplacedinthesentencetomakethesemanticsdifferent.Theoriginalauthorwantstoexpressthattheboyshavedevelopedhabits,soasnottohinderthematter.Thehatwasthrownonthefloorintheclassroom.Translatingthissentenceintoa‘rule’isareflectionoftheboys'respectforthishabit,andregardsitasanormandarule.Itwouldnowbeimpossibleforanyofustorememberanythingabouthim.（Flaubert,06）Translation：时过境迁，我们现在谁也不记得他的事了。（许渊冲，2015：08）Theoriginalmeaningoftheword‘impossible’is‘ifanactionoreventisimpossible,itcannonthappenorbeachieved’.Theauthorwantstoexpressthattimehaspassedfortoolong.Noonecanrememberthatthereishimabouthimnow.It’sup.Intranslation,translatingitinto"时过境迁"hasmorestraightforwardexpressionoftheconceptoftime.“he’llbeinthesecond.”（Flaubert,01）Translation：让他上五年级吧。（许渊冲，2015：03）Theoriginalmeaningoftheword"second"is"immediatelyafterthefirstandbeforeanyothers".XuYuanchongtranslateditas"gradefive",becauseoftheFrenchschoolsystem.InFrance,primaryandsecondaryschoolsareten-yearsystem,gradeoneisthehighestclass,andgradeoneisthemostbasicclass.IftheFrenchandChinesereaderscan'tunderstandthetranslationaccordingtotheoriginal"second",thedirecttranslationinto"fifthgrade"iseasytounderstand,whichalsocorrespondstotheschoolsystemofourcountry.Shetoldstories,gavethemnews,wenterrandsinthetown,andontheslylentthebiggirlssomenovel,thatshealwayscarriedinthepocketsofherapron,andofwhichthegoodladyherselfswallowedlongchaptersintheintervalsofherwork.（Flaubert,32）Translation：她讲故事，讲新闻，替你上街买东西，私下里把围裙口袋里藏着的小说，借给大姑娘看，她自己也是女红一歇手，就一口气读上长长的一章。Itcanbeseenfromthecontextthatherworkreferstodoingneedlework.Here,translating“herwork”into"女红"ismoresuitableforreaders'understandingthan"herwork"，because“女红”alsoreferstoneedleworkinChineseculture.2.1.3PositiveandNegativeTranslationDuetodifferencesincountry,history,geography,socialandculturalbackground,ChineseandEnglishlanguagesareverydifferentinexpressingpositiveandnegativeremarks.Inparticular,Englishismorecomplicatedintheexpressionofnegativemeaning.Especiallywhenthetwolanguagesaretranslated,thesentencebeingsaidintheoriginaltextmayhavetobeprocessedintoacounter-report,oritmaybemoreappropriatetouseacounter-report,andviceversa.Sousingforwardandreversetranslationatthistimeisthebestoption.1.Hiswifehadadoredhimonceonatime,shehadboredhimhadathousandservilitiesthathadonlyestrangedhimthemore.（Flaubert,04）Translation:他的妻子从前爱他简直着了魔，简直是对他百依百顺；不料她越着他，他却越远着她。（许渊冲，2015：07）Themeaningoftheword"bored"intheaboveis"feelingtiredandunhappybecausesomethingisnotinterestingorbecauseyouhavenothingtodo";themeaningoftheword"estranged"is"ifyouareestrangedfromyourfamilyorfriendsthenyouHaveseriouslyarguedwiththemancarenolongerfriendlywiththem,"iftheoriginaltranslationis"他的妻子从前爱他着了魔，对他百依百顺而这却将他推得更远了"Inthesentence,theauthorwantstoexpressthemeaningthattheprotagonistCharles'swifehasdeepfeelingsandunconditionalobediencetohim,butheismoredisgustedwiththegentlenessofhiswife'sobedience,graduallygettingboredandtakingtheinitiativetoalienate.TheuseofpositiveandnegativetranslationstotranslatethissentenceexpressesMr.Charles’simpatienceandboredomwithhiswife.2.1.4AmplificationAddingvocabularyisoneofthemostcommontranslationtechniquesintranslation.Itreferstodifferentwaysofthinking,languagehabitsandexpressionsinEnglishandChinese.Itaddssomewords,shortsentencesorsentencestothetranslationtomoreaccuratelyexpresstheoriginaltext.Containsthemeaning.Shehadlovedhimafterall.（Flaubert,17）Translation:说来说去，她到底爱过他。（许渊冲，2015：17）"Afterall"originallymeant"despiteearlierproblemsordoubts",andXutranslateditas"说来说去"toexpressthementalityofMr.Charles'swifemorethoroughly.Shehadlovedhimandthehelplessnessofthepresent.Didnotlove,likeIndianplants,needaspecialsoil,aparticulartemperature.（Flaubert,52）Translation:难道爱情不像印度的花木一样，需要精耕细作的土壤，特别温暖的气候？（许渊冲，2015：50）Theoriginalmeaningsofthewords"special"and"particular"intheabovesentencesarenotordinaryorusual.Xutranslateditinto"精耕细作"and"特别温暖"tomodify"soil"and"temperature".Italsoimpliesthatloveneedscarefulcare“Whataman!Whataman!”shesaidinalowvoice,bitingherlips.（Flaubert,55）Translation：“居然有这样的窝囊废！窝囊废！”她咬着嘴唇，低声说道。（许渊冲，2015：52）“Whataman!Whataman!”wasputinto“居然有这样的窝囊废！窝囊废！”Accordingtothecontext,thissentenceisMrs.Bovary’sangerforMadameBovary’sactions,andheisdeeplyimpressedbyhim.Translatingitinto"thesacredwaste"willshowMrs.Bovaryhisgnashingofhishatredofiron.2.2FunctionalequivalenceattheculturallevelBasedontheguidanceofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,inthetranslationofEnglish,thefunctionalequivalenceoftheculturallevelisanimportantcomponent.Languageandculturearecomplementaryandinseparable.(ZhuXushuang).Thetranslationofliteraryworksisnotonlyadisplayofthecontentofhisworks,butalsoamanifestationofthecultureofothercountries,whichisexpressedinanotherlanguage.Thus,culturalequivalenceisalsoanimportantpartoffunctionalequivalencetheory.Thosewhowerebeginningtogrowoldhadanairofyouth,whiletherewassomethingmatureinthefacesoftheyoung.（Flaubert,45）Translation：那些不知老之将至的人，看起来显得年轻，而年轻人的脸上却显出少年老成的神气。（许渊冲，2015：44）Inthelastsentence,theauthorwantstoexpressthatthosewhoareolderseemtobeyounginappearance,whileyoungpeoplearepretendingtobeold.Inthetranslationofthissentence,Xuchosetwoidioms,"不知老之将至"and"少年老成"."不知老之将至"comesfromTheAnalectsofConfucius（《论语·述而》），meaningthatIdon'tknowthattheoldageiscoming,unconsciously.SuddenlyIfoundthatIamgettingolder;"少年老成"comesfromtheHanDynastyZhaoWeiThreeSupplementsWeikang,（汉代赵岐《三辅决录·韦康》）meaningthattheyoungpeoplearematureandstable,andtheylooklikeexperiencedelders(BaiduEncyclopedia).ThesetwoidiomsmakethetranslationclosertoChineseculture,andalsomakereadersmoreunderstandableandclosetotheoriginal.（百度百科）Hecalledher“mywife”,tutoyedher.（tutoyedusedthefamiliarformofaddress.Flaubert,26）Translation：他亲亲热热地叫她“娘子”。（许渊冲，2015：25）"娘子"isakindofnicknameforherwifeinancientChina.Forexample,thethirdandfifthtimesofTheHistoryoftheConfucianScholars.Xutranslated‘mywife’into"娘子",theprotagonistLeeexpressedhisloveforhiswifeandmadethereaderfeeltheloveswungfromthedreamtodream,fromsadnesstosadness.Translation：从梦里来到梦里去，旧恨才下眉头，新愁又上心头。"旧恨才下眉头，新愁又上心头"isawordborrowedfromLiQingzhao,afamouspoetessofSongDynastyinChina,"才下眉头，却上心头",whichisquitefamousinChina.Itexpressesthethoughtofthinkingaboutyou.Justputitdown,itdisappearsfrommybrain,butflowstomyheart,orIcan'tletyougo.ThiskindofAcaciacan'tbedismissed.Xuborrowsthisword,whichmakesreadershaveamorevividunderstandingofEmma'slovesickness.2.3FunctionalequivalenceatthesyntacticlevelTheseparationandcombinationofsentencesistheconstraintonthesyntacticstructureoftheoriginaltext.ThestructureofChineseandEnglishsentencesisdifferent.Thetranslatingoflongsentencesandthetranslationofshortsentencesaremoreconducivetothesmoothtranslation.2.3.1DivisionInNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,sentencelevelequivalenceisalsoanimportantpart.Sentenceequivalenceismoreconducivetoreaders'understandingofthearticle.Longsentencesaretranslatedintotheoriginallongsentencesfortranslation.BecauseinChineseexpressionhabits,theprimaryandsecondaryareclear,soitisnecessarytointerpretlongsentencesintranslationtoconformtoChineseexpressionhabits.Generallyspeaking,therearemorelongsentencesinEnglishandmoreshortsentencesinChinese.Englishpostmodifiersaresometimesverylong,whileChinesemodifiersareusuallypostmodifiers,nottoolong.Therefore,inmanycases,thetranslationoflongsentencesinEnglishusuallyadoptsthemethodofsubtranslation,whichtranslateslongsentencesintoshortsentences.IfthereisnochangeinthetranslationoflongsentencesintheChineseoriginal,thetargetreaderswillbeconfused.Onthefinesummerevenings,atthetimewhentheclosestreetsareempty,whentheservantsareplayingshuttle-cockatthedoors,heopenedhiswindowsandleanedout.Theriver,thatmakesofthisquarterofRouenawretchedlittleVenice,flowedbeneathhim,betweenthebridgesandtherailings,yellow,violet,orblue.（Flaubert,08）Translation：到来夏天的美好黄昏时刻，闷热的街头巷尾都空荡荡的，只有女佣大门口踢毽子。他打开窗户，看见底下的小河流过桥梁栅栏,颜色有黄有紫有蓝，是卢昂这个街区变成了见不得人的小威尼斯。（许渊冲，2015：09）Thelongsentencesarecomplicatedandnotconducivetotranslation.Therefore,Xudecomposesthislongsentenceintotranslation,andsingsthesceneryafterdusk.Thelanguageissmoothandsmooth,theprimaryandsecondarydistinctions,andthetranslationconformstoChinesethinking.Seenthuscloselyhereyeslookedtohimenlarged,especiallywhen,onwakingup,sheopenedandshutthemrapidlymanytimes.Blackinshade,darkblueinboarddaylight,theyhad,asitwere,depthsofdifferentcolours,that,darkerinthecentre,grewpalertowardsthesurfaceoftheeye.（Flaubert,29）Translation：从近处看来，她的眼睛显得更大，特别是在她一连几次睁开眼皮，欲醒未醒的时候；眼珠在阴影中是黑色的，在阳光下却变成了深蓝，仿佛具有一层层深浅不同的颜色，越靠里首越浓，越接近表面的珐琅质就越淡。（许渊冲，2015：27）Decipheringlongsentencestoachieveprogressiveeffects,lettheheroBovarypraisethewordsofhiswifeEmma,andatthesametimevividlydepictMrs.Bovary'seyes,differentcolorsandexotic.2.3.2CombinationTheso-calledcombinationreferstothecombinationoftwoormorewordsintheoriginaltextintoaword,thecombinationoftwoormoresimplesentencesintoasentence,ortheexpressionofacompoundsentenceinthetranslationwithasinglesentence.Therearegreatdifferencesinsyntacticstruct