从文化维度理论浅析中美文化差异-以《初来乍到》为例

从文化维度理论浅析中美文化差异——以《初来乍到》为例Sino-USCulturalDifferencesfromtheTheoryofCulturalDimensions——TakeFreshofftheBoatasanExample.Introduction1.1PlotofFreshofftheBoat“Freshofftheboat”,thetitleoftheshow,isacolloquialtermforanewgenerationofimmigrantswhohavecometoAmericainpursuitoftheAmericandream.FreshofftheBoatisanewAmericanTVseriesreleasedinFebruary2015,basedonChinese-AmericanchefEddieHuang’smemoirFreshofftheBoat,focusesonaTaiwanesefamilythatsettledinOrlandointhe1990s.ThesonofTaiwaneseimmigrants,Mr.HuanggrewuplovingeverythingaboutAmerica,especiallyhip-hop.Hisfatherwaswellintegrated,buthismotherwasoftenconfusedbywhiteculture.Hisfather,whorananall-Americanchainofsteakhouses,andhisfamilysharedtheAmericandream.Atthesametime,theystruggletomaintaintheirnationalidentityandtheintegrityoftheirfamilies.“New”toAmericancultureasthebackground,EddieisarepresentativeofChineseculture,whentwocompletelydifferentculturesmeetandneedtoblendlivetogether,becauseofculturalbackgroundleadtodifferentbehaviors,suchaslifestyle,eatinghabits,religiousbeliefsandsoonbegantocollide,evenconflict.Asaresult,inthisfunnysitcom,culturalconflictsalsopermeatetheculturalbackground.1.2PurposeandsignificanceTheAmericandramaFreshofftheBoatwasadaptedfromtheChinese-AmericanchefEddieHuang’smemoirFreshOfftheBoat:AMemoir.ThescenewassetupinawhitecommunityinFlorida,USAbetween1995and1997,andtheprotagonistwastheEddieHuangfamily.EddieHuang’sparentsareallTaiwaneseimmigrantsandEddieHuang’sfather,whostartedhisownbusinessintherestaurant,movedhisfamilyfromWashington,Chinatown,toOrlando,Florida,inotherwordsmovedfromaChinesecommunitytoapurewhitecommunity.Asaresult,therehavebeenmanyincompatibilities.IntheprocessofadaptingAmericanculturetotheEddieHuangfamily,wecanseethedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculturesandtheproblemsthatmayariseinsuchinterculturalcommunication.ThisarticlewilluseHofstede'sculturaldimensiontheorytoexploretheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesreflectedinFreshofftheBoat,tryingtosumupthepossibleproblemsandcorrespondingcountermeasuresofinterculturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.HofstedehasestablishedfourdimensionsofnationalculturewithIBMemployeesassubjects.OnthebasisofthestudyofCanadianscholarMikePeng,thetheoryofculturaldimensionwassupplemented,andfinallyformedpowerdistance,individualismversuscollectivism,femininityversusmasculinity,uncertaintyavoidance,long-termversusshort-termorientationtofivedimensions.Thisarticlewillproceedfromthefiveaspectsofpowerdistance,uncertaintyavoidance,individualismversuscollectivism,femininityversusmasculinity,long-termversusshort-termorientation,andexploretheaspectsoftheEddieHuangfamilywhohavemaintainedthefoundationofChinesecultureintheprocessoffacingAmericanculture.Culturalconflicts,whichreflectthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericancultures,willbringussomeinspirationsforconductingcross-culturalcommunicationbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates.2.Literaturereview2.1CulturaldimensiontheoryHofstede’sculturaldimensionstheoryisaframeworkproposedbyDutchpsychologistGeertHofstedetomeasureculturaldifferencesindifferentcountries.Hebelievesthatcultureisapsychologicalprocessthatpeopleshareinanenvironmentandcandistinguishagroupofpeoplefromothers.Throughresearch,hesummarizedthedifferencesamongdifferentculturesintofourbasicdimensionsofculturalvalues.From1967to1973,Hofstedeconductedalarge-scalesurveyofculturalvaluesatthefamousmultinationalcompanyIBM(internationalbusinessmachinescorporation).HisteamconductedtworoundsofsurveysofIBMemployeesin72countries,handingoutmorethan116,000questionnairesinmorethantwodozenlanguagesandreceivinganswers.Thefocusofthesurveyandanalysisisthedifferencesinvaluesofemployeesindifferentcountries.In1980,Hofstedepublishedamagnumopusonculturalinfluence:atransnationalcomparisonofvalues,behaviors,institutionsandorganizations.Later,headoptedscholarslikepenmacktosupplementhistheoryandsummarizedfivedimensionsofmeasuringvalues.Powerdistancereferstothedegreetowhichpeopleoflowstatusinasocietyaccepttheunequaldistributionofpowerinsocietyororganization.Duetothedifferentunderstandingofpowerindifferentcountries,therearegreatdifferencesinthisdimension.Europeansandamericansdonotvaluepowerverymuch,theyvalueindividualabilitymore.However,Asiancountriesattachimportancetothebindingforceofpowerduetotherelationshipofsystem.Uncertaintyavoidancereferstowhetherasocietycanavoidandcontroluncertaintythroughformalchannelswhenthreatenedbyuncertaineventsandunconventionalenvironments.Cultureswithahighdegreeofavoidancevalueauthority,status,seniority,age,etc.,andtrytoavoidthesesituationsbyprovidinggreateroccupationalsafety,establishingmoreformalrules,nottoleratingextremeviewsandbehaviors,trustinginabsoluteknowledgeandexpertassessment.Cultureswithlowlevelsofavoidancearemoretolerantofaberrantbehaviorandopinions,havefewerrulesandregulations,andallowforthesimultaneousexistenceofdifferentopinionsinphilosophyandreligion.Individualismversuscollectivismdimensionisthemeasureofasocietyistofocusonpersonalinterestsorconcernstheinterestsofthecollective.Inindividualisticsocieties,relationshipsbetweenpeoplearelooseandpeopletendtocareaboutthemselvesandtheirsmallfamilies.Ontheotherhand,societieswithcollectivisttendenciespaymoreattentiontointra-grouprelationsandcareforlargefamilies.Stronginter-grouprelationscanprovidepeoplewithcontinuousprotection,whileindividualscanbeabsolutelyloyaltothegroup.Thedimensionofmasculinityversusfemininitymainlydependsonwhetherasocietyrepresentsmoremalequalitiessuchascompetitivenessandassertiveness,morefemalequalitiessuchasmodestyandcaringforothers,andthedefinitionofmaleandfemalefunctions.Thelargerthevalueofmasculinityindexis,themoreobviousthetendencyofmasculinityisandthemoreprominentthemasculinityis.Onthecontrary,itindicatestheoutstandingfemininityofthesociety.Thelong-termversusshort-termdimensionreferstothedegreetowhichmembersofaculturearewillingtodelaythefulfillmentoftheirmaterial,emotional,andsocialneeds.Thisdimensionshowstheextenttowhichamorallifeisworthpursuingwithoutanyneedforreligiontojustifyit.Thelong-termorientationindexhasastrongrelationshipwiththeeconomicgrowthofeachcountry.2.2ReviewofstudyWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofglobalization,theexchangesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStateshavemadetheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStatesmoresignificant,andmanyscholarshavejoinedintheresearch.Triandis(2001)summarizedthemainfindingsontherelationshipbetweenindividualisticculturalsyndromeandcollectivistculturalsyndromeandpersonality.Comparedwiththepeopleintheindividualismculture,peopleincollectivistculturestendtobemoredefineditselfaspartofthegroup,giveprioritytogroupgoals,paymoreattentiontothecontextinattributionandcommunicationratherthanthecontent,lessattentiontointernalprocess,ratherthantheexternalprocess,asdeterminantsofsocialbehavior,definedandmostoftherelationshipbetweenthemembersofthepublicrelations,makemoresituationalattribution,andtendtohumblemyself.WhenCarolyn(2004)comparedthevalueorientationoftheyoungestgenerationinChinaandtheUnitedStates,shefoundthattheywerehighlyopentochangeandnotsoconservative.However,theself-transcendenceoftheyoungergenerationinChinaissignificantlylowerthanthatintheUnitedStates.Atthesametime,thevaluesofthegenerationsofsocialreformandculturalrevolutionareinlinewithChina’sreformstocreateamorecompetitivemarketeconomy.Therefore,itisconcludedthatindividualvalueswillbepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationduetomajoreventsinmodernsocio-economichistory.Li(2009)proposedthatHofstede’stheoryhasbeenwidelyappliedinacademicresearchandcross-culturalpractice,butithascertainlimitationsandmayhavenewdevelopmentdirectionsinthefuture.Fromtheverybeginning,hisresearchdidnottakeintoaccountvaluesotherthanwesternvaluessuchasConfucianculturalvalues.AlthoughhelateracceptedthequestionraisedbyaCanadianpsychologistwhohadbeenworkingattheChineseuniversityofHongKongforalongtime,Pengandothers,headdedafifthdimensionrepresentingConfucianculturalvalues,butitfailedtofundamentallyeliminateitsshortcomings.Hofstede'stheoryofculturaldimensionisnotthefinalconclusion,itshouldbedevelopingcontinuously.Intheprocessofglobalization,itmaybepossibletodevelopandcreatenewculturaldimensionsfromotherlevels,suchasthemacrolevel,soastoprovidebetterandmoreappropriatepersonalizedculturaldimensionsforthegloballeadersandalllevelsincross-culturalcommunication.Tosumup,theaboveresearchachievementsofculturaldifferenceshavecertainguidingroleinexploringthistopic.Therearemanyresearchachievementsonculturaldifferencesathomeandabroad,andtheopinionsputforwardarealsodifferentfrompersontoperson.Asfarasthecurrentresearchstatusisconcerned,theresearchachievementshaveacertainguidingroleinexploringthedifferencesbetweenChineseandAmericanculturesintermsofresearchcontentsandresearchmethods.3.Comparativeanalysis3.1ControlofpowerInfamilyrelationships,EddieHuang’smother,JessicaHuang,isinanabsoluteposition.Themotherwantsthechildtoobeyherself,althoughthechildmaynotapproveofit,shestillchoosestoadapttothismodel.Inthesecondepisodeaboutthepost-hometutoringclass,EddieHuangandhisbrotherandtheirmothershavestartedthefollowingdialogue:(1)JessicaHuang:Dinnerisalmostready.YoufinishyourCLC(ChineseLearningCenter)?EddieHuang:YouknowIdidn’t.JessicaHuang:DinnerafterCLC.EddieHuang:Thissucks,rightEmery?EmeryHuang:Youplaythecardsyouaredealt.TheabovedialogueshowsthatwhenJessicaHuangproposedafamilytutoringclass,EddieHuangtriedtomakeanobjectionandhopedtogetapprovalfromhisbrotherandopposedfamilytuition.However,hisyoungerbrotherconfirmedthatobediencetothemother’sarrangementisthebestchoice.Throughtheplotanalysis,itisfoundthatinthecontextofChineseculturerepresentedbytheEddieHuangfamily,parentsencouragechildrentoobeythemselvesandrespectparentsoreldersasacommendablevirtue.Atthesametime,relativelyweakchildrendonothaveastrongwilltoresisttheirwill.Bydefault,theauthorityofsuchparentsisanirresistibleformula.However,undertheAmericanculture-basedenvironmentoutsidetheHuangfamily,individualshaveastrongerwilltofightfortheirunfairtreatment,andtheindividual’srightsandwillcanberespectedandrecognized.3.2RiskaversionTVnarratesusfromtheperspectiveofan11-year-oldboy,Eddie.ItshowsusthatitisstilldifficultforChineseAmericanstointegrateintothemainstreamsocietyintheUnitedStates.Eddie’sfather,whodidn’twanttoworkforhiswifeJessica’syoungerbrother,movedtoOrlandotoruna“ranchSteakhouse”tosucceedinwhitedominatedOrlando.Heinvitedlocalwhitepeoplefromsupervisors,chefsandwaiters,hopingtogetridofpeople’sdiscriminationandracialprejudiceagainstChineseAmericans,inordertoachievesuccessinbusiness.Inthecommercialcompetition,theircarefullyphotographedcommercialadvertisements,duetotheirprominentpositiononthehighway,theadsweremalignedanddamagedbytheirwhitecounterparts,resultinginadismalrestaurantoperationwhentheyfirstarrivedinOrlando.Jessicabecomesjumpybecauseshewatchesthe“nightnews”everyday.Sheisalwaysonguardagainstalltrivialmatters.Therefore,JessicarefusestoletEddiestayathisclassmates’houseatnight,whichmakesEddie’ssociallifeincrisis.Eddieliedtoherclassmatesaboutporninordertogetbacktothesituation,butitwasnot.Eddieaccidentallyfoundoutthattherewasasexualharassmentpreventionfilminhishomeandbroadcastittohisclassmates.Whenhewasyoung,theymistookitforpornandproudlydistributeditintheschool,whichattractedtheattentionoftheheadmaster.Jessicaisverysuperstitious.Sheinsiststhatthenumber“4”shouldnotberelatedtoherfamily.Atthistime,AshleygaveJessicaahousecase,andthehousehasfourrooms,whichmadeJessicaextremelytaboo.LaterJessicasoldthehousesuccessfully,butAshleygaveherabonuscheckwiththecode4444,whichmadeJessicaextremelyuneasyandtoreupthecheck.Louiswassowastedthathesecretlygluedupthecheckandcashedit,andboughtafakecowtodecoratetherestaurant.Eddieaccidentallystumbledoveracowandgothurtintherestaurant.LouiswasafraidthatJessewouldtellhimawhitelieeventhoughsheknewabouttheprivatecheckexchange.Eddiedecidedtoweaveawhitelieinordertobethesixthgraderpresident.3.3RacialattitudeBoththecouplewhoemigratedfromTaiwantotheUnitedStatesandthethreesonswhogrewupinChinatownarestrangershere.Amongthethreesons,Eddie,theeldestson,wholovedhip-hopandthoughthewasmostwillingtointegrateintoAmericanculture,wasdiscriminatedagainstonhisfirstdayinOrlando,aprivateschoolwithonlyoneAsianstudent.WhenEddiefirstarrivedathisnewschoolinOrlando,hewasalsodiscriminatedagainstandprejudicedbyhiswhiteclassmates.Whenhefirstintroducedhimself,theteacheralsofeltthathisChinesenamewasobstinate,whichcausedalotofridiculeintheclassroom.Especiallyatlunchtime,EddiewasrefusedtoeatChinesefoodatatablebywhitestudents.Evenblackstudentsrefusedtocallhim“chink”,whichwasinsulting.Beingostracizedatschool,Eddiehadtohideinfrontofthegymforlunchalone.Duringlunchtime,whenheopenedthelunchpreparedinadvancebyhismotherJessica,hewasdiscriminatedandexcludedbyhisclassmatesbecauseofthestronganduniquetasteofChinesefood.Hewaskickedoutofthedinnerbytheboys.TheembarrassedEddiehadtoeatonthestepsoutsidetherestaurantwithhislunchbox.Whenhegothome,heandJessicaclamoredfor“whitefood”andfinallychosechicken,potatoandveggieboxedrice.Butthenextday,whenEddiecametotherestaurantwith“whiteboxedrice”,itseemedthathewouldbeacceptedbyhisfriends,buthewasstillpushedbyablackchildandscoldedwitha“chink”(insultinglanguage).3.4CharactertraitsFirstofall,inthedistributionoffamilyroles,althoughthemotherJessicaHuangdoesnotshowalotofgentleandweaksidebecauseofherpersonality,wecanseethatthemotherisstilltakingthetaskoftakingupthehusbandandchildrensothatfatherLouisHuangcanconcentrateoncompletinghisdreamabouttherestaurant.Atthesametime,infamilyeducation,wecanfindthatEddieHuangappearedtwicebecauseofhisChineseidentityandquarrelsandevenfightswithhisclassmates,butintheaboveincident,LouisHuangandJessicaHuangbothofthemacknowledgedEddie’sbehavior.SinceEddieHuangdoesnothaveasisterorsister,wecannotverifytheirattitudetowardswomenundertheseconditions.However,wecanthinkthatintheChineseculturalenvironment,maleambitionsandfightingbehaviorsarerecognized,whichconformstoHofstede’sjudgmentonthemasculinetemperamentinChineseculture.3.5ThriftyandeducationFirstofall,forthegoalofsuccess,JessicaHuangbelievesthatitneedstobeachievedthroughcontinuousefforts,andthereisnoslackinit.(2)EddieHuang:Domino!StraightAs,mom!OnegoodthingaboutmovinghereisIhavenofriendsandnodistractions.That’swhyIgotAs.JessicaHuang:Schoolistooeasy.Intheabovedialogue,EddiegotthefullAscoreintheschoolbutJessicaHuangwasveryworriedaboutthis.Withthisfeeling,Eddiewenttoseetheprincipal,reflectingthattheschoolworkwastoosimpleandhopedthattheschoolcouldprovideextracurriculartutoringprogramsforEddie.Atthesametime,Eddie’sAmericanneighbor,whoisalsohisclassmate,scoredafullC,butgotagiftfromhisparents,abasketballstand.WhentheneighborinvitedEddietoplay,JessicaHuangstoppedEddieandaskedhimtocompletethehometutoringassignment.Throughtheabovecontrast,wecanfindthatinChineseculture,effortsarenotonlyfortheentireAofanexam,butalsorequirecontinuouseffortstoultimatelyachievesuccessinlife,butinAmericanculture,theprogressofanexamcanberewardedbyparents.Onthisissueofthrift,JessicaHuang,aswellashermother,mother-in-law,sister,andevenLouisHuang,hasatraditionalChinesethrift.(3)JessicaHuang:WhenyouwatchWHELL,doesshestillyellattheTVscreenwhensomeonebuysatowel?AuntConnie:Towelsareawasteofmoney.Throughtheabovedialogue,wecanfindthattheconceptofthriftispasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationinChinesefamilies.JessicaHuang’smotherhasastrongsenseofthrift,evenintheprocessofwatchingTV;thereisnoneedtowastemoneyintheTVset.Itwillaffecttheirchildrenthroughthehigh-powerdistanceChineseculturemodel.Therefore,weseethatJessicaHuangisinthehotsummerofOrlando,andbecausetheelectricitybillistooexpensive,sherefusestoopenairconditionersathome.Althoughitisnotreflectedintheexample,wecanfindthatLouisHuangalsoinsistedonplayingonthedilapidatedpublictenniscourtbecausetheclub’sparticipationfeewastooexpensive.AlthoughFreshofftheBoatisacomedy,itisexaggeratedinsomedetails,butwecanclearlyseethatthriftisapartofChineseculture.4.Thecausestudy4.1PowerdistanceHofstededefinesthepowerdistanceasTheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationswithinacountryexpectandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Institutionsarethebasicelementsofsociety,suchasthefamily,theschool,andthecommunity;organizationsaretheplaceswherepeoplework.(Hofstede,2010:61)AccordingtothedataintheIBMstudycarriedoutbyHofstede,ChinahasasignificantlyhigherpowerdistanceindexthantheUnitedStatesundertheinfluenceofChineseculture.Incountrieswithlowpowerdistance,peopledonotvaluerights.Onthecontrary,theypaymoreattentiontoindividualabilitiesandhavenotsignificanthierarchicalrelationship.Incountrieswithhighrights,peoplevaluesrightsmoreandhavestricthierarchicalrelationships.Vulnerablemembersarewillingtoacceptunfairdistributionofrights.Therightdistanceisreflectedinthefamily.Infamilieswithhigherpowerdistances,parentshavehigherauthority,whichoftenexistsafterthechildcanliveindependently.Aftertheparentsareold,thechildrenneedtosupportfinanciallyandinaction.Atthesametime,amongthechildren,theyoungchildrenarealsoeducatedtoobeytheolderchildren.4.2UncertaintyavoidanceUncertaintyavoidanceshouldnotbeconfusedwithriskavoidance.Uncertaintyavoidancecanthereforebedefinedastheextenttowhichthemembersofaculturefeelthreatenedbyambiguousorunknownsituations.Thisfeelingis,amongothermanifestations,expressedthroughnervousstressandinaneedforpredictability:aneedforwrittenandunwrittenrules.(Hofstede,2010:191)Uncertaintyistoriskasanxietyistofear.Fearandriskarebothfocusedonsomethingspecific:anobjectinthecaseoffear,andaneventinthecaseofrisk.Riskisoftenexpressedasapercentageofprobabilitythataparticulareventwillhappen.Anxietyanduncertaintyarebothdiffusefeelings.Anxiety,itwasarguedearlier,hasnoobject.Uncertaintyhasnoprobabilityattachedtoit.Itisasituationinwhichanythingcanhappenandwehavenoideawhat.Assoonasuncertaintyisexpressedasrisk,itceasestobeasourceofanxiety.4.3IndividualismversuscollectivismTheCollectivism-Individualismconstructisoneofthemajordimensionsofculturalvariationthatisusedtoexplaincross-culturaldifferencesinbehavior.ItisbelievedthatcollectivismisthecoreofChineseculturalvalue,whileindividualismisplacedinthecenterofAmerica.Thedimensionisdefinedasfollows:Individualismpertainstosocietiesinwhichthetiesbetweenindividualsareloose:everyoneisexpectedtolookafterhim-orherselfandhisorherimmediatefamily.Collectivismasitsoppositepertainstosocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups,whichthroughoutpeople’slifetimecontinuetoprotecttheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.(Hofstede,2010:92)Inthecollectivistsociety,thereisnoneedtomakespecificfriendships:whoone’sfriendsareispredeterminedbyone’sfamilyorgroupmembership.Thefamilyrelationshipismaintainedbyfilialpietyandbychastityinwomenandisassociatedwithpatriotism.InFreshofftheboat,Eddieinacampusactivity,fromthebeginning,hedidnotwanttochooseChinaashisrepresentativecountrytodefendhismotherland,whichisalsoareturntohisnativecultureaftertheculturaldilemma.Afterexperiencingtheculturaldilemma,Eddiebegantoreunderstandhismother’svariousgoodintentions,begantounderstandhervalues,reconsideredthetraditionalChinesecultureflowinginhim,completedtherewritingofculturalidentity,andafterexperiencingthedilemmaofsurvivalbetweentheeasternandWesternculturesAndgraduallyidentifywithandreturntoChineseculture.4.4FemininityversusmasculinityFemininetemperamentandmasculinetemperamentaremainlyrelatedtothedegreeofrecognitionofpridebehaviorandmodestbehaviorinsociety.Hofstedebelievesthatwhenemotionalgenderrolesaresignificantlydifferent;menareconsidereddecisive,tenacious,materialistic,andwomenareconsideredmodest,gentle,andqualityoflife,suchSocietyisconsideredtobeamasculinetemperamentsociety.Whenemotionalgenderrolesoverlapeachother,thatis,bothmenandwomenareconsideredtobemodest,gentleandconcernedaboutthequalityoflife,suchasocietyiscalledafemininesociety.(Hofstede,2010:126)BothmainlandChinaandtheUnitedStateshavehighmasculinetemperamentindexaccordingtotheexperimentofHofstede.ThispaperholdsthatalthoughtheparentsoftheoriginalauthorareactuallyfromTaiwan,intheperformanceofthedrama,theEddieHuangfamilymorereflectsthemasculineindexcharacteristicsofChina.Firstofall,inthedistributionoffamilyroles,althoughthemotherJessicaHuangdidnotshowalotofsoftnessandweaknessbecauseofherpersonality,wecanseethatthemotherstilltakesonthetaskofteachingherhusbandandchildren.Hisfather,LouisHuang,canconcentrateonhisdreamofrestaurant.WecanthinkthatinthecontextofChineseculture,men’sambitionandfightingbehaviorarerecognized,whichisinlinewithHofstede’smasculinetemperamentinChineseculturejudgment.4.5Long-termversusshort-termorientationThereisahugedifferencebetweenChineseandAmericancultureinthisdimension.Long-termorientationmeansfosteringandencouragingcharacter-orientedmorality–especiallytoughnessandfrugality.Ontheotherhand,short-termorientationmeansfosteringandencouragingaboutpastandcurrentmorality–especiallyrespectfortradition,maintainingface,andfulfillingsocialobligations.(Hofstede,2010:222)ProfessorMichaelHarrisBondofUniversityofHongKongsupplementedtheculturaldimensionafterinvestigatingChinesevalues.HongKong,ChinaMainlandandChinaTaiwanarethethreehighestrankedregions.ItcanbeknownthatChinesecultureinthisdimensionhasadistinctivefeature.Inashort-termculture,peoplearemoreinclinedtospend,butinalong-termculture-tough,willcontinuetoworkforlong-termgoalsandpaygreatattentiontothriftandotherfeatures,whichisexaggeratedinFreshofftheBoat.Long-termorientationofChinesecultureisrelatedtothelong-terminfluenceoftheChinesenationonConfucianculture.Confuciushadclearlystatedthatitisnecessaryforthepoliticianstosaveontheuseof“useandlove,andmakethepeopletaketime”(TheAnalectsofConfucius•Learning).Confuciusbelievesthatluxuryismoreceremonial,andfrugalityissimple.Confucianism,athoughtofthrift,hasaprofoundinfluenceonthelong-termorientationofChineseculture.5.MethodsofmanagingculturalconflictsTheemergenceofcultureisbasedonpeople’slifeexperienceandsurvivalexperience.Thestimulationandeffectofdifferentlivingenvironmentscausepeopletohavedifferentfeelingsandviewsonthemselvesandtheworldoutsidethemselves,andpeopleinthesamelivingenvironmentwillformmanycommonfeelingsandexperiences.Inaclosedenvironment,thesecommonthingsarethebasisoftribalorvillagecultures.Withthedevelopmentofhistory,peopleinvariouskindsofcontactbetweentribesorvillagesareincreasing,theclosedstatewillbebrokengradually.Peoplewiththeirownenvironmentintheformationoffeelings,understanding,habitsandotherinteractions,isboundtoproduceconflictandfriction.Therefore,culturalconflictisdeterminedbythenatureofcultureandisaninevitablephenomenonintheprocessofcontinuousdevelopmentofculture.5.1ObtainingknowledgeWheneverChinaandtheUnitedStatesengageincross-culturalexchanges,oneoftheimportantfactorstoavoidmisunderstandingsistocarefullyandthoughtfullyjudgepeople'swordswithoutaddingtoomuchsubjectiveopinions.However,theknowledgehererefersnotonlytolinguisticknowledge,butalsotoactualuse,especiallytheconnotationinthetargetculturalpractice.Inso