2026年释放电池管理系统的全部潜力报告-

Unlockingthefull

potentialofBatteΓyManagementSystems

2

Makeit

Γeal.

3

Tableofcontents

Executivesummary

04

Introduction

05

Whyisthebatterymanagementsystemcentralintheanswer?

12

Settinggroundsforthenext-generationbatterymanagementsystem

15

Innovationpathways:Twodevelopmenttracksforbatterymanagementsystem

18

UnlockingnewopportunitieswithsecureBMSandcloudintegration

23

Callforaction

24

HowCapgeminicanassist

25

4

ExecutivesummaΓy

AsEVadoptionfacesbatterycosts,charging,andlifespanchallenges,next-generationbatterymanagementsystemsofferanopportunityforOEMstoregaincompetitiveadvantagewhileenhancingperformance,

safety,andsustainability.

Thisdocumentoutlineshowmodernbatterymanagementsystemarchitecture,poweredbyAI,cloud

integration,andadvanceddiagnostics,enablesnewbusinessmodelslikebattery-as-a-serviceandpredictivemaintenance.Regulatoryshifts,suchasdigitalbatterypassport,provideacatalysttoleveragebatterydataandintelligence.

Tostaycompetitive,automotiveandindustrialOEMsmayconsiderinvestingindata-centric,software-definedbatterymanagementsystemplatformsthataremodular,secure,andscalable.AtCapgemini,wehelpclientsmakethisshiftbycombiningengineeringdepthwithcloud-enabledservicestorenewcompetitiveadvantageacrossthebatterylifecycle.

Introduction

Whoshouldreadthispointofviewandwhy?

Thisdocumentisprimarilyintendedforprofessionalsintheautomotivesector,particularlyElectricVehicle(EV)engineersanddecision-makersinvolvedinbatterymanagementsystemsandthebroaderEVpowertrain.

Whiletheinsightspresentedareespeciallyrelevanttoautomotiveapplications,manyelementsareequallyapplicabletoadjacentdomains,suchasBatteryEnergyStorageSystems(BESS).

Althoughweemphasizethecentralroleofthebatteryandtheintelligenceembeddedwithinitinthe

transformationoftheautomotiveindustry,acomprehensiveunderstandingalsorequiresattentiontootherkeydrivers.TheseareexploredinourpreviousCapgeminiResearchInstitutereports,availableonline,suchasTheBatteryRevolution1andSoftwareDefinedVehicle2.

1/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CRI_Future-of-batteries_V12.pdf

2/gb-en/insights/research-library/software-defined-vehicles-for-the-commercial-vehicle-market/5

6

RecalibΓatingexpectationsintheEVlandscape

Electricvehicle(EV)saleshavefallenshortofexpectations.Forecastswereoverlyoptimistic,asillustratedinarecentBloombergpublication.Thecurrentproductofferingsmaynotbesufficientlycompellingtoattracta

broadcustomerbase.Additionally,fiscalincentiveprogramsremaininconsistentandsometimesinadequate.

TherearetwokeybarrierstoEVadoptionfromaconsumerperspective:

FinancialbaΓΓieΓ:

EVsremainexpensive,andtheirresale

valueremainslowerthantheircombustionengineequivalent.

PΓacticalbaΓΓieΓ:

Chargingisstillperceivedasinconvenientandrepresentsthemainobstacletotheadoptionofelectricvehiclesinfleets.

Newermodelgenerationsandthedevelopmentofsmaller,urban-optimizedvehicles,partlysolvetheissuesofaffordability.Forexample,newmarketentrantslikeBYD,proposeaffordablemodelsnowrollingintoEurope,surpassingTeslainmid-2025sales.Lowerupfrontcostsalsomitigateconcernsaboutresalevalue.

7

TheΓaceisonfoΓbatteΓydiffeΓentiation

ThebatteryholdsthekeytowinningintheEVmarketandtherearethreeclearleverstovictory:

Cost

Representingbetween1/3and1/2ofthevehiclecost,thebatteryisbyfarthemostexpensiveEVcomponent.TheleadingEVplayerstodayhaveverticallyintegratedbatteryproduction,sometimesdowntothecelllevel:controllingthecorecomponentsenablescontrolofthemargin.

ChaΓgingubiquityandspeed

Technicallyandsystemicallycomplex,thechargingoperationhasseeninnovationslikewirelesschargingstationsandbatteryswapping.Yetfastchargingremainstheholygrail,caughtbetweentwoforces:

Standardizationofinfrastructureandhyper-optimizationofbatterydesign.Again,verticalintegrationwins:Tesla’sHyperchargerandBYD’sMegawattchargingareprimeexamples.

BatteΓycapacityandlifespan

Manufacturersareracingtobringhigherbatterycapacityandextendedwarrantiestothemarket.

Indeed,largebatterycapacitydirectlycontributestoalleviatingrangeanxietyandtoimprovingcabincomfort.

8

Regulation:Pushingforgreenerandsaferbatteries

Batterylifespanisincreasinglyshapedbyregulationsthatdemandincreaseddurability,safety&traceability

alongacompletelifecycle.Afoundingprincipleistheneedfornationstoimprovetheirsovereigntyonthekeymaterialsthatcomposethebatterysystem.Thebatterymanagementsystemisdirectlyinvolvedinthis

regulationenforcement.

Forexample,startingin2027,thefullDigitalBatteryPassport(DBP)willbemandatoryacrossEurope(seeour

BatteryPassportPointofView

).However,keyrequirementsarealreadyineffect:since2024,manufacturersmustdiscloseelectrochemicalperformanceanddurabilitymetricstoend-usersthroughdocumentationlinkedtothebatteryanditsbatterymanagementsystem.

GΓeeneΓbatteΓies

Aglobalpushforbatterytraceability,sustainabilityandcircularityisgainingmomentum,reflectedinregionalbatterydirectivesandclean-batteryregulations.TheseeffortsaresummarizedintheGlobalRegulatory

Timeline(Figurebelow).

GΓeeneΓbatteΓies:AglobalevolutionofΓegulations

EUbatterypassport

ForEV(Electric)&ESS(EnergyStorageSystems)

Year2023:Regulation(EU)2023/1542adopted

Year2024:Regulationeffective

Year2025:Supply-chainduediligencebegins

Year2026:Carbonfootprintreportingstarts

Year2027:Batterypassportmandatory(Feb18)

Year2028:Lifecycleimpactassessmentsrequired

Chinafulltraceability

Forlithiumbatteries

Ongoingsinceyear~2018:LifecycletraceabilityalreadyenforcedvianationalNEVbattery

platform

Year2020:Continuousenhancementandenforcement

Year2024:Draftrulestostrengthenreuseandtraceability

Year2027:Formalimplementationoffulllifecycletraceabilityforlithiumbatteries

USalignment(expected)

Forcircularbatteryreporting

Year2022:InflationReductionAct(IRA)passedYear2023-

2025:IndustryandgovernmentalignmenteffortsPost-year

2025:ExpectedadoptionoftraceabilitystandardsYear2027:IRA/FEOC(ForeignEntityofConcern)rulespushdeepertracingforcriticalmaterialsYear2028+:Aplausibletargetforanticipatedalignmentoncircularbatteryreportingalignmentviapilots,standards,andstate-levelpolicies

Indiaalignment(expected)

BatteryAadhaarinitiative(proposedfortraceability,recyclingefficiency,andsustainability)forlithiumbatteries

Year2025(Dec):Draftguidelinesissued

•Initialframeworkreleasedthroughdraftmemorandum

Year2026(Jan):MandatoryIDproposed

•Proposal:21-characterBatteryPackAadhaarNumber(BPAN)

•ToapplytoallEVbatterypacks

Post-2026:Systematicimplementation

•PhasewiseimplementationexpectedthroughAIS(AutomotiveIndustryStandard)process

•Fulladoptionmaytakemultiplephases

9

SafeΓbatteΓies–ΓegulationsdΓivinginnovation

BatteriesarethemostmissioncriticalcomponentinanEVandregulatorybodieslikeISO,UNECE,UL

(UnderwritersLaboratories),andAISaretighteningsafetystandards.Asaresult,modernbatterymanagementsystemsmustincorporate:

•Redundantsafetylayerstopreventcascadingfailures

•Real-timediagnosticsforproactivefaultdetection

China–GB/TstandardsSafetyrequirements

GB/T31485–fortractionbatterypacks:

•Specifiesthermalmanagement,short-circuitprotection,&

overcharge/over-dischargesafeguards.

GB/T38031-2020–forEVbatteries:

•Mandatesthermalrunaway

detection,fireresistance,andmechanicalintegrity.

•IncreasinglyreferencedinglobalBMSdesignduetoChina’sEV

marketleadership.

InternationalOrganization

forStandardization(ISO)

ISO26262–functionalsafety:

•Appliestoelectricaland

electronicsystemsinvehicles,includingBMS.

•Requiresfail-safedesign,

redundancy,andrisk

classificationforBMS

components.

EuropeanUnion/UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope(UNECE)

GTRNo.20–Globaltechnicalregulationonelectricvehiclesafety:

•Coversin-useoperationalsafety,post-crashelectricalsafety,&batteryfirerisks.

•Includesprovisionsforthermalrunaway,water

immersion,andvibrationresistanceandisexpandingtocoveradvancedBMSprotocols.

UNECER100(Rev.3):

•EU-widerulecoveringEVbatterysafety,electrical,shock,&thermalprotection.

EUBatteryRegulation(2023/1542):Mandates

batterypassportstrackinghealth,carbonfootprint,andrecyclability.

•Fail-safemechanismstoensureoperationalintegrityunderstress

UnitedStates–National

HighwayTrafficSafety

Administration(NHTSA)

FederalMotorVehicleSafetyStandards(FMVSS):

•NHTSAisadoptingGTR(Global

TechnicalRegulation)No.20intoFMVSStoalignEVandbattery

managementsystem(BMS)safetystandardsglobally,

streamliningcomplianceandimprovingvehiclesafety.

India’sBMSandbatterysafetystandards

AIS-156–Batterysafetyforelectricvehicles:

•EVsmusthavemicroprocessor-basedBMSwithkey

protections,thermalsensors,alerts,EMCcompliance(AIS-004),earthleakagedetection,&traceable,

cell-levelmonitoringforsafetyanddiagnostics.

AIS-038Rev2–Functionalsafetyofelectricpowertrains:

•Thisregulationensuresprotectionfromelectricshock,

wateringress,&thermalevents,withlabelingand

system-levelbatteryvalidationrequirements.

IS16893–IndianStandardforlithium-ioncells:

•Mustensurecell-levelcompliancewiththermal,electrical,&mechanicalsafetyfactors.

•SupportsbatterypackvalidationandcertificationunderIndianregulatoryframeworks.

Asbatteriesbecomesmarterandmoreconnected,cybersecurityisnolongeranoption.Itisacriticalmission.Acompromisedbatterymanagementsystemcanjeopardizesafety,performance,anddataprivacy.

Withremotemonitoringontherise,batterymanagementsystemshaveemergedasaprimetargetforcyberthreats.

Tomeetevolvingstandards,modernbatterymanagementsystemsmustsupportsecureOver-the-Air(OTA)updatesandcomplywithISO/SAE21434andUNECEWP.29.TherecentCyberResilienceAct(CRA)also

impactedthedesignofthebatterymanagementsystem,fallingunderCriticalClassIorClassIIdevicesduetoitsnetworkconnectivityandsafety-relatedfunctionalities.

10

Acontinuouslyevolvingbatterylandscape:

Stayingaheadoftechnologicalandproductshifts

OneofthemostpressingchallengesinbatterytechnologyisitsΓelentlesspaceofinnovationcombinedwiththedynamicphysicalbehavioΓofbatteriesoncedeployed.

Continuousevolution

Batterycellsrapidlychangeincompositionanddesign.Advancesinmaterialsandmanufacturing,coupledwithincreasinglyspecializedOEMdemands,meantoday’sbestcellcouldbetechnologicallyobsoletein3–5years.

ChangingchaΓacteΓistics

Oncedeployed,batteriesdegradeincrementallywitheverychargecycle.Monitoringthisagingprocessandadaptingvehicleusageoveran8+yearlifespanisessentialtomaintainperformance,ensurereliabilityandupholdwarrantycommitments.

Manufacturersfacedualpressure:Keepingpacewithfast-movinginnovationwhilemanagingreal-worldbatterydegradationwithoutcompromisingperformanceorsafety.Thisdemandscontinuousadaptationacrossproductportfoliosandproductionecosystems.

Astrategicshiftto“MAKE”

Theoutlooksofthissituationcanbesynthesizedintwostrategicquestions:

•HowcanOEMsandbatteryintegratorsthatdonotmanufacturebatterycellsdevelopadvantagescomparabletofullyintegratedplayers?

•Howcantheyshiftvaluecreationfromthebatteryasastaticobjecttoequipmentusage?

Howcantheyunlockdata,performance,andlifecycleinsightsandreclaimcontroloverthevaluechain?

Theanswerslieinrethinkingthebatterynotjustasacomponent,butasaservice,adatasource,andastrategicasset.

Thesolutionisclear:Thebatterymanagementsystemmustevolve.Itmustbecomesmarter,moreadaptive,anddeeplyintegratedtohandlebothrapidinnovationandlong-termreliability.

,,

12

Whyisthebatterymanagementsystemcentralintheanswer?

Thebatterymanagementsystemisatthecoreofbattery

performance

TheBatteryManagementSystem(BMS)iscentraltobatteryperformanceandincreasinglyakeydifferentiatorforOEMs.Itgovernsthebattery’sthreemacro-states:

Rest:

Whetheridleforhoursormonths,thebattery

managementsystemmustoperateinultra-lowpowermodewhilemaintainingcriticalsafetyfunctions.

Smartpowerstatemanagementensuresasafeandresponsiverestmode.

ChaΓging:

Thebatterymanagementsystemmonitorseachcelltopreventoverchargingandoverheatingwhile

supplyingreal-timedatatothecharger.Fastchargingdependsonseamlesscoordinationbetweenthe

batterymanagementsystem,thechargerandsometimesthegriditself.

DischaΓging:

Thebatterymanagementsystemprotectsagainst

overdischargeandprovidesaccurateresidualenergyestimates,factoringintemperatureandbattery

aging,allwhileminimizingitsownenergyconsumption.

Throughoutallstates,thebatterymanagementsystemperformscellbalancingtopreventvoltagedrift,preservecapacity,andextendbatterylifespan.Transitionsbetweenrest,charge,anddischargedemandsadvancedalgorithmsandprecisioncontrol.

Givenitsroleinfastcharging,batteryhealth,andusertrust,OEMsaΓeinvestinginpΓopΓietaΓybatteΓymanagementsystemdesigns,movingbeyondoff-the-shelfsolutionstogainfullcontroloverbattery

performanceandquality.

13

ThebatteΓymanagementsystemgeneΓatesbatteΓydata

WhenuptohalfthevalueofanEVliesinitsbattery,thedataitgeneratesisfartooimportanttoignore.

Withitsarrayofsensors,thebatterymanagementsystemholdsdeepinsightsintobatteryhealth,usagepatterns,andeventhevehicle’soperationalhistory.

TherolloutoftheDigitalBatteryPassport(DBP)bringslegalandregulatorybackingtothisdata,enhancingtransparencyandreliability.Batterydataservesmultiplestakeholdersasshowninthefigure.

Asbatterydatagrowsinqualityandprecision,sodoesbatteryintelligenceanditsroleinshapingtrust,performance,andthefutureofmobility.

TechnologypΓovideΓs&

tieΓ-1supplieΓs

Unlockscalablegrowthvia

technologyinnovation,

andco-developedsmart

features.

OEMoΓvehiclemanufactuΓeΓ

Diagnosefailures,enforcewarranties,andimprovedesignandquality.

Enablebatterybuy-backbusinessmodels.

BatteΓyecosystemplayeΓs

Brokers,repairers,leasers,recyclers,andassessorsrelyonthedatatoevaluate

condition,value,andreusepotential,oftenrelyingoncloud-basedsolutions.

EnduseΓsand/oΓvehicleowneΓs

Knowtheoriginofbatterymaterials,itsnominalandcurrentperformanceandassessresalevaluewith

confidence.

RegulatoΓs&insuΓeΓs

Enablecompliance,risk

mitigation,andsafety

oversightthroughtraceablebatterydata,supportfor

batterypassportsand

circulareconomystandards.

Fleet

opeΓatoΓs

Optimizeusage,enable

predictivemaintenance,

andrefinefuturebattery

specifications.

14

IdentifyinggapsincuΓΓentbatteΓymanagementsystem

aΓchitectuΓes

CuΓΓentbatteΓymanagementsystemaΓehaΓdwaΓe-centΓicindesign

Currentbatterymanagementsystemsfeature

hardware-centricdesign.Theyevolved

incrementallyfrombasicProtectionCircuit

Modules(PCM)tocomplexassembliesbuilt

aroundvendor-specificAnalogFrontEnds(AFEs).Thismeansevenminordesignchanges,ora

componentshortage,cantriggercostlyredesignsandlongleadtimes.Tofuture-proofbattery

managementsystemarchitectures,flexibility,modularity,andupdatabilitymustbecomecoredesignprinciples.

BluΓΓedsepaΓationbetweensafety-cΓiticalandnon-safety-cΓitical

functionalities

Anotherchallengeistheblendingofsafety-criticalandnon-criticalfunctions,whichmakesdesigns

verydifficulttoimproveoradaptfordifferent

batteries.Preventingbatteryfiresisacore

functionality,andsafetycomponentsshouldbe

clearlyisolatedtoavoidinterferencefromauxiliary,lesscriticaloperations.Thisdesigndisciplineoftenoverlookedinconsumerelectronicsisessentialin

automotive-gradesystems.

SoftwaΓeandcybeΓsecuΓity

Finally,softwareandcybersecurityarenowcentraltoanysmartcomponent.Withmultiplesensorsandcommunicationinterfaces,thebatterymanagementsystemisoneofthemostexposedcomponentsinavehicle.Implementingrobust,securesoftwareisvital,yetdifficulttoimplementintoday’shardware-definedarchitectures.Theshifttowardsoftware-defined,secure,andmodularbatterymanagementsystemisnolongeroptional,it’surgentandinevitable.

15

SettinggΓoundsfoΓthenext-geneΓation

batteΓymanagementsystem

Adata-centΓicaΓchitectuΓe

BatteryManagementSystems(BMS)areevolvingrapidly,drivenbySoftware-DefinedVehicle(SDV)

architectures.Theynowfeatureenhancedcommunicationprotocols,deeperparameterization,andtighterintegrationwithmanufacturingandcloudecosystems.

AIandmachinelearningareincreasinglyusedfordiagnostics,safetymonitoring,andpredictivemaintenance,makingbatterymanagementsystemssmarterandmoreproactive.ThisisatthecoreoftheEnergeticEuropeanproject(2024-2026)forexample,whereCapgeminiexploresandproposes,with10industrialandacademic

partners,aninnovativeartificialintelligence-basedapproachtoimprovebatteryenergystorage.

However,thissoftware-centricshiftintroducesnewcybersecurityrisks,requiringstrongprotectionagainsthackinganddatabreaches.

Despitethesoftwareadvances,traditionalengineeringremainsessential:Batterymanagementsystem

calibration,cellmodelling,andextensivetestingaremorecriticalthanevertoensuresafetyandreliability.

Thetrendtowardstandardized,highlyintegratedsolutionsforAnalogFrontEnds(AFE)andcommunicationinterfacessupportsscalabilityandefficiencyacrossplatforms.

Yet,growingrelianceonvendor-specificsolutionsraisesconcernsaboutlock-in,interoperability,and

technologicalsovereignty.Inthisevolvingbatterymanagementsystemlandscape,balancinginnovationwitharchitecturalflexibilityisessentialtoensurescalability,resilience,andlong-termcontroloverproductevolution.

16

ConfiguΓableandΓeusablebatteΓymanagementsystem

aΓchitectuΓe

Theautomotiveelectronicslandscapeisrapidlyevolvingtowardmodular,reusablearchitecturesthatsupportacceleratedsystemintegΓationandscalabledeployment,andcross-platformcompatibility.High-speed

interconnectsenableseamlesscommunicationbetweenheterogeneouscomponents,facilitatingthe

developmentofcomplexVehicleControlUnits(VCUs).Thistrendisparticularlyimpactfulinsoftware-definedvehicles(SDVs),wherehardwareabstractionanddynamicreconfigurationarebecomingfoundational

principles.

Batterymanagementsystemsareincreasinglybenefitingfromthesearchitecturalinnovations.TheintegrationofLG’sbatterymanagementsystemontoQualcomm’sSnapdragonplatformexemplifieshowhigh-

performance,automotive-gradeSoCscanberepurposedtosupportbatterymanagementfunctions.

Thisapproachenablesscalable,software-centricbatterymanagementsystemdesignsthatcanbeadaptedacrossmultiplevehicleplatformsandbatteryconfigurations.

Tofullyleveragethesecapabilities,batterymanagementsystemdevelopmentmustembedalgorithmicintelligenceatthecoreofthedesignprocess.Keyfocusareasinclude:

•AI/ML-basedfaultdiagnosticsforearlyanomalydetection

•Adaptivecellbalancingtooptimizeperformanceandlongevity

•Thermalmanagementalgorithmsfordynamiccoolingcontrol

•Predictivemaintenanceleveragingreal-timedataanalytics

OncefoundationalconstraintssuchasISO26262functionalsafetycompliance,UNECEWP.29cybersecurityrequirements,poweroptimization,andmulti-protocolcommunicationsupport(CAN,LIN,Ethernet)are

addressed,thesamehardwareandsoftwarestackcanbereusedacrossmultipleproductlines.

Thisreusenotonlyreducesdevelopmenttimeandcostbutalsoensuresconsistencyandscalability.

17

BeyondbatteΓymanagementsystem:

UnlockingnewbatteΓyseΓvices

Thenext-generationbatterymanagementsystemisnolongerjustamonitoringtool,it’sthecoreofa

dynamicplatformwherenewbusinessactorstapintothevalueofbatteriesinservice.Ittransformsbatteriesintoservice-drivenopportunities.

BatteΓyasaSeΓvice(BaaS)

Concept:Insteadofowningbatteries,customers(especiallyfleetoperators)subscribetobatteryusage.Thismodeldecouplesthebatteryfromthe

vehicle.

Benefits:

•Reducesupfrontvehiclecost.

•Enablesflexibleupgradesorreplacements.

•Shiftsmaintenanceandperformanceresponsibilitytotheserviceprovider.

PΓedictive&cuΓativemaintenance

Predictivemaintenance:

•UsesdataanalyticsandAItoforecastbatteryhealthissuesbeforetheyoccur.

•Minimizesdowntimeandimprovesreliability.

Curativemaintenance:

•Involvesrestoringautonomyandchargingtimebyreplacingdegradedbatterysub-modules.

•Requiresmodularbatterydesignandaflexiblebatterymanagementsystemthatallowsdismounting/insertionofsubmodules.

ImpactonTCO(TotalCostofOwnership):

•Reduceslong-termcostsforfleetoperators.

•Extendsvehiclelifeandimprovesoperationalefficiency.

•Enablestargetedrepairsratherthanfullbatteryreplacements.

SellingusedbatteΓiesoΓusedEVs

Traceabilityofbatterysub-modules:

•Eachsub-moduleshouldhaveauniqueidandlifecycledata(usage,health,chargecycles).

•Enablesinformedresaledecisionsandsupportssecond-lifeapplications(e.g.,energystorage).

Centralizationofinformation:

•Adigitalplatformorcloud-basedsystemthataggregatesbatterydataacrossvehiclesandmodules.

•Facilitatestransparency,compliance,andresalevalueestimation.

18

Innovationpathways:TwodevelopmenttracksforbatterymanagementsystemInvestinbatterymanagementsystemarchitecture

Batterymanagementsystemdesignneverstartsfromablankpage.Thesemiconductorindustryisproposingbatterymanagementcomponentsthatareincreasinglyprogrammable,reducingthere-designeffortbutdemandinganinitialgreatersoftwareeffort.Masteringthesecomponentsandfindingtherightbalancebetweenhardwarecircuitsandsoftware-definedfunctionsisthecentralactivityofbatterymanagementsystemarchitecture.

ForOEMsandTier-1batterysuppliers,masteringbatterymanagementsystemarchitectureisessentialtodeliveringdifferentiatedbatterysolutionswithreducedtime-to-market.Itenablesthecreationofbatterymanagementsystemsthatsupportproductdiversification,simplifiesproductlifecyclemanagementandavoidsystematicre-certificationcostsanddelays.

Onthesoftwareside,thisarchitecturecanhelpOEMsandTier-1ensurecybersecuritycomplianceandenableOver-the-Air(OTA)featuredeployment-keycapabilitiesinthetransitiontoelectrifiedmobility.

19

AdopttheseadvancedbatteΓymanagementsystem

technologiestocΓeatekeydiffeΓentiatoΓs

AΓtificialintelligence

•EmbeddedAI/ML:TheintegrationofadvancedAI/MLalgorithms,suchasdeeplearningandreinforcementlearning,enablesmoreaccuratestateofcharge,stateofhealthandfailurepredictionsandimprovedoverallsystemsafetyandperformance.

•EdgeAI:IntegratingAIdirectlyintothebatterymanagementsystemwillenablereal-time,low-powerdecision-making,reducelatencyandincreasesystemresponsiveness.

•Digitaltwins:Creatingdigitaltwinsofbatterieswillallowforvirtualtestingandoptimizationofbatterymanagementsystemstrategies,acceleratingdevelopmentcyclesandimprovingsystemreliability.

•Personalizedbatterymanagement:AI-poweredbatterymanagementsystemcantailorcharging

anddischargingprofilestoindividualuserneedsandpreferences,isagamechangerforcommercialvehiclefleets.Bytailoringcharginganddischargingprofilestoindividualvehicleneeds,

personalizedbatterymanagementcansignificantlyoptimizefleetuptimechargingefficiency,andoveralloperationalperformance.

Finally,AIcanalsoacceleratecelltestingandbatterymanagementsystemdevelopment:AIcanbe

usedtominimizetestcycles,surpassingtraditionaldesignmethods.Forinstance,MonolithhasshownthatAIcanreduceagingtestsby40%andcellrepetitionsby75%.

20

2

EmbeddedElectΓochemicalImpedanceSpectΓoscopy

ElectrochemicalImpedanceSpectroscopy(EIS)isapowerfuldiagnostictechniqueusedtoanalysetheinternalelectrochemicalprocessesofabatterybyapplyingasmallACcurrentoverarangeof

frequenciesandmeasuringtheresultingvoltage.Thelatestgenerationofbatterymanagementcircuitsallowthistechniquetobeembeddeddirectlyinthebattery.

KeydiagnosticfunctionsbenefitfromperformingEISinsidethebattery:

•StateofHealth(SoH)estimation:EIScandetectearlysignsofdegradation(e.g.,increasedinternal

resistance,SEI(SolidElectrolyteInterphase)layergrowth)beforesignificantcapacitylossoccurs.

•StateofCharge(SoC)Estimation:ImpedancevarieswithSoC,allowingformoreaccurateand

robustSoCestimation,especiallyunderdynamicconditions.

•Faultdiagnosisandsafetymonitoring:Byidentifyinganomaliesinimpedancepatterns,EIScanhelp

detectinternalshortcircuits,gasformation,orthermalrunawayrisksbeforetheyescalate.

ImplementingEISinabatterymanagementsystemrequireshigh-speedsamplingandsynchronizationbetweenstimuluscurrentandvoltagemeasurements.Majorcircuitmanufacturersprovide“EISReady”products(STMicroelectronics,Infineon),whileMagnetiMarellihasimplementedanEISf