2025~2026学年上海市普陀区曹杨第二中学学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷

2025~2026学年上海市普陀区曹杨第二中学学年高三上学期期中考试英语试卷一、语法填空Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanksuseonewordthatbestfits.TheScienceOfScratchingMomknewwhatshewastalkingaboutafterall:Scratchingreallydoesmaketheitchworse.Good1itfeels,theburstofecstasy(狂喜)yougetfromclawingyourirritatedskinonlyprolongsaviciousitch-scratchcycle,puttingtruerelief2(far)outofreach.Butwhy?Thoughitchhastroubledourspeciesforthousandsofyears,scientistshavejustbeguntocomprehendthephysiologicalmechanisms3it.Overthepastcoupleofdecades,researchhasshown4scratchingtapsintoourbrains’rewardandimmunesystems,producingastrangemixofsensationsthatmakesitallbutimpossibletoresist.“Youscratchtofeelbetter,”saysBrianKim,aneuroimmunologistatMountSinai’sIcahnSchoolofMedicine,“butindoingso,youactuallyactivateimmunepathwaysthatarecounterproductive.”In1660,adefinitionofitcharosethat’sstillinusetoday:anunpleasantsensationthatprovokesthedesiretoscratch.Itresultsfrom5frominsectbitesandpoisonousplantstoallergicreactionsandskinconditionslikeeczema(湿疹).Untilrecently,itchwasconsideredaformofmildpain6(arise)fromtheweakactivationofpainreceptors.This“intensitytheory”speculatedthatitchstoodatoneendofthepainspectrum,and7(transition)allthewaytofull-blownsufferingasastimulusgrewstronger.Butin2014,Zhou-FengChen,anitchresearcherthenatWashingtonUniversity,discoveredthatserotonin(themood-regulating“happinesshormone”)playsabigroleinperpetuating(使永久)theitch-scratchcycle.Theresearchteamfoundthatwhenmicescratchanitch,theirbrainsreleaseasurgeofserotonin,resultinginamomentofpurebliss.TheseresultswereconsistentwithaPLOSOnestudyfromthepreviousyear,whichshowedthatscratchingactivatesthebrainregions8(involve)intherewardcircuit,aneuralnetworkthatfloodsthebodywitheuphoria-inducingchemicalsinresponsetopleasurableactivitiesandsubstances.It’sthesamesystem9underliesaddiction,whichisn’tsurprisingifyou’veeverlostanhourscratchingatmosquitobites.ButKimnotesthere’sanothersidetothiscoin:thelongingnottofeelpleasure10toeasediscomfort.“That’swhat’ssocomplexaboutit,”hesays.“Therearedifferentlevelsatwhichyouneedtoscratch.”二、选词填空Directions:Completethefollowingsentencesorpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.notably B.supplements C.stimulates D.translated E.rigorous F.documented 

G.leading H.properties I.barrier J.incorporating K.ideallyDandelionMayHaveDistinctHealthBenefitsThecommonyellowweedhasleavesrichinvitaminsandmayboosthealthinotherways,butit’sunderstudiedincomparisontoothernutraceuticals(营养保健品).Thefirstknown11useofdandelionbenefitsoccurredinChinaaround657C.E.duringtheTangDynasty,whenitwasnotedasaneffectivetreatmentforbreastswellingandpain.Inthecomingcenturies,itwasusedtodetoxifysores.A2021literaturereviewintheBulletinoftheNationalResearchCentreexamined54studiesthattestedthebenefitsofdandelionandfoundthatithasmanyprotective12,includingasadiuretic,immunebooster,anti-inflammatorytreatment,andevenpotentialdiabeticaid.13,moststudieswithdandelionhavebeenconductedintesttubesorwithmice.Withoutmore14studies,medicalpractitionerswilllikelyhesitatetointegrateitintotheirwork.“Whathealthcareproviderswanttoseeisclinicalevidence,atleastdouble-blind,randomizedcontrolstudies.15,they’dliketoseeameta-analysisortwo,”saysJeanBokelmann,amedicaldoctorandtheauthorofMedicinalHerbsinPrimaryCare:AnEvidence-GuidedReferenceforHealthcareProviders.Inherbook,Bokelmannexamined55herbs.Ofthose,dandelionhadbeentheleaststudied,whichshesaysposesaconsiderable16toitsadoptioninclinicalpractice.Dandelionor17extractedfromitcanbeusedathome,althoughconsumersshouldbeawarethatallofthemarelooselyregulatedbytheFDA.Bokelmannrecommendsdiscussingdandelionusagewithamedicalcareprovider-justasapatientwoulddowithanyothernutraceutical-toseeifitisrightforthem.Dandelion,forexample,18thesecretion(分泌)ofbilefromtheliver,soshesaysitmightnotberightforpeoplewithliverconditions.Forpeoplewhowanttotry19freshdandelionintotheirdiet,youngplantsfromtheyardwillsuffice.BokelmanngrabsafewearlyintheseasonandaddsthemtosaladsbecausetheyarehighinvitaminsCandK.Whengrabbingdandelionfromtheground,sherecommendsdigginguptheroots.Bokelmanndoesn’tthinkattitudestowarddandelionwillchangeinthenearfuture.Privateindustryisoftenresponsiblefor20thechargefornewremedies.“Whatprivateindustrywillwanttostudydandelionswheneveryonehasthemintheiryards?”sheasks.三、完形填空Waitinginlineisasufferingofmodernity.AccordingtoDavidAndrews’sbook,WhyDoestheOtherLineAlwaysMoveFaster?,itwasn’t_________untiltheIndustrialRevolutionsynchronized(同步)workers’schedules,causinglinesduringlunchhoursandevenings.GiventhatAmericansareestimatedtocollectivelywastetensofbillionsofhoursayearinlines,it’snowonderthatsomepeopletrytocut,andothers_________hatethem.Yetjumpingthequeuewithout_________violenceispossible.First,picktherightqueue.It’svirtuallyimpossibletocutthelineforaonce-in-a-lifetimeevent—theCubsplayingtheWorldSeries,say.Butina_________scenario(场景)likeasecurityline,peoplearemorelikelytoletyouin,perhapsbecausetheyanticipateneedingasimilarfavorsomeday.Usinggametheorytodeterminewhatconditionswouldmakeline-cuttingsocially_________,researchersfoundthatpeoplequeuingjustoncedisplaylittletoleranceforline-cutting.Butwhenthequeuecomesagain,peopleletinintruders(入侵者)whoclaimanurgentneedorwhorequireminimalservicetime.Anexcuseforcuttinghelps,butitneedn’tbebulletproof.Inonemuch-citedstudy,experimenterstriedtojumpphotocopierqueuesusingoneofthreeexplanations.Asmall,politerequestwithout_________—“Excuseme,Ihavefivepages.MayIusetheXeroxmachine?”—enabledthemtocut60percentofthetime.Addingthattheywererushedallowedthemtocut94percentofthetime.And“MayIusetheXeroxmachine,becauseIneedtomakecopies?”wasalmostas_________,despiteitsweakness.Theperson_________behindanintrusionusuallygetstodecidewhethertoallowit,accordingtoastudyco-authoredbythepsychologistStanleyMilgram.Ifthatpersondoesn’t_________,otherqueuerstendtostayquiet.Theexperimentalsofoundthattwointrudersbroughtaboutgreaterangerthanone—soifyou’regoingtoline-jump,travel__________.Keepinmindthat__________forline-cuttingvariesacrosscultures.OnesurveyofforeignerslivinginSpainrevealedmanynationaldifferencesinqueuingrules.AnIrishrespondentwasveryangry,“Theysay‘Ijustwanttoaskaquickquestion’andgorightuptothecounter...I’mreadyto__________.”BackinAmericatheworstofline-cuttingis__________you’renotdoingit.Likemembersofanycommunity,queuerswanttheircustoms__________.Soifyoumustcut,justasknicely.Doingsoenhancesthesocialcontract,andit__________.21.A．difficultB．necessaryC．commonD．unusual22.A．bitterlyB．illogicallyC．casuallyD．surprisingly23.A．rejectingB．understandingC．invitingD．continuing24.A．realisticB．violentC．repeatingD．complicated25.A．permissibleB．visibleC．inflexibleD．indefensible26.A．predictionB．oppositionC．recognitionD．justification27.A．neutralB．effectiveC．relevantD．variable28.A．randomlyB．distantlyC．fortunatelyD．directly29.A．agreeB．objectC．leaveD．stay30.A．extensivelyB．aloneC．farD．happily31.A．demandB．potentialC．foundationD．tolerance32.A．struggleB．believeC．explodeD．respond33.A．pretendingB．confessingC．rememberingD．confirming34.A．recordedB．observedC．evaluatedD．standardized35.A．failsB．stopsC．beginsD．works四、阅读理解Mygrandmotherlovedbakingandwas,therefore,anexcellentbaker.Icanstillseehermassagingflour,sugar,eggs,yeast,butterandmilkintodoughandinjectingthepastrywithjamtomakebuchteln.Icanstillhearhersayingtoher,asustainablefarmer,bakingwastheclosestshecouldgetto“theworldofart”.Iregretnevertellingherthateventhoughshewasn’tgracedwiththelifeofanartist,shewasneverthelessweavingsomethinglargerthanher:aculture.Maybesheunderstoodwhatshewasdoingafterall.Once,sheinstructedmetoneverfollowherrecipes,butinsteadtoadaptthemhoweverIsawfit.Aculture,shewasessentiallysaying,shouldbemodifiedinlinewiththetastesandneedsofthetimes.Well.Ihavealteredmostofmygrandmother’srecipes,apartfromtheone—herrecipeforpotica,atraditionalSlovenianpastryusuallyservedatholiday,birthdayandspecialcelebrations.Inessence,itisarollmadeofleavenedpaper-thindough,mostoftenstuffedwithwalnutfillingandraisins.Callingpoticaa“filledroll”,makesitseemeasytoprepare,butitrequireshoursofwork.Themostpainfulpartisgrindingthewalnuts.Beforemygrandmotherbeganusingagrinder,wefilledabagwithwalnutsandbeatthebagwithahammer,untilthenutsturnedtopaste.Ah,butwhynotsimplybuyakiloofgroundCalifornianwalnuts?Oh!Becausethesecrettothebestpoticaknowntohumansiswalnutsfromatreethatgrowsonmygrandmother’sfarm.This15-meter-talltreeisanamusementparkforcrowsandinsects,andisalsooftenpopulatedbycourageouschildren.Itbearssweetestwalnuts.Was,bore,Ishouldwrite.Inthepastdecade,the30-year-oldtreehaschanged.Atfirst,theromanticinmewantedtobelieveitwasmourningmygrandmother’sdeathandjustcouldn’tyieldsweetnutsanymore.Next,Iturnedtocommonsense.Walnutharvests,Itoldmyself,differfromseasontoseason,soourhalf-emptybasketswasnothingtoworryabout.However,afterthefifthpoorharvestwithdry,bitterfruit,IunderstoodthatIwaswitnessingsomethingbetterknownasdecay.Insuitableconditions,walnuttreesinourregioncanliveupto100yearsandyieldnutsuntilthey’remiddle-aged.Butthecircumstancesforthatparticularpoticatreehaveworsened.Thetreesendurefrostandsnow,heatandstrongwinds,stormsandfloods,andheavilypollutedair,water,soil.Well,Ispottedasignofhopeforpoticasearlythisyear.Asaplingnexttothedyingtree.Perhapsthedyingtreedeliveredallitsremainingnutrientstothissapling,whispering:“Thepreservationistsarealreadyhere,trustme.”36.Whatwastheprimaryreasonthegrandmotherconsideredbakingascloseto“theworldofart”?

A．Theuseofuniqueingredients.B．Theprecisionrequiredinbaking.C．Thetherapeuticnatureofthebakingprocess.D．Thecreativeandculturalsignificanceofbaking.37.Whatdidthegrandmotheradvisetheauthorregardingherrecipes?

A．Tostrictlyfollowtherecipesastheywere.B．Toadapttherecipesaccordingtopersonaltaste.C．Tosharetherecipeswithothersintheiroriginalform.D．Tolearntraditionalrecipesfromotherculturesinstead.38.Whyweretheboldwords“Was,bore”underlinedinthepassage?

A．Toemphasizethetree’shistoricalsignificanceonthefarm.B．Toshowcasetheauthor’sadmirationforthetree’slongevity.C．Toindicateatransitionfrompasttopresentinthetree’sstate.D．Tohighlighttheauthor’suncertaintyaboutthetree’scurrentcondition.39.Howdidtheauthorfeelaccordingtothelastparagraph?

A．Sadatthedecayofthewalnuttree.B．Hopefulaboutthefutureofthewalnuttree.C．Indifferenttothechangesinthewalnuttree.D．Unpleasedwiththenewsaplingnexttothedyingtree.

Thebestwhitenoisemachinesforagoodnight’ssleepSleepiscrucialtohealth.Butdisruptive(扰乱的)noisescanpreventyoufromfallingasleep.Whitenoisemachinescouldhelp,accordingtoonestudy.LectroFanClassicMASKSNOISE:LectroFanClassichelpsblockoutdisruptiveenvironmentalnoises.Itcanhelpimprovesleep,focus,privacy,andrelaxation.20NON-REPEATINGSOUNDS:Atotalof20uniquenon-repeating,digitallycreatedsounds.10fansounds&10whitenoisevariations,includingpink&brownnoise.SAFE:Safe,solid-statedesignispoweredbyAC(交流电)orUSBanddynamicallycreatesunique,non-repeatingsounds.VOLUMECONTROL:Precisevolumecontrolallowsyoutosettheperfectlevelforyouruniqueenvironment.YogasleepRohm+EFFECTIVELYMASKSNOISE:TheRohmeffectivelycancelsoutnoisesthatmaydisturbordistractyouforimprovedsleepandconcentration.GENTLESOUNDS:20differentsoundsincludingmusic,nature,white,pink,andbrownnoise,aswellasBluetoothspeakerfeaturestoallowyoutoplayyourownmusicorsoundsandtomakeaconferencecallontheroadwhenyouneed.CRUSH(压坏)RESISTANT:Stylish,crush-resistanttravelcasefitsperfectlywithYogasleepRohmwhitenoisemachines.BATTERYOPERATED:RechargeablethroughUSB.HatchRest+BESTFORBABIES:Soundmachine—keepyourlittleonedreamingwithsoundslikewhitenoise,wind,andrain.Nightlight—makemidnightfeedingscomfortingandthedarklessscarywithacalminglight.Time-to-Rise—setupthislightandsoundcombinationtoletyourearlyriserknowwhenit’stimetorise.Built-intwo-waysoundmonitor.POWEREDBY:ACandrechargeable.LoftieClockFAVORITECLOCK:LoftieClockusessoundandlightstohelpeaseyouintoandoutofsleep.GENTLYUNWIND:Enjoyover100freetracks,frombreathworkandsoundbathstoallkindsofwhitenoiseandnaturesounds.AI-GENERATEDPERSONALSTORIES:Loftie’sMagicStoryMakerAIhasanupgradedfeaturethatletsyoucreatesleepstorieswithTypeform.ItthenusesChatGPTandElevenLabsAItocraftyourstory.UnlockingtheMagicStoryMakerAIrequiresanupgradetoaLoftie+accountintheapp($5permonth).POWEREDBY:ACpower40._____isthemostsuitableforJoana,whosebabysleepsinherroom.

A．LectroFanClassicB．YogasleepRohm+C．HatchRest+D．LoftieClock41.IfyouwanttobuyawhitenoisemachineforyourfriendTim,whooftentravelsonbusiness,youneedtopay_____.

A．$34.95.B．$40.03.C．$159.99.D．$149.00.42.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthefourwhitenoisemachines?

A．Thefourofthemcanallproducewhitenoiseandnaturesounds.B．Oneofthemcanhelpyoucreateyourownsleepstoriesforfree.C．TwoofthemcanbepoweredbybothACandrechargeablebatteries.D．Twoofthemcannotonlyhelpyoufallasleepbutalsowakeyouup.Ifyouknowsomeonewithborderlinepersonalitydisorder(BPD),you’reawareofhowquicklytheycanstepupfrommildannoyancetooutburstsofanger.However,SonyaVarma,aprofessorfromYorkUniversity,wondered,dopeoplewithBPDhaveproblemsinallaspectsofthisprocess?Couldtheyhaveanas-yet-undiscoveredsetofemotionalstrengths?AccordingtonewresearchbyVarmaandhercolleagues,emotionregulationinvolvesboththeinternalreactionsofthebodyandtheconsciouseffortspeoplemaketolabelthosebodilyfeelings.Thislabelingprocess,theymaintain,couldmakeallthedifferencewhenitcomestosettlingbackdownandputtingthemindbackatrest.Toteaseapartthesefeaturesofemotionregulation,Varmadesignedanexperimentalsituationinwhichtheyputparticipantsintoan“emotioninduction(引导)”treatment.Participantsreadastorythatwasintendedtocauseanegativeemotionsuchasahit-and-runcaraccidentorthedeathofyourdog.Thesampleincluded29participantswithdiagnosedBPDwhowereage-andsex-matchedwithhealthycontrols,andtheyrangedinagefrom18to60.Toexaminetheeffectoflabeling,Varmaaskedtheirparticipantstotypetheircurrentemotionalstatesintoacomputer,choosingfromasettheysawonthescreen.Theycouldusethesamewordmultipletimesiftheywished.IfindeedpeoplewithBPDhavedifficultylabelingtheiremotions,thenthisfaultshouldhavebeenreflectedintheirabilitytoreturntobaseline(起点)afterthenegativeemotioninduction.However,thefindingssurprisinglyrancountertotheresearchteam’sexpectations:PeoplewithBPDwereequaltothecontrolparticipantsinthenegativityoftheirexpressedemotion,theintensityofthatemotion,andeventhewordstheyusedtodescribetheiremotions.Althoughusingawiderrangeofwordsfollowingtheemotioninductionhelpedtobringaboutgreaterphysiologicalcontrolforallparticipants,therewerenodifferencesbetweengroupsinthiseffect.Givenitsroleinhelpingrestorephysiologicalpeace,itappearsthatregardlessofwhethersomeonehasBPDornot,itcanbebeneficialtolearntolabelyouremotions.Whenyou’restartingdownthepathwayofexperiencinganegativeemotion,youcanbenefitbyapplyinganaccuratelabeltothatemotionasopposedtoholdingitbackorcallingitsomethingelse.Thiscanpotentiallypreventengagementindestructivebehaviorsthatmayfunctiontodownregulateemotionsuchasself-harm.Tosumup,thisnewinformationaboutBPDcanofferhopethatatleastonekeyelementoftheemotionregulationprocessappearstofunctioneffectively.Buildingonthisstrengthcouldverywellprovideanewandunexploredpathwayfortheirsatisfaction.43.Accordingtoparagraph1and2,peoplewithBPD_________.

A．maybegoodatlabelingbodilyfeelingsB．maylosetheirtempereasilyandsuddenlyC．encounterproblemsineveryaspectoftheirlifeD．haveemotionalstrengthslikeemotionregulation44.Theunderlinedphrase“teaseapart”(Para3,Line1)isclosestinmeaningto_________.

A．identifyB．combineC．emphasizeD．dominate45.WhatcanbeinferredfromVarma’sexperiment?

A．Negativeemotionsaffecttheabilitytoreflect.B．Healthycontrolsexcelatregulatingtheirmentalstate.C．Richexpressionscontributetopsychologicalstability.D．PeoplewithBPDmettheresearchteam’sexpectations.46.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A．Anewpathwayofregulatingemotions.B．Amethodofconsciouslylabelingemotions.C．AnunexpectedstrengthofpeoplewithBPD.D．AninvoluntaryreactiontopeoplewithBPD.ChangingSomeone’sMindattheDinnerTableFamilygatheringscanbringuptopicsweprefertoavoid.Withthefestiveseasoninfullswing,itmightbehardtostayawayfromsomeannoyingrelatives.Atsomepoint,youknowtheywillsaysomethinglike:”Geneticallymodifiedfoodsarenotsafetoeat“or”Climatechangeisaconspiracy”.(Surely,allthesestatementsareuntrue.)47“Isitworthmakinganefforttocorrectpeople?”saysJasonReiflerattheUniversityofExeter,UK,whostudieswaysofchallengingmisperceptions.Ithinkso.48Obviously,itisfarmoredifficulttoprovefalsebeliefswrongthantospreadthem.Takeaclassic:“Theclimatehasalwayschanged,it’snothingtodowithhumans.”Tofightthis,youneedtoexplainhowtheworldisnowwarmingatanalarmingrate,whenotherwiseitwouldbecoolingslightlywereitnotforourcarbondioxideemissions.49“Parallel”argumentscanoftenhighlightlogicalerrorsveryeffectively,saysJohnCookofGeorgeMasonUniversity,Virginia.Forinstance,the“climateisalwayschanging”mythislikeclaimingthatbecausepeoplehavealwaysstolenfromeachother,leavingyourhouseunlockedwon’tincreasetheriskofburglary(入室抢劫).Butyouneedtobeawareofthebackfire(适得其反的)effect.50Thiswasdiscouragingnewsforthefightagainstfalsebeliefs.“Thelastthingyouwanttodowhendebunking(驳斥)misinformationismakemattersworse,”wroteCookandStephanLewandowskyattheUniversityofBristol,UK,inTheDebunkingHandbook,ashortguidepublishedin2011.However,morerecentstudiesarefarmoreencouraging.It’snotascommonasweinitiallythought,“saysLewandowsky.

A．Thisistheideathattryingtochangesomeone’sfalsebeliefcanmakethembelieveitmorestrongly.B．However,morerecentstudiesarefarmoreencouraging.C．Anyonecanspreadalie,butitusuallytakesabitoftimeandknowledgetoexplainwhyastatementiswrong.D．Butsometimesthereareshortcutstomakeyourpointconvincing.E．Ifyouarenotsureofthefacts,dosomewebbrowsingonyourphoneratherthantryingtowingit.F．Ifthishappens,youdon’thavetojustsittherequiet.五、书面表达51.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.CanalsinBritainTherestorationofBritain’svastcanalnetworkhasbeenanotablesuccess.Wildducksandbirdscanbeseenalongthe100milesorsoofBirmingham’scanals.ManchesterboatusersandwalkerscanlearnabouttheoriginoftheIndustrialRevolution(工业革命)alongwaterwaysthatrunthroughthecity.Thencomesaheavyblow:havingpreviouslyfrozenfundingfortheCanal&RiverTrust,thegovernmentnowplanscutsof£300milliontoitsfinances,beginningin2017.Thisshortsighteddecisionwillstretchresourcesbeyondbreakingpoint.Volunteersalreadyhavetobereliedonforclean-upworkandothertasks,whichmayleavethemaintenanceallthemoredifficult.Somecanalsmayevenhavetoclose.OnereportmentionsthatthelargestretchesofLondon’snetworkwillbeaffected,includingLittleVenice.Originallysavedinthe1960sbythethentran