中国文化英语翻译资料

中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期(前1600——前256)丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉(前206——公元25)时张蹇通西域，把中元与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪使者。Unit3文房四宝206)时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代(前206——公元220)以人工制墨代替了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失使用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝(960——1279)以后特指湖笔(浙江湖州)、徽墨(安徽徽州)、宣纸(安徽宣州)、端砚(广东肇庆，古称端州)。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。ofUnit4对联是依中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学深渊及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中itheticalCouplets弈，别称坐稳、手谈。围棋规则则简单而玄妙无百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的WeiqiWeiqiWeiqicouldbecalledthenationalchessofChina.Inancienttimes,WeiqiwascalledYi,withthealternativenamesZuoyinandShoutan.TheregulationsofWeiqiarebothsimpleandcomplexatthesametime.AfullWeiqisethasplayingpiecesandisplayedonaboardwitha19by19grid.Thecircumferenceoftheboardislessthan2/3metre.betweentwoplayersanditteststheirwisdom,courage,andpatience.WeiqisymbolizedHeavenandEarth.Itcontainscountlessphilosophicaltheoriessuchasthetheoriesembodiedintheimage-numerologyinTheBookOfChanges,theartofwarandtheoriesonstateadministrationandnationalsecurity,whichembodiesthewisdomandthespiritofChineseculture.Unit6中国京剧成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱(歌唱)、念(念白)、做(表演)、打(武)、舞(舞蹈)为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分为生(男性)、旦(女性)、净(男性)、丑(男性女性皆有)四大行当seBeijingOperafancientlocaloperasespeciallyhuibaninsouthernChinaAttheendofthethCenturyBeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratesjing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).Unit7中国道教道教是中国土生土长的宗教。创始人是春秋(前770——前476)末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要言。TaoismandAutumnPeriod(770BC-476BC).TaoTeChing,whoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobetheworriesfromone’smind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.ThefollowingisanexampleofLaozi’sgoldensayings:Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.amelessthatHeavenandEarthsprangThenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Trulyonlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences;Hethathasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutcomes.Unit8中国成语国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚、古代文学作品、诗functionasawordMostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi(makeunremittingeffortsfromfolkproverbsancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。书法在中国艺术中拥有举足轻重的地位，因为它影响到了其它的中国艺术形式，比如古典诗歌、雕塑、传统音乐及舞蹈、建筑及手工艺品。作为传统的艺术瑰宝，中国书法被全世界人民所喜爱，且越来越受到欢迎。山水画一直以来都被誉为中国绘画的最高境界。它品味高端，很受欢迎。一般意义上，中国山水画被认为是书法、绘画及诗歌的结合或延伸。汉语“山水”这个词由“山”和“水”两个汉字组成，且与道教的哲学思想相联系，它强调的是人与自然的和谐。中国画家描绘的并不总是真实的世界，他们呈现的是自己想象出来的风景，这些风景不再只是对眼前世界的描绘，而是画家内在思想的写照。因此，人们认为欣赏山水画除了可以很好地了解画家的内心世界之外，还可以净化自己的灵魂。在中国，戏曲是一种很流行的戏剧形式，一般来说，可以追溯到唐朝时期，当时的皇帝唐玄宗创立了“梨园”。如今，许多外国人也很喜欢中国的戏曲。最吸引他们的则是戏曲的独有风格—画脸谱，它不仅是戏曲中的一大亮点，同时还要求独特的绘画技艺。每个演员脸上夸张的扮相代表其扮演角色的性格和命运。熟知戏曲的观众通过观察演员的脸谱和服装就可以知道角色背后的故事。通常，红色脸谱代表忠诚与勇敢；黑色代表凶猛；黄色和白色代表口是心非；金色和银色代表神秘。7对于中国人，特别是老年人，欣赏戏曲是他们的一大乐趣。京剧是中国的一种传统艺术。它是中国戏曲的一种，诞生于于1790年四大展，到清朝达到全盛阶段。京剧被看成是中国的文化瑰宝之一。虽然它被称为京剧，但是它的起源地却是中国的安徽省和湖北省。京剧起初是一种宫廷表演艺术，而后才慢慢普及到民间。在数百年前，京剧作为一种新的戏曲形式，无论在哪里进行表演，都饱受欢迎。而在现代社会中，包括京剧在内的传统戏曲却不大能被年轻人接受，面临着巨大的生存危机。PekingoperaisatraditionalartinChina.ItisakindofChineseoperawhichwasbornwhentheFourGreatAnhuiTroupescametoBeijingin1790,aroseinthemid-19thcenturyandwasextremelypopularintheQingDynasty.PekingoperaiswidelyregardedasoneoftheculturaltreasuresofChina.AlthoughitiscalledBeijingopera,itsoriginsareintheChineseprovincesofAnhuiandHubei.Pekingoperawasoriginallystagedforthecourtandcameintothepubliclater.Hundredsofyearsago,asanewdramaform,whereveritwasperformed,itwouldbewarmlywelcomed..Unfortunately,inthemodernworld,traditionaloperasincludingPekingOperahavetofacetheexistentialcrisis,becausetheyarenoteasilyacceptedbyyoungergenerations.6、昆曲KunquOpera昆曲是中国古老戏曲中的一种，起源于江苏昆山，拥有600多年的历史。它是连接过去与现在，中国与世界的纽带，对现今中国的戏曲形式，包括川剧与京剧在内，都产生了重要的影响。昆曲蕴含了各种意象美，从音乐、舞蹈到诗歌，人们的精神世界甚至中国人的灵魂，都有所体现。正因为如此，昆曲在过去广受欢迎，也成了中国文化遗产中最珍贵的部分。但是现在，昆曲不仅面临着来自大众流行文化的挑战，而且年轻人也对其缺乏兴趣。只有进行适当的保护，昆曲才能KunshanregionofJiangsuprovince,isoneofChina’sclassicaloperaswithahistoryofmorethan600years.KunquOperaservesasalinkbetweenpastandpresent,Chinaandtheworld.IthasexertedadominantinfluenceonrecentformsofoperainChina,includingtheSichuanandBeijingoperas.KunquOperaembracedeveryimaginablebeauty,frommusicanddance,topoetryandpeople’sspiritworldandevenverysouloftheChinesenation,sothatKunquOperawassopopularinthepastandbecamethemostvaluablepartsofChina’sculturalheritage.Butnow,KunquOperaisfacingcompetitionfrommasscultureandalackofinterestamongsttheyoung.Itcanonlyhaveabrightfuturewhenitisprotectedinaproperway.7、唐诗PoemsoftheTangDynasty唐代，是中国古典诗歌的鼎盛时期，在不到300年的时间里，涌现出了许多著名的诗人和诗作。清朝时编辑的《全唐诗》(PoemsoftheTangDynasty)已收录2200多位诗人创作的48900多首诗歌。这些诗歌让人们深入了解到当时社会生活的各个方面。中国人很喜欢唐诗，就连小孩子也能背出几首，如李白的《静夜思》(Thoughtsinthet等等。唐诗不仅是中国古代文学史上最光辉的一页，而且也是人类文TheTangDynastywitnessedthepeakofChineseancientpoetry,withmanyrenownedpoetsandfamousworksappearingoveraperiodoflessthan300years.PoemsoftheTangDynastyeditedduringtheQingDynastyhascollectedmorethan48,900poemswrittenbyover2,200poets.Thesepoemsprovideaninsightintoallaspectsofthesociallifeoftheperiod.ChinesepeopleareveryfondofTangpoetry,andevenchildrencanrecitesomefrommemory,suchasThoughtsintheSilentNightbyLiBai,GoodRainonaSpringNightbyDuFu,etc.TangpoetrynotonlyservesasamostbrilliantpageinthehistoryofancientChineseliterature,butisalsoamiracleinthehistoryofhumanculture.8、中国武术ChineseMartialArts/Kungfu中国武术拥有悠久的历史，在中国广为流行。受中国古典美学所提倡的刚柔并济了健康、娱乐和竞技。为了更好地传承这一古老的技艺，全国各地开设有很多的武术俱乐部和协会。自1980年起，一大批武术专业的毕业生被分配到学校里教授武术。现在很多专家通过将搏斗技巧和健康结合到一起，试着将武术变为一项科学的运动。他们希望有一天，武术可以作为一项赛事纳入奥运会中。ChinesemartialartsenjoyalonghistoryandgreatpopularityinChina.InfluencedbyancientChineseaestheticswhichadvocatedabalancebetweenhardnessandsoftness,Chinesemartialartshaveformedtheirownaestheticstandards.Today,manypeoplepracticeittopursuehealth,entertainmentandcompetition.Inordertoinherittheancientart,manymartialartsclubsandassociationshavebeenestablishedacrossChina.Since1980,alargenumberofgraduatesmajoringinmartialartshavebeenassignedtoteachmartialartsinschools.Manyspecialiststodayaretyingtoturnmartialartsintoascientificsportbycombiningfightingskillswithhealth.TheyhopethatonedaymartialartswillbecomeasporteventattheOlympicGames.9、长城TheGreatWall长城，作为中国的象征之一，不仅是中国的奇迹，也是整个世界的奇迹。它始建于春秋战国时期，秦始皇统一中国后，连结了各段长城以抵御外敌入侵。现存的长城遗迹主要为建于14世纪的明长城。长城有着两千多年的历史，于1987年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。symbolsofChina,theGreatWallisawondernotonlytoChinabutalsotothewholeworld.TheGreatWallwasfirstbuiltintheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod.AftertheunificationofChina,thefirstEmperorofQinlinkedupdifferentsectionsofthewallstopreventtheinvasionoftheenemies.ThepresentpreservedGreatWallofChinaisthemajorpartsbuiltinthe14thcentury,calledMingGreatWall.Withalonghistoryofmorethan2,000years,theGreatWallofChinawaslistedasWorldHeritagebyUNESCOin1987.Untilnow,theGreatWallisstilloneofthemostpopularattractionsintheworld.10、故宫TheImperialPalace故宫又名紫禁城，位于北京市中心，占地面积72万平方米。它拥有众多的庭院，四面有高墙和护城河保护。明清两代的皇帝和他们的家眷以及数百名宫女、太监曾在这里居住。紫禁城于明朝1420年建成，普通百姓不能进入。在1924年清朝末代皇帝被逐出故宫后，故宫于1925年变Beijing,theImperialPalace,alsoknownastheForbiddenCity,coversanareaof720,000squaremeters.Itconsistsofdozensofcourtyardsandisprotectedbyhighwallsandamoatonallfoursides.Theemperorsoftwodynasties,theMingandtheQing,livedherewiththeirfamiliesandhundredsofcourtladiesandpalaceeunuchs.TheForbiddenCitywascompletedin1420duringtheMingDynasty,whichwasnotaccessibletothecommonpeople.ThePalacewasconvertedintoamuseumin1925andhasbeenopentothepublicafterthelastemperoroftheQingDynastywasdrivenoutofthePalacein1924.一、历史文化四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。ChinaliesintheeastofAsiaandithasthelargestpopulationintheworld.Chinaisalsooneofthefourcountriesintheworldthathaveanancientcivilization,Besides,ithasavastterritorywithsuchabundantnaturalresourcesasdenseforests,magnificentwaterfalls,majesticandbeautifulriversandlakes,andmountainswhosepeaksreachhighintotheskylikeswords.AllthesemakeChinaasingularlyattractiveplacetotouristsaroundtheworld.But,mostimportantly,Chinaboastsahistoryofoverfivethousandyearswithinnumerablehistoricalrelicsleftoverfromthelongpast,suchaspricelesspearlsandjewels,historicsitesandscenicspots,palacesandedificesofarchitecturalrichness,allofwhichhavewonpeople’sadmiration.YouaresuretofindgreatenjoymentfromalltheseattractionsinChina,amuch-admireddreamland.中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系ThetraditionalChineseculture,bothextensiveandprofound,startsfarbackandrunsalong,longcourse.Morethan2,000yearsago,thereemergedinChinaConfucianismrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius,TaoismrepresentedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,andmanyothertheoriesanddoctrinesthatfiguredprominentlyinthehistoryofChinesethought,allbeingcoveredbythefamousterm”themasters’hundredschools.”ThetraditionalChineseculturepresentsmanypreciousideasandqualities,whichareessentiallypopulistanddemocratic.Forexample,theylaystressontheimportanceofkindnessandloveinhumanrelations,ontheinterestofthecommunity,onseekingharmonywithoutuniformityandontheideathattheworldisforall.Especially,patriotismasembodiedinthesaying”Everybodyisresponsiblefortheriseorfallofthecountry”;thepopulistountryandthat“peoplearethemoreimportantthanthemonarch”;thecodetraditionalvirtuestaughtfromgenerationtogeneration:enduranceandhardworkingdiligenceandfrugalityinhouseholdmanagement,andrespectingteachersandvaluingeducation.Allofwhichhaveplayedagreatroleinbindingandregulatingthefamily,thecountryandthesociety.汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。Inasense,Chineseisaveryoldlanguage,anditsearliestcharactersdatebacknearlyfourthousandyearsago.Duringtheirlonghistoryofdevelopment,Chinesecharactershaveevolvedintomanydifferentscriptforms,suchastheSealscript,Clericalscript,RegularscriptandRunningscript.ChinesecalligraphersusuallyrendertheirChinesecharactersinwaysthatexaggeratetheformtoyieldartisticbeauty,suchasthoseinstoneinscriptionsseenintouristresorts.Chinesecalligraphyisasubjectofartisticstudy.AsyourinterestinChinesecharactersystemincreasesinthedaystocome,wewillintroduceinduetimethedifferentschoolsofChinesecalligraphy,andhowtoappreciatetheartisticbeautyofChinesecalligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(theRuSchool)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(MasterKung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响Confuciuswasathinker,politicalfigure,educator,andfounderoftheRuSchoolofChinesethought.Confucianism,thegreatsystemofmoralandreligiousphilosophybuiltupontheteachingsofMasterKung.FungYou-lan,oneofthegreat20thcenturyauthoritiesonthehistoryofChinesethought,comparesConfucius9influenceinChinesehistorywiththatofSocratesintheWest.红楼梦：《红楼梦》问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象《红楼梦》这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂，他们来读《红楼梦》，会各就自己的特点，欣赏该书中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱;也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。EversincethepublicationofADreamofRedMansionssome200yearsago,hundredsofmillionsofpeoplehavereaditsChineseoriginaloritstranslationsinvariouslanguages.Oftheseinnumerablepeople,howmanyhavereadthenovelbystartingwithaperusalofthecritics'articlesandallowingthemselvestobeledbythenosebythecriticsastohowtoreadthenovel?Nexttonone.Allliteraryworks,especiallyamonumentalonelikeADreamofRedMansions,areextremelyrichincontentandinvolvediversesocialstrata-tosuchanextentthattheyvirtuallyresembleamountainoftreasureoralabyrinth.Andthereadersareevenmorecomplicated,differingfromeachotherinfamilybackground.Theywilleachappreciateacertainaspectofthenovelaccordingtotheirownindividuality.Theymayfeelinspiredandenlightened,andhenceloveit,ortheymayfeelhurt,andhenceloatheit.Inshort,thereactionsvary.二、传统节日春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望几乎是相同的，他们希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续15天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭，放鞭炮，给儿童压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第7天停止庆祝活动，因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束，但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。ChineseNewYearCelebrationisthemostimportantcelebrationoftheyear.ChinesepeoplemaycelebratetheChineseNewYearinslightlydifferentwaysbuttheirwishesarealmostthesame;theywanttheirfamilymembersandfriendstobehealthyandluckyduringnextyear.ChineseNewYearCelebrationusuallylastsfor15days.CelebratoryactivitiesincludeChineseNewFeast,firecrackers,givingluckymoneytochildren,theNewYearbellringingandChineseNewYearGreetings.MostofChinesepeoplewillstopthecelebratingintheirhomeonthe7thdayofNewYearbecausethenationalholidayusuallyendsaroundthatday,howevercelebrationsinpublicareascanlastuntilthe15thdayofNewYear.清明节：清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。元宵节：与大多数中国节日一样，元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃，成甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历的第一个月圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地”。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主诚和受人敬仰的大臣(minister),他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤(vilify)而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子(glutinousdumplings)和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖TheDuanWuFestival,alsocalledtheDragonBoatFestival,istocommemoratethepatrioticpoetQuYuan.QuYuanwasaloyalandhighlyesteemedminister,whobroughtpeaceandprosperitytothestatebutendedupdrowninghimselfinariverasaresultofbeingvilified.Peoplegottothespotbyboatandcastglutinousdumplingsintothewater,hopingthatthefishesatethedumplingsinsteadofQuYuan’sbody.Forthousandsofyears,thefestivalhasbeenmarkedbyglutinousdumplingsanddragonboatraces,especiallyinthesouthernprovinceswheretherearemanyriversandlakes.庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在TheMid-AutumnFestivalfallsonthe15thdayofthe8thmonthofthelunarmonth.Itisatimeforfamilymemberstocongregateandenjoythefullmoon,whichisasymbolofabundance,harmonyandluck.AdultsusuallyindulgeinfragrantmooncakesofvariouskindswithagoodcupofhotChinesetea,whilethechildrenrunaroundwiththeirbrightly-litrabbitlanterns.ThefestivalwasendowedaologicalflavourwithlegendsofChangEthebeautifulladyinthemoon.AccordingtoChinesemythology,theearthoncehad10sunscirclingoverit.HouYi,shotdown9ofthesunstosaveallthelivesoncarth.Hestoletheelixiroflife,whichcanmakepeopleimmortal.However,hiswife,Chang-Edrankit.ThusthelegendofChang-Eflyingintothemooncameintobeing.年农历(lunarcalendar)七月初七就是七夕节，亦称“乞巧节”。七夕节averMaid市青年男女把这个节日当作“中国情人节”(ChineseValentine'sDay)TheDoubleSeventhFestivalisthemostromantictraditionalChinesefestival.Alsoknownas"QiqiaoFestival"itfallsannuallyonthe7thdayofthe7thmonthofthelunarcalendar.ThefestivalcamefromanancientChineseromanticfairytaleabouttheCowherdandtheWeaverMaid,whichhasdeeplymovedgenerationsofChinesepeople.Manymenandwomeninloveusuallyprayforahappymarriageonthatnight,hopingfor"ahappyendingfortruelove".Inrecentyean,moreandmoreyouthsincitiescelebratetheDoubleSeventhFestivalasChineseValentine'sDay.饭，他们相信这样可以驱鬼辟邪。还有一些地区会吃汤圆。冬至的汤进贡九层糕的习俗。他们用糯米粉捏成鸡、鸭、龟、猪、牛、羊等象artsofnorthChinapeoplehavejiaozisouponthisdaywhileresidentsofsomeotherplaceseatjiaozi,sayingdoingsowillkeepthemfromfrostintheupcomingwinter.ButinsouthChina,itiscommonplaceforthewholefamilytogettogethertohaveamealmadeofredbeansandglutinousrice.Theybelieve,bydoingthis,theycandriveawayghostsandotherevilthings.Inotherplaces,peoplealsoeattangyuan,akindofstuffedsmalldumplingballmadeofglutinousriceflour.TheWinterSolsticericedumplingsmaybeusedassacrificestoancestors,orgiftsforfriendsandrelatives.TheTaiwaneseevenkeepthecustomofofferingnine-layercakestotheirancestors.Theymadecakesintheshapeofchicken,duck,tortoise,pig,coworsheepwithglutinousriceflourandsteamthemondifferentlayersofapot.TheseanimalsallsignifyauspiciousnessinChinesetradition.腊八节(theLabaFestival)在农历最后一个月的第八天庆祝，标志h人遵循腊八节喝腊八粥(Labariceporridge)的习俗。腊八粥最早表达对佛祖(Buddha)的虔诚。明朝时，腊八粥成为皇帝在此节日赏赐LabaFestivaliscelebratedontheeighthdayofthelastlunarmonth,markingthebeginningofcelebratingtheChineseSpringFestivalLameansthe12thlunarmonthandbameansthenumbereight.Thedateusuallyfallsinmid-January.ThemajorityofpeoplefromHannationalityhasfollowedthetraditionofeatingLabariceporridgeontheLabaFestival.LabariceporridgewasfirstintroducedtoChinaintheSongDynasty.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,somelargetempleswouldofferthepoorLabariceporridgetoshowtheirfaithtoBuddha.IntheMingDynasty,itbecameaholyfoodthatemperorswouldusetoawardtheirofficialsonthefestival.九节，至今有约两千年的历史。在中国古代，重阳节是一个重要的节日，这一天要举行各种庆祝活动，如:登高、赏菊(chrysanthemum)、敬老活动、一年一度的“老年节”。ChongyangFestival，fallsontheninthdayoftheninthlunarwhichhasahistoryofsome2,000years.AsanimportantfestivalinancientChina,ChongyangFestivalwascelebratedbyholdingvariousactivities,suchasclimbingmountains,appreciatingchrysanthemums,wearingcornelandeatingChongyangcakes.ClimbingmountainsisamajorcustominChongyangFestival.Ancientpeoplethoughtclimbingmountainsonthisdaycouldhelpthemavoidmisfortuneandpreventdisasters.Inrecentyears,anewmeaninghasbeengiventotheoldvariousactivitiesareheldinhonorofseniorpeople.r4.避祸免灾:其意为“避免祸事，免除灾难”，故直译成avoid6.敬老:inhonorof表示“向…致敬”;“老”表示“年长者”，可译为eelderlyMarchoftheVolunteers义勇军进行曲theGrandCanalbetweenBeijingandHangzhou京杭descendantsofYanandHuang炎黄子孙specialadministrativeregion特别行政区onecountry,twosystems一国两制banningallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism罢黜Buddhistscriptures佛经threeobediencesandfourvirtues三从四德theKoran古兰经WhentheEightImmortalscrossthesea,eachdemonstratestheirdivinepower八.仙过海philosophicalprose诸子散文literarycriticism文学评论SoftandTunefulSchool婉约派FourGreatClassicalNovels四大名著theNobelPriceforLiterature诺贝尔文学奖regularscript楷书FourTreasuresoftheStudy文房四宝crosstalk相声shadowplay皮影戏pluckedinstrument弦乐器PreliminaryEve小年GoldenWeek黄金周SpringFestivalGala春节联欢晚会DoubleSeventhFestival七夕节autonomousprefecture自治州eightregionalcuisines八大菜系double-stewedsoup老火靓汤oolongtea乌龙茶arm-crossedwine交杯酒ABiteofChina舌尖上的中国SilkRoad丝绸之路paddy-fieldcostume稻田装batikorwaxpainting蜡染Chinesetunicsuit中山装betrothalgift订婚礼物和加拿大，居世界第三位。中国地形特征复杂多变，西部为高原，东部为平原。山地和丘陵四季分明，适宜人类居住。LocatedintheeastoftheAsiancontinent,onthewesternshorethePacificOcean,thePRChasalandareaofabout9.6millionsquarekilometres,andisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld.nextonlytoRussiaandCanada.Chinaisacountryintheworldofvariedtopographicalfeatureswithhighlandsinthewestandplainsintheeast.Mountainouslandandveryroughterrainsmakeupabout67%ofChineseterritory,basinsandplansabout33%.Mostofliesinthenorthtemperatezone,characterisedbyawarmclimateanddistinctiveseasons,aclimatewellsuitedforhabitation.选择自己的宗教信仰和表明自己的宗教身份。Chinaisamulti-religioncountry.thereligionsthatarebelievedbyChinesepeoplearemainlyTaoism,Buddhism,Islam,CatholicismandChristianity.amongwhichTaoismisindigenoustoChinawhiletheothersareofforeignorigin.Chinesecitizensmayfreelychoosetheirreligiousbeliefsandmakeclearaffiliations.的特点，这些诗歌可以划分三类：风雅颂。《诗经》中的诗歌多以四言为主，表现手法主要后代文学的影响非常深远。TheBookofSongs.thefirstanthologyofpoetryinchina.includes305poemsfortheearlyWestern,zhoudynastytothemiddleofspringandautumnperiod.Inthelightoftheirrhythmstheworkscanbedividedintothreesections:fengyasong.ThepoemsinTheBookofSongsaremainlywritteninfour-characterlines.Intermsofitswritingtechnique,itcanbeclassifiedintofubiandxingAsthestartingpointofChineseliterature,TheBookofSongshasgreatinfluenceontheliteraryworksoflatergenerations京剧有200多年历史，在中国的传统戏曲剧种中最为有名。在表演中，演员根据活动来表示开门、上楼、划船、骑马等动作。BeijingOpera,whichhasahistoryofmorethan200years，enjoysthegreatestreputationamongChina’straditionaloperas.InBeijingOpera,performersweardifferenttypesofmake-upaccordingtothecharacterstheyperform.Singingrecitation,actingandacrobaticfightingarethefourmajorartisticmeansandthefourbasicskillsofBeijingOpera.EachactionofaBeijingOperaperformersishighlysymbolic.Gestures,footwork,andotherbodymovementscanexpresstheactionssuchasopeningadoor,gongingupstairs,rowingaboat,ridingahorse,etc.春节是中国农历年的岁首，是最隆重的传统节日。春节的习俗很多，如放鞭炮、贴春联、#大年、吃饺子等。春节期间，各地还会举办各种庆祝活动，其中传统庙会活动会一直持续很TheSpringFestivalisChina’smostimportanttraditionalfestivalthatfallsonthefirstdayfirstlunarmonth.Therearemanycustomsobservedduringthisfestivalsuchasburningfirecracker,pastingSpringFestivalcouplets,payingNewYearvisits,eatingdumplings,etc.Therearevariouscelebrationsinthedifferentplacesduringthisfestival,amongwhichtraditionaltemplefairslastfordays.物产以及风俗习惯的差异，形成了以鲁菜、川菜、粤菜、闽菜、苏菜、浙菜、徽菜、湘菜为代表的八大菜系。中国菜讲究色、香、味，其中以味最为重要。中国的菜五花八门，著名的菜肴名称背后都有段生动的故事，这为中国的饮食文化平添了几分的神秘色彩。ThereisanoldsayinginChina.”foodiswhatmattersmosttopeople”.ItillustratethesignificantrolefoodplaysinthelifeofChinesepeople.Asavastcountrywithdiverseclimates.andcustomChinaisknowntohaveeightregionalcuisineswhichincludeShangdongSichuan,Guangdong,Fujian,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,anhui,andhunancuisines.TherearethreeessentialstandardbywhichChinesecookingisjudged,namelycolour,aroma,andtaste,withtastebeingthemostimportant.ThenamesofChinesedishesaremanyandvarious.ThereareinterestingstoriesbehindthenamesfamousChinesedishes,whichaddtothemystiqueofChinesefoodculture.舞台上，中国的唐装、旗袍、中山装等仍是深受欢迎，成为许多的顶级大师们的灵感源泉。中国的刺绣和蜡染等民族艺术也深深的吸引了海内外的游客。AsavitalpartofChinesecivilisation,traditionalChinesecostumesandadornmentspalyanimportmentroleinthecountry‘shistoryandculture.Onthestageoffashion,theTangcostume.cheongsam,andChinesetunicsuithavestillbeenpopular;andtheyhavebecomethesourceofinspirationsformanytopfashiondesigners.Embroidery,batik,andothertraditionalChinesefolkartshavealsoattractedtouristsathomeandabroad.中秋节InChian,theMid-AutumnFestivalisoneofthemostimportantfestivals.TalkingofthetraditionsaboutMid-AutumnFestival,ItisagreatchanceforChinesefamiliestosittogether,enjoyingthebeautifulroundmoonandhand-madedeliciousmooncakes.JustlikeothertraditionalfestivalsinChina,themainpurposeofMid-Autumnisnottoenjoythemeals,ortoappreciatethebeautifulviews.Infact,it’sthefeelingoffamilythatmakesthisfestivalsoimportanttoChinese,andthat’sthereasonwhyweloveit.春节春节SpringSpringFestivaldaythatthefamiliesgettogether.ChinesepeoplemostliketheSpringFestival.ThespringfestivalisusuallyintheFebruary,.Inthespringfestival,everyfamilyallpastethelucky,SpringFestivalcoupletsandtheyfirethecracker,theyeatthedumplings,wearehavemakedumplingsit,isverydelicious.playingfireworksintheopenair.MybrotherandIplayedfireworksonthatday.Wehadmanyfireworks..thefamiliesgettogethertohavethenewyear'sdinner,wisheachother,talkaboutthewishesaboutthenewyear.SmallIhopemakepro