聚吡咯性能的影响因素

目录1. 绪论 121.1 研究背景 121.1.1 氟污染的来源 121.1.2 氟对人体健康的影响 241.1.3 国内外氟污染现状 341.1.4 饮用水氟含量标准 461.2 氟污染的处理方法与研究进展 461.2.1 化学沉淀法 461.2.2 膜处理法 571.2.3 离子交换法 691.2.4 电凝聚法 错误!未定义书签。101.2.5 吸附法 7111.3 聚吡咯性质、掺杂以及制备 错误!未定义书签。171.3.1 聚吡咯性质 11171.3.2 聚吡咯掺杂机理 12181.3.3 聚吡咯的制备 13201.4 聚吡咯性能的影响因素 14211.4.1 掺杂阴离子对性能的影响 14211.4.2 微观形貌对性能的影响 15221.5 聚吡咯吸附除氟应用现状 18251.6 研究目的、研究内容及技术路线 19261.6.1 研究目的 19261.6.2 研究内容 19271.6.3 技术路线 2028绪论研究背景氟污染的来源氟元素是自然环境中常见的卤族元素之一，广泛地分布在土壤，水体和空气中。在非金属元素中，氟是最活泼也是电负性最强的，几乎可以和所有的非金属和金属元素发生反应，生成含氟化合物ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Boukhris</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Boukhris,Asma</author><author>Laffont-Schwob,Isabelle</author><author>Rabier,Jacques</author><author>Salducci,Marie-Dominique</author><author>ElKadri,Lefi</author><author>Tonetto,Alain</author><author>Tatoni,Thierry</author><author>Chaieb,Mohamed</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Changesinmesophyllelementdistributionandphytometabolitecontentsinvolvedinfluoridetoleranceofthearidgypsum-tolerantplantspeciesAtractylisserratuloidesSieberexCass.(Asteraceae)</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScienceAndPollutionResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScienceAndPollutionResearch</full-title></periodical><pages>7918-7929</pages><volume>22</volume><number>10</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0944-1344</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000354486800067</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000354486800067</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s11356-014-3957-6</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Boukhris,2015#2"1]。氟离子的半径为1.36Å，与O2-(1.32Å)与OH-(1.53Å)十分相似，因此氟具有十分强的成矿能力和亲和力，易形成各种含氟矿物，氟在地壳岩石中的占比约为0.077%ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bretzler</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bretzler,A.</author><author>Johnson,C.A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>[Bretzler,Anja;Johnson,C.Annette]EawagSwissFedInstAquatSci&Technol,DeptWaterResources&DrinkingWater,CH-8600Dubendorf,Switzerland. Bretzler,A(reprintauthor),EawagSwissFedInstAquatSci&Technol,DeptWaterResources&DrinkingWater,Uberlandstr133,CH-8600Dubendorf,Switzerland. anja.bretzler@eawag.ch</auth-address><titles><title>TheGeogenicContaminationHandbook:Addressingarsenicandfluorideindrinkingwater</title><secondary-title>AppliedGeochemistry</secondary-title><alt-title>Appl.Geochem.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AppliedGeochemistry</full-title><abbr-1>Appl.Geochem.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>AppliedGeochemistry</full-title><abbr-1>Appl.Geochem.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>642-646</pages><volume>63</volume><keywords><keyword>Arsenic</keyword><keyword>Fluoride</keyword><keyword>Groundwater</keyword><keyword>Geogeniccontamination</keyword><keyword>Mitigation</keyword><keyword>Guidelines</keyword><keyword>SANDFILTERS</keyword><keyword>GROUNDWATER</keyword><keyword>HEALTH</keyword><keyword>MODEL</keyword><keyword>SECTOR</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0883-2927</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000366219800055</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000366219800055</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.08.016</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Bretzler,2015#1"2]，地壳中含有近百种含氟矿物，例如：冰晶石（含氟量54%）、萤石（含氟量48%）、黄玉（含氟量11.5%）、磷灰石（含氟量约3.8%），而萤石的主要成分是CaF2，萤石是地壳中含氟矿物的主要存在形式ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Horak</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Horak,T.</author><author>Sterba,K.</author><author>Olsovska,J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheEffectofFluorineonAnimalandHumanHealth</title><secondary-title>KvasnyPrumysl</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>KvasnyPrumysl</full-title></periodical><pages>2-6</pages><volume>61</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>0023-5830</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000453885700001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000453885700001</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.18832/kp2015001</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Horak,2015#7"3]。含氟矿物经过雨水冲刷或地下水流经时，其中的氟化物会随着不断迁移渗入到地下水和土壤中，形成氟污染。还有研究指出露天堆放的煤矸石也会造成水和土壤的氟污染ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>李成城</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>15</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">李成城</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">阳泉市煤矸石中氟的赋存形态分析</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">安全与环境工程</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>安全与环境工程</full-title></periodical><pages>36-40</pages><volume>20</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"李成城,2013#15"4]。除了这自然原因导致的氟污染之外，还有一个重要的原因就是人为因素ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kundu</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>9</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">9</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kundu,ManikChandra</author><author>Mandal,Biswapati</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AssessmentofpotentialhazardsoffluoridecontaminationindrinkinggroundwaterofanintensivelycultivateddistrictinWestBengal,India</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalMonitoringAndAssessment</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalMonitoringAndAssessment</full-title></periodical><pages>97-103</pages><volume>152</volume><number>1-4</number><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0167-6369</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000264620900009</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000264620900009</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10661-008-0299-1</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Kundu,2009#9"5]。工业含氟“三废”的乱排乱放、农业化肥和农药的过度使用，都是导致土壤和地下水氟污染的重要原因ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kanrar</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kanrar,Sarat</author><author>Debnath,Sushanta</author><author>De,Pradip</author><author>Parashar,Kamya</author><author>Pillay,Kriveshini</author><author>Sasikumar,Palani</author><author>Ghosh,UdayChand</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Preparation,characterizationandevaluationoffluorideadsorptionefficiencyfromwaterofiron-aluminiumoxide-grapheneoxidecompositematerial</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>269-279</pages><volume>306</volume><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Dec15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1385-8947</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000386420700031</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000386420700031</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.037</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Kanrar,2016#10"6]。含氟“三废”的排放企业主要包括铝铁冶炼、玻璃制造厂、化肥的生产以及半导体行业ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>罗峥</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>11</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">11</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">罗峥</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">两级混凝沉淀工艺处理某电子芯片厂含氟废水的工程实例</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">科技创新与应用</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>科技创新与应用</full-title></periodical><pages>58-59</pages><number>9</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"罗峥,2017#11"7]，在冶炼金属铝的过程中，需要将冰晶石制成熔融状态，因此会产生大量的含氟气体和固体颗粒，造成水体和土壤的氟污染ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王兴峰</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">16</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">王兴峰</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">某铝厂周围土壤氟污染现状调查与防治措施研究</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">甘肃冶金</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>甘肃冶金</full-title></periodical><pages>62-65</pages><volume>30</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"王兴峰,2008#16"8]。在化肥生产过程中，需要添加的磷矿石里含有大量的氟化物，导致在生产过程中会产生含氟废弃物，以及农民的不科学耕种、过度施用化肥，结果都会造成氟污染问题。研究人员发现农药化肥的不合理使用是造成山西运城盆地氟污染的主要原因ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>罗文婷</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">罗文婷</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">运城盆地人类活动氟污染的环境效应研究</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">安全与环境工程</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>安全与环境工程</full-title></periodical><pages>46-52</pages><volume>24</volume><number>02</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>罗文婷</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">罗文婷</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">运城盆地人类活动氟污染的环境效应研究</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">安全与环境工程</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>安全与环境工程</full-title></periodical><pages>46-52</pages><volume>24</volume><number>02</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"罗文婷,2017#14"9]。氟对人体健康的影响氟的摄取对人体有益亦有害，主要取决于其摄取的浓度以及持续的时间，健康的成人体内，氟的平均含量约为70mg/kg，其中80%~90%的氟分布于牙齿和骨骼中。当摄入饮用水的氟浓度在0.5-2.0mg∙L-1时，对于龋齿的预防，骨骼强度的增强，儿童的生长发育均有促进作用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yadav</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yadav,KrishnaKumar</author><author>Gupta,Neha</author><author>Kumar,Vinit</author><author>Khan,ShakeelAhmad</author><author>Kumar,Amit</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Areviewofemergingadsorbentsandcurrentdemandfordefluoridationofwater:Brightfutureinwatersustainability</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentInternational</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentInternational</full-title></periodical><pages>80-108</pages><volume>111</volume><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0160-4120</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000423441500009</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000423441500009</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.014</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Yadav,2018#17"10]。人体内所必需的氟通常来源于食物的摄取，然而，长期饮用高氟水是导致氟中毒的主要原因，且人体对饮水中的氟化物吸收率可达到90%。长期饮用超过1.5mg∙L-1的饮用水会导致人体氟中毒。人体内过量的氟会改变牙釉质的正常结构，形成氟斑牙，而且也会导致氟骨症，出现腰腿酸痛、骨质增生等症状。更严重的是，过量的氟也会引起人体代谢紊乱、血管动脉硬化和血栓的形成，另外由于氟主要通过肾脏代谢，过量的氟会导致慢性肾病，与成年人相比，儿童体内的代谢能力更低，因此氟污染会对儿童会造成更大的伤害，慢性肾病的概率也更高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dharmaratne</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>20</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>20</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">20</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dharmaratne,RanjithW.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluorideindrinkingwateranddiet:thecausativefactorofchronickidneydiseasesintheNorthCentralProvinceofSriLanka</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalHealthAndPreventiveMedicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalHealthAndPreventiveMedicine</full-title></periodical><pages>237-242</pages><volume>20</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1342-078X</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000357481700001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000357481700001</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s12199-015-0464-4</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Dharmaratne,2015#20"11]。因此，饮用水氟污染问题亟待解决，开展去除水中超标氟化物的研究，对于保障人类健康具有重要意义。国内外氟污染现状水体氟污染是日益严重的全球环境污染问题之一。据联合国儿基金会（2016年）的调查结果显示，世界上至少有27个国家和地区都在饮用高氟水，其浓度甚至可高达30mg∙L-1ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Loganathan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>23</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>23</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">23</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Loganathan,Paripurnanda</author><author>Vigneswaran,Saravanamuthu</author><author>Kandasamy,Jaya</author><author>Naidu,Ravi</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Defluoridationofdrinkingwaterusingadsorptionprocesses</title><secondary-title>JournalOfHazardousMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalOfHazardousMaterials</full-title></periodical><pages>1-19</pages><volume>248</volume><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Mar15</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0304-3894</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000317443800001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000317443800001</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.043</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Loganathan,2013#23"12]。据估计，在全球范围内有超过2亿人正遭受着氟中毒的影响ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Mohan</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>21</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>21</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">21</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mohan,Dinesh</author><author>Kumar,Sandeep</author><author>Srivastava,Anju</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluorideremovalfromgroundwaterusingmagneticandnonmagneticcornstoverbiochars</title><secondary-title>EcologicalEngineering</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EcologicalEngineering</full-title></periodical><pages>798-808</pages><volume>73</volume><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0925-8574</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000347018400098</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000347018400098</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.08.017</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Mohan,2014#21"13]。中国的氟污染情况也较为严重。根据卫生部门2017年的统计数据显示，我国由于饮用高氟水而导致的氟中毒地区达到1115个，氟病患者达到1114万人。主要分布在新疆、内蒙古、吉林、河南、河北、山东以及江西等地。我国地方性氟中毒的来源分为3种，一是分布在中国北部内陆盆地地区的浅层高氟水。由于土壤处于碱性环境，风化、淋滤作用使大量的氟不断进入并积累在土壤和地下水中，造成高氟地下水ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wen</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>24</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>24</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">24</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wen,Dongguang</author><author>Zhang,Fucun</author><author>Zhang,Eryong</author><author>Wang,Cheng</author><author>Han,Shuangbao</author><author>Zheng,Yan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Arsenic,fluorideandiodineingroundwaterofChina</title><secondary-title>JournalOfGeochemicalExploration</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalOfGeochemicalExploration</full-title></periodical><pages>1-21</pages><volume>135</volume><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0375-6742</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000329540000001</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000329540000001</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.10.012</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Wen,2013#24"14]。二是分布在潮海沿岸一带如天津东部，山东东北部以及河南部分地区的深层高氟水ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨飞，黄凯</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>25</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">杨飞，黄凯</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">浅析沈丘县深层地下水氟高的成因</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">地下水</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>地下水</full-title></periodical><pages>43-44</pages><number>1</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"杨飞，黄凯,2014#25"15]。这是高氟热水沿断裂上涌与深层地下水混合的结果ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>陈娇，宁立波</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>26</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">26</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">陈娇，宁立波</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">基于构造控制的深层高氟地下水成因探讨</style></title></titles><pages>5</pages><volume><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">湖南师范大学自然科学学报</style></volume><number>36</number><section>86-91</section><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"陈娇，宁立波,2013#26"16]。三是分布在广西、广东、江西等局部地区的高氟温泉水。高温有利于吸附态的氟从岩石及土壤表面解吸导致氟含量升高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>朱明占，李俊霞，秦宏飞</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">朱明占，李俊霞，秦宏飞</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">桂南地下热水系统中氟的分布及迁移富集规律</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">安全与环境工程</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>安全与环境工程</full-title></periodical><pages>73-79</pages><volume>23</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"朱明占，李俊霞，秦宏飞,2016#27"17]。地方性氟中毒主要分布在我国落后的农村和偏远地区，由于当地缺乏可替代的饮用水源且受制于技术条件及资金短缺，使得这些地方性氟中毒问题一直没有得到有效解决。因此，寻找一种操作简单、成本低廉的除氟技术十分重要。饮用水氟含量标准由于饮用高氟水是导致人体中毒的主要原因，因此保证饮用水的安全至关重要。无论是国内还是国外都对水体中的氟离子含量做出了严格的要求，世界健康组织（WHO）表明当水体中的氟含量在0.5~1.5mg/L之间时，对人体健康是有利的。美国规定饮用水中氟含量不得高于4mg/L；很多国家还是按照WHO的规定，将水体中的氟离子含量的最高浓度定为1.5mg/L，例如墨西哥、俄罗斯等国；而我国卫生部门所制定的标准更严格，规定饮用水中氟含量最高为1.0mg/L。氟污染的处理方法与研究进展化学沉淀法常用的沉淀法分为化学沉淀法和混凝沉淀法。它具有操作简单、价格低、技术成熟等优点，但是单纯的沉淀法很难达到标准的要求，因此被广泛用于水体一级处理，可以为后续的二级、三级处理减少负荷ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jadhav</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jadhav,SachinV.</author><author>Bringas,Eugenio</author><author>Yadav,GanapatiD.</author><author>Rathod,VirendraK.</author><author>Ortiz,Inmaculada</author><author>Marathe,KumudiniV.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Arsenicandfluoridecontaminatedgroundwaters:Areviewofcurrenttechnologiesforcontaminantsremoval</title><secondary-title>JournalOfEnvironmentalManagement</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalOfEnvironmentalManagement</full-title></periodical><pages>306-325</pages><volume>162</volume><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Oct1</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0301-4797</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000361264600034</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000361264600034</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.020</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Jadhav,2015#41"18]。化学沉淀法主要是向含氟废水中加入钙盐沉淀剂，F-会与Ca2+结合生成CaF2沉淀，然后利用固液分离的手段去除氟化物ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>郑丹阳</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>29</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">29</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">郑丹阳，耿存珍</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">水体除氟方法的最新研究进展</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">环境科学与管理</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>环境科学与管理</full-title></periodical><pages>31-34</pages><volume>39</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>郑丹阳，耿存珍</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>29</RecNum><record><rec-number>29</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">29</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">郑丹阳，耿存珍</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">水体除氟方法的最新研究进展</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">环境科学与管理</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>环境科学与管理</full-title></periodical><pages>31-34</pages><volume>39</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"郑丹阳，耿存珍,2014#29"19]。沉淀法虽有诸多优点，但是除氟效果容易受到CaF2溶解度的限制，而且对溶液pH有一定的要求，研究报道，当氟溶液调节至pH=3时具有96%的除氟效果ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘争伟</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript"font="TimesNewRoman">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="ps9z0tp0qztr56eafpwpsfwwava099wpr29r">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">刘争伟</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">复合除氟剂在含氟硫酸锌溶液中的除氟性能</style></title><secondary-title><styleface="normal"font="default"charset="134"size="100%">中国有色金属学报</style></secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中国有色金属学报</full-title></periodical><pages>1151-1157</pages><volume>26</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"刘争伟,2016#30"20]。混凝沉淀法主