北京市海淀区2026届高三下学期四月一模英语试题 含解析

海淀区学年第二学期期中练习高三英语本试卷共8页，分。考试时长分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分知识运用（共两节，分）第一节（共小题；每小题分，共分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的、、、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Everymorning,Kofiwokeupwithaquietsigh.Hereachedforhisphoneoutofhabit,andashescrolled,hischest___1___slightly.Hisclassmateswerepostingacceptancelettersandphotosfromcampusvisits,theirfuturesalreadybeginningto___2___.Hetoldhimselfhewashappyforthem.Sometimesthatwastrue,butothertimes,itwasa___3___herepeateduntilitsoundedpolite.Hebeganto___4___himselfquietly.Hisgradesfeltunimpressiveandhisclothestooordinary.Evenhissmilelooked___5___,wornonlyforothers.Themirrorinthehousecaughthimonbadmornings,withtiredeyes,shouldersbentforward.Somedaysheturnedhisfaceawayfromit.Otherdays,hestaredtoolong,hopingitmightshowhimaversionofhimselfthathadalready“arrived”.Oneevening,hisgrandmaeasedintothechairbesidehimandsaid,“Mirrorscanlie.”Helaughed___6___.“Theyonlyshowthetruth,Grandma.”Sheshookherhead.“Theyshowwhatyou’re___7___tosee.”Shetoldhimoftwoseedsthatwereplanted.Oneseedsproutedearlyandtookawayallthe___8___.Theotherstayedhidden,growingrootsundergroundwherenooneclapped.“Butwhenitsdaycame,thehiddensproutforceditswayupward.”Herwordsdidn’t___9___anythingrightaway.Butsomethingshifted.Justalittle.Thatnight,Kofistoodinfrontofthemirroragain.Forthefirsttime,henoticedhopeinhistiredeyes.Themirrorhadn’tchanged.PerhapsKofihadn’teither,notyet.Butherealizedhislifewasnotlateorbehind.Itwassimplyunfoldinginawaythatcouldn’tbefiltered,posted,or_____10_____.Andthatwasenough,for1.A.widenedB.softenedC.lightenedD.tightened第1页/共22页2.A.fallapartB.slipawayC.takeshapeD.makesense3.A.lieB.trickC.secretD.promise4.A.warnB.forgiveC.measureD.challenge5.A.borrowedB.defeatedC.offendedD.confused6.A.coldlyB.wildlyC.bitterlyD.nervously7.A.eagerB.readyC.proudD.unable8.A.warmthB.creditC.nutritionD.attention9.A.fixB.explainC.confirmD.show10.A.expectedB.comparedC.describedD.identified【答案】1.D2.C3.A4.C5.A6.C7.B8.D9.A10.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍的是Kofi因看到同学们收到录取通知而自己却似乎前途未卜，心情低落，后经奶奶开导重新认识自我的过程。【1题详解】A.widened拓宽；B.softenedC.lightenedD.tightenedSometimesthatwastrue,butothertimes,itwasa______herepeateduntilitsoundedpolite.”可知，他看到同学们的动态心情并不好，所以是胸口发紧，故选D项。【2题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：他的同学们正在发布录取通知书和校园参观的照片，他们的未来已经开始成形。A.fallapart破裂；B.slipaway溜走；C.takeshape成形；D.makesense有意义。根据前文“Hisclassmateswerepostingacceptancelettersandphotosfromcampusvisits”可知，同学们收到录取通知，未来开始有了清晰的模样，也就是成形，故选C项。【3题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：有时这是真的，但其他时候，这是一个他反复说直到听起来礼貌的谎言。A.lie谎言；B.trick诡计；C.secret秘密；D.promise承诺。根据前卫“Hetoldhimselfhewashappyforthem.Sometimesthatwastrue,butothertimesbut是谎言，故选A项。【4题详解】A.warn警告；B.forgive原谅；C.measure衡量；D.challenge第2页/共22页挑战。根据后文“Hisgradesfeltunimpressiveandhisclothestooordinary.”可知，他在对自己进行各方面的衡量，故选C项。【5题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：甚至他的微笑看起来也是借来的，只是为了别人而展现。A.borrowed借来的；B.defeated被击败的；C.offended被冒犯的；D.confusedHetoldhimselfhewashappyforthem.Sometimesthatwastrue,butothertimes,itwasa_____herepeateduntilitsoundedpolite.”此处表示他的微笑不是发自内心，而是为了迎合别人，就像借来的，故选A项。【6题详解】A.coldly冷淡地；B.wildly疯狂地；C.bitterly苦涩地；D.nervously紧张地。根据前文“Mirrorscanlie.”和后文“Theyonlyshowthetruth”可知，对奶奶说镜子会撒谎的说法，他苦涩地笑了，bitterly体现出他内心的挫败感。故选C项。【7题详解】A.eager渴望的；B.ready准备好的；C.proud骄傲的；D.unable不能的。根据后文“tosee”可知，奶奶表达镜子呈现的不一定是真实，而是人们主观准备看到的，故选B项。【8题详解】A.warmth温暖；B.credit信用；C.nutrition营养；D.attention关注。后文“Theotherstayedhidden,growingrootsundergroundwherenooneclapped”提到另一颗种子默默生长没人鼓掌，与之对比，这颗早早发芽的种子吸引了所有关注，故选D项。【9题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：她的话并没有立刻解决任何问题。A.fixB.explainC.confirm确认；D.show展示。根据后文“Butsomethingshifted.Justalittle.”可知，当时奶奶的话没有立刻解决他的困扰，但还是有了一点改变，故选A项。【10题详解】A.expected期待；B.comparedC.describedD.identified识别。前文提到他看到同学们的动态感到焦虑，这里意识到自己生活有自己的节奏，无需与他人比较，故选B项。第二节（共小题；每小题分，共分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。第3页/共22页A语法填空ItwasSarah’slastdayinBeijing.Shewenttoamarketforsouvenirs.Afaintscrapingsounddrewhertowardsanearbystall,whereanoldman(carve)ashadowpuppetfromcowhide,hisknifebarelymoving.Sarahfound____12____(she)standingtherefornearlyanhour.Whenthepuppetwasfinished,thecraftsmanpresseditgentlyintoherhands.Sarahsmiled,paid,andwalkedbackintothecrowd.Shehadcomeforsouvenirsbutleft____13____astory.【答案】wascarving12.herself13.with【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了莎拉在北京最后一天逛市场，被一位雕刻皮影的老人吸引的故事。【题详解】考查时态。句意：一阵轻微的刮擦声吸引了她的注意，她走向了附近的一个摊位，只见一位老人正用牛皮雕刻皮影，他的刀子几乎不动。carve在从句中作谓语动词，表示Sarah被声音吸引时，老人正在进行雕刻皮影的动作，表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，所以用过去进行时。故填wascarving。【12题详解】考查代词。句意：萨拉发现自己在那里站了将近一个小时。主语是Sarah，此空作宾语，和主语指同一人，所以用反身代词herself，findoneselfdoingsth.表示“发现自己不知不觉在做某事”。故填herself。【13题详解】考查介词。句意：她来是为了买纪念品，但离开时却带回了一个故事。名词story前用介词形式。表示“带着”，用介词with。故填with。B语法填空“Digitalamnesia”referstothesituationwhereweoutsourcememorytodevicesinsteadofusingourownbrains.Accordingtorecentresearch,____14____(realise)informationisdigitallyavailableweakenspeople’sabilitytorecallit.Instudiesondigitalhabits,participants____15____(find)todependheavilyonsmartphoneslongbeforetheirpersonalmemoryshowssignsofdecline.Thishabitinitiatesacycle,continuouslyweakeningournaturalcognitivefunctions.Thecriticalquestionnowiswhetherthisshiftisalteringourcapability____16____第4页/共22页(process)information.【答案】14.Realising15.werefound16.toprocess【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“数字遗忘症”这一现象，即人们把记忆交给电子设备，这一行为会削弱自身的记忆能力，并对自然认知功能产生持续影响。【14题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：根据最近的研究，意识到信息可以通过数字方式获取会削弱人们回忆信息的能力。Realising。【15题详解】考查时态和语态。句意：在对数字习惯的研究中，早在参与者的个人记忆出现衰退迹象之前，人们就发现他们严重依赖智能手机。此处为谓语动词，动词find和主语participants之间是被动关系，表示“人们发现participants为复数名词，所以be动词应为were。故填werefound。【16题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：现在关键的问题是，这种转变是否正在改变我们处理信息的能力。固定搭配thecapabilitytodosth.表示“做某事的能力”，不定式作后置定语。故填toprocess。C语法填空Askilledcriticalthinkerwithaclosedmindwilllikelyhavemanytrue____17____(belief),butwillbeblindtoothers.However,those____18____don’tscreenincomingideaswillendupbelievingthingsnotonlyfalse,butalso____19____(danger).Bythinkingcritically,yourejectideas;bybeingopen-minded,youacceptthem.Thesetwomindsetsseemtobeinconflict,butsupporteachothernicely,whichis____20____youshouldstrivetotransformyourselfintoanopen-mindedcriticalthinkerifyouwishtostrengthenyourmind.【答案】17.beliefs18.who19.dangerous20.why【解析】第5页/共22页【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述封闭与开放思维的批判性思考者特点，强调应成为开明的批判思考者。【17题详解】考查名词的数。句意：一个思维敏锐但思想封闭的人可能会拥有许多正确的信念，但却对其他观点视而不见。belief为可数名词，many修饰可数名词复数形式。故填beliefs。【18题详解】考查定语从句。句意：然而，那些不筛选新想法的人最终会相信不仅错误而且危险的事情。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是those，指人，在从句中作主语，所以用关系代词who引导。故填who。【19题详解】考查形容词。句意：然而，那些不筛选新想法的人最终会相信不仅错误而且危险的事情。此处作宾语补足语，说明things的性质，用形容词dangerous，表示“危险的”。故填dangerous。【20题详解】考查表语从句。句意：这两种思维方式看似相互冲突，但实际上却相互支持，这就是为什么如果你想要强化自己的思维，就应该努力将自己转变为一个开放的批判性思考者。空处引导表语从句，从句缺少原因状语，所以用连接副词why引导。故填why。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，分）第一节（共小题；每小题2分，共分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的、、、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AEagertorunyourowncompany?isyourperfectchoice!Ithelpsyoubecomeanexcellentleaderandpublicspeaker,buildlifelongconnectionswithpeersandtechnologicalprofessionals,andgainreal-worldlearningbeyondacademics.&·1:Breaklimitingmindsets,presentideas,formteamsbygroupvote,andcreateaproof-of-conceptwithcoaches’support.·2:Polishideasviauserengagement,buildaMinimumProduct,andlearnbrandingandvisualdesigntolaunchalandingpage.·3:Enterthemarket,showcaseproducts,andmastermarketing,salesandadcreationtogaincustomers.·4:Craftstory-drivenpresentationsandpracticedeliveringthemtoinvestorsconfidently.第6页/共22页Presentyourcompanytoapanelofinvestors.arejudgedonproduct-marketfit,marketsize,growthandpresentation,withawardsforMostOutstandingCompanyandBestEntrepreneur(企业家).Enjoytailoredleisureactivitiesandmentalhealthconversationswithalicensedtherapistduringtheprogram.July10,2026June15,2026August8,2026July12,2026Classes8AMtoAMFull-timeprogram·Guidancefromaccomplishedstart-upfoundersinalltime·Classesinatopcollegecampuszones·Allmeals,includingvegetarian·throughoutthedayoptions·Groupleisureactivities·Housingnearcampus·Flexibleschedule·Groupleisureactivitiesinthecity21.isintendedtohelpstudents______.A.releasetheiracademicpotentialB.landajobinthetechindustryC.developbusiness-buildingskillsD.networkwithpublicspeakers22.Whatwillparticipantsdoduringtheprogram?A.Craftstoriesonalandingpage.B.inteamsassignedbycoaches.C.Attendweeklymentalhealthtalks.D.Displaytheirproductsinthemarket.23.Unliketheon-siteprogram,theonlineprogram______.A.requiresfull-timecommitmentB.providesleisureactivitiesC.invitesentrepreneursworldwideD.featuresindividuallearning【答案】21.C22.D23.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了一个网络课程，它能帮助学习者成为出色的领导者和公众演说家，第7页/共22页与同行和技术专业人士建立终身联系，并在学术之外获得真正的实践经验。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Eagertorunyourowncompany?isyourperfectchoice!Ithelpsyoubecomeanexcellentleaderandpublicspeaker,buildlifelongconnectionswithpeersandtechnologicalprofessionals,andgainreal-worldlearningbeyondacademics.(想要自己创业吗？“创业”课程正是您的理想之选！它能帮助您成为出色的领导者和公众演说家，与同行和技术专业人士建立终身联系，并在学术之外获得真正的实践经验。)”可知，该课程培养商业创业运营技能。故选C项。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据&部分“3:Enterthemarket,showcaseproducts,andmastermarketing,salesandadcreationtogaincustomers.(第3周：进入市场，展示产品，掌握营销、销售和广告创作以吸引客户。)”可知，参与者会在市场上展示他们的产品。故选D项。【23题详解】推理判断题。根据表格中部分“·Guidancefromaccomplishedstart-upfoundersinalltimezones(来自不同时区的资深创业者的指导)”可知，作为线上项目可以邀请全球各地的创业者进行分享指导。B—3tablespoonsbutter—2eggs—2mediumcarrots—1smallwhiteonion—3clovesgarlic—4cupscookedandchilledriceIbetyoudidn’treadthosenumbers.I’llletyouinonasecret—Ididn’teither.Theingredientsabovewerecopiedandpastedfromthefirstonlinesearchresultfor“friedricerecipe”.But,withoutanydisrespecttotherecipe’sowner,Icantellyouit’swrong.Theonlytruefriedricerecipeisnorecipeatall.Therearenomeasurements,noexactinstructions,notimerforhowlongsomethingshouldsizzleinthepan.Thereareonlysmellsandfeelingsandmemories.Ilearnedtocookfriedriceonthericketystoolcoveredinstickers,surroundedbythescentsofmyGrandma’sapron.usedhowevermuchleftoverricewehadandacombinationofanythingandeverythingsittinginthefridge.Thekitchenwasalwaysalittlemessy,butthatwaspartofthefun.第8页/共22页I’vealwaysbeenmoreofabakerthanacook.Ienjoyrecipes—Ienjoytheprocessofbeingexactandfindingdetails,adjustingandlevelingandweighing.Fromayoungage,Ifoundcomfortinthecarefulbakingrecipesincookbooks.ButIunderstandthebeautyofspontaneity(即兴)andorganiccreation.There’ssomethingspecialinrealizingthatnotworecreationsofmygrandma’sfriedricewilleverbethesame,andreally,isn’tthatwhatlifeis?Creation,withoutrecipe?It’sfunny.ThismaycontradicteverythingI’vewrittenthusfar,butthemoreIbake,themoreIrealizeperhapsbakingisspontaneoustoo.Idon’talwaysneedtoweighmyflourbeforehandinordertogetperfectcookies.Mysignaturefoodiscupcake,butIchallengedmyselftouseadifferentrecipeeverytime.besurprisedathowdifferentcupcakestastewhenyouaddanextraegg,andyou’dbeespeciallyuncertainaboutmybakingskillsifyoutriedmycupcakesthathadwaytoomuchbakingsoda(trialandI’mlearningtolovegoingwiththeIt’snotmutuallyexclusivewithlovingprecision,andit’ssuchanintegralpartofmyculture;I’dbemissingoutotherwise.Comingtotermswithandembracingtheunknownisscary,butIassureyou:Oneday,I’llmastermyownfriedrice.24.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthefriedricerecipe?A.Itprovidesinaccuratedetails.B.Itincludestoomanyingredients.C.Itmissestheessenceofcooking.D.Itcontradictsthebasicsofcuisine.25.Theauthorenjoysbakingbecauseof______.A.herhopetopassrecipesonB.herloveofprecisionanddetailC.herinterestinadifferentcultureD.herdesiretohonourfamilytraditions26.Theauthor’scupcakeexperimentsmadehermore______.A.open-mindedB.organizedC.confidentD.clear-headed27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Fondmemoriesmakeadishtasty.B.Precisionandcreativityareinseparable.C.Creativityprosperswhererulesend.D.Lifedoesn’talwayscomewitharecipe.【答案】24.C25.B26.A27.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。作者认为炒饭无固定食谱，靠感觉与回忆制作。她偏爱烘焙的精准，也逐渐接受即兴创作，明白精准与随性可共存，生活本就没有固定配方。【24题详解】第9页/共22页细节理解题。根据第四段“Theonlytruefriedricerecipeisnorecipeatall.Therearenomeasurements,noexactinstructions,notimerforhowlongsomethingshouldsizzleinthepan.Thereareonlysmellsandfeelingsandmemories.(有关于食材在锅中翻炒时间的计时器。有的只是各种气味、感受和回忆)”可知，作者认为这份炒饭的食谱忽略了烹饪的精髓所在。故选C。【25题详解】Ienjoyrecipes—Ienjoytheprocessofbeingexactandfindingdetails,adjustingandlevelingandweighing.(我喜欢研究食谱——我享受那种精准操作、捕捉细节、不断调整、找平、称重的过程。)”可知，这位作者喜欢烘焙，因为她对精确性和细节有着浓厚的兴趣。故选B。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Mysignaturefoodiscupcake,butIchallengedmyselftouseadifferentrecipeeverytime.(我的招牌菜（拿手菜）是纸杯蛋糕，但我每次都尝试使用不同的配方来制作)”以及最后一段“I’mlearningtolovegoingwiththe我正在学着享受顺其自然的生活方式)”可知，作者的纸杯蛋糕实验让她变得更加开明。故选A。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据第六段“There’ssomethingspecialinrealizingthatnotworecreationsofmygrandma’sfriedricewilleverbethesame,andreally,isn’tthatwhatlifeis?Creation,withoutrecipe?(当意识到我奶奶的炒饭每次的制作方式都不尽相同时，我感到非常惊喜。而说到底，这不正是生活的样子吗？没有固定的模式，却能创造出独一无二的成果)”可知，文章告诉我们生活并非总是有固定的“配方”可循。故选D。CForhalfacentury,psychologistKeithHolyoakhasstudiedanalogy—thecapacitytoseerelationalsimilaritiesbetweensuperficiallydissimilarthings—asacornerstoneofhumanintelligence.Hisnewbook,TheHumanEdge,takesafreshlookatanalogyasadefiningfeatureofhumanthought.Atitscore,analogyenablesustoapplypriorknowledgetonovelsituations.Unlikesimpleperceptualsimilarity,analogymapsrelationalpatternsacrossdifferentdomains.Theproverbabouttwodogsfightingoverabonewhileathirdrunsaway,forinstance,illuminatesabusinessscenariowherecompetingcorporationsweakeneachother,allowingarivaltotakeadvantage.Thiscapacityforrelationalmappingunderpinsfluidintelligence—theabilitytoreasonaboutnewproblems—andstronglypredictsperformanceonintelligencetests.Analogyalsodrivescreativity.Holyoak’sclassicresearchonthe“radiationproblem”illustratesthis:participantsstruggledtodestroyatumor(肿瘤)withrayswithoutharminghealthytissue.Butthosefirstexposedto第10页/共22页astoryaboutageneralattackingacastlefrommultiplesidesreadilydevisedtheconvergent(会聚的)raysolution.Whileweoftenfailtoretrieveusefulanalogiesindependently,exposuretostructurallysimilarbutsuperficiallydifferentsituationscansparkbreakthroughthinking.Thiscognitivecapacitydevelopsearlyandnaturally.Childrenbeginreasoninganalogicallyaroundagethreeandthecapacitycontinuestodevelopuntiladulthood.Holyoakidentifiesthisasa“LateSystem”—auniquelyhuman,evolutionarilyrecentabilityforgeneralrelationalreasoning.Itbuildsuponandcooperateswitholder,specialized“EarlySystems”wesharewithotheranimals.Whilenonhumanspeciesperformtasksthatresembleanalogicalreasoning,thesesuccessesremaindomain-specific.Humansalonecanmaprelationsacrossanycontent,fromfairytalestophysics.Thisspecialability,however,grantsneitherwisdomnormorality.Abstractthoughthasyieldedbothmedicalcuresandweaponsofmassdestruction.AsHolyoaknotes,ifEarthbecomesuninhabitable,itwon’tbethechimpanzees’fault.TheriseofAIpresentsanewfrontier.Largelanguagemodels(LLMs)nowsolveanalogyproblemsatacollege-studentlevel,andtheircomputationalpowercouldeventuallyproducesuperhumanintelligence.theylackautonomyand,crucially,theabilitytospontaneouslynoticeameaningfulanalogy.Inart,thislimitationmayprovedifficulttoovercome.AI,lackingemotion,consciousness,andindividuality,producesworkmanyfindsoulless.Humanuniquenessstemsfromtheevolutionofcooperativesystems:a“LateSystem”thatenablescomplexrelationalreasoningandthe“EarlySystems”thatreflectourvastbiologicalheritage.Theirintegrationistheveryessenceofthehumanedge.28.Whatdoestheword“underpins”underlinedinParagraph2mostprobablymean?A.Supports.B.Evaluates.C.Replaces.D.Frames.29.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.The“LateSystem”isdevelopedinadulthood.B.The“twodogs”proverbencouragescompetitions.C.Theconvergentraysolutionarosefromananalogy.D.LLMscan’tformanalogiesduetolackofautonomy.30.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.DevelopingAnalogy:TheCoreofHumanCreativityB.DecodingAnalogy:ACapacitySettingHumansApart第11页/共22页C.DefiningAnalogy:TheForceDrivingHumanEvolutionD.DefendingAnalogy:AMechanismofHumanPerception【答案】28.A29.C30.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。心理学家霍利奥克研究类比——即识别看似不同事物之间内在关联性的能力——并将此视为人类智慧的关键要素。【28题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Atitscore,analogyenablesustoapplypriorknowledgetonovelsituations.Unlikesimpleperceptualsimilarity,analogymapsrelationalpatternsacrossdifferentdomains.Theproverbabouttwodogsfightingoverabonewhileathirdrunsaway,forinstance,illuminatesabusinessscenariowherecompetingcorporationsweakeneachother,allowingarivaltotakeadvantage.(从本质上讲，类比使我们能够将已有的知识应用到新的情境中。与简单的感知相似性不同，类比能在不同领域之间映射出关系模式。例如，关于两只狗为一块骨头而争斗，而第三只狗却跑开的这句谚语，就揭示了一个商业场景：相互竞争的公司)”及下文“...fluidintelligence—theabilitytoreasonaboutnewproblems—andstronglypredictsperformanceonintelligencetests.(流体智力——即对新问题进行推理的能力，并且能很好地预测智力测试的成绩。)”可知，作者认为通过类比我们可以提升智力，灵活运用已有知识。由此推测，划线词指这种进行关系映射的类比能力促进提升流体智力，与Supports意思相近。故选A项。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Analogyalsodrivescreativity.Holyoak’sclassicresearchonthe“radiationproblem”illustratesthis:participantsstruggledtodestroyatumor(肿瘤)withrayswithoutharminghealthytissue.Butthosefirstexposedtoastoryaboutageneralattackingacastlefrommultiplesidesreadilydevisedtheconvergent(会聚的)raysolution.(类比也能激发创造力。霍利奥克关于“辐射问题”的经典研究就很好地说明了这一点：参与者努力想用射线来摧毁肿瘤，同时又不伤害健康组织。但那些最先接触到关于一位将军从多个方向攻打城堡的故事的人，很快就想出了集中射线的解决方案。)”可知，参与者先读了将军多路进攻城堡的故事，才设计出会聚射线治疗肿瘤的方案，这个方案本身就是跨领域类比得到的结果。C选项结论符合文章内容。故选C项。【30题详解】Forhalfacentury,psychologistKeithHolyoakhasstudiedanalogy—thecapacitytoseerelationalsimilaritiesbetweensuperficiallydissimilarthings—asacornerstoneofhumanintelligence.His第12页/共22页newbook,TheHumanEdge,takesafreshlookatanalogyasadefiningfeatureofhumanthought.(半个世纪以来，心理学家基思·霍利奥克一直致力于研究类比——即识别看似不同事物之间内在关联性的能力——并将此视为人类智慧的关键要素。他的新书《人类的优势》从全新的角度探讨了类比作为人类思维特征的重要性。)”第二段“Atitscore,analogyenablesustoapplypriorknowledgetonovelsituations.(从本质上讲，类比使我们能够将已有的知识应用到新的情境中)”第三段“Analogyalsodrivescreativity.(类比也能激发创造力。)”及最后一段“Humanuniquenessstemsfromtheevolutionofcooperativesystems:a“LateSystem”thatenablescomplexrelationalreasoningandthe“EarlySystems”thatreflectourvastbiologicalheritage.Theirintegrationistheveryessenceofthehumanedge.(人类的独特性源于合作系统的进化：一种“晚期系统”能够进行复杂的关联推理，还有“早期系统”则反映了我们丰富的生物遗传特征。它们的融合正是人类优势的所在。)”可知，全文都在讲类比是人类独有的，别的动物只有领域特定的，AI也没有自发类比的能力，最后说这就是人类的优势，这个整合是人类独特性来源。由此可知，B项DecodingAnalogy:ACapacitySettingHumansApart(解码类比：区分人类与动物的能力)概括了文章主旨，适合作标题。故选B项。DMeritocracy(优绩主义)hasbecomealeadingsocialideal.Politicianscontinuallyreturntothethemethattherewardsoflife—money,jobs,universityadmission—shouldbedistributedaccordingtoskillandConceptuallyandmorally,meritocracyispresentedastheoppositeofhereditaryaristocracy,inwhichone’ssocialpositionisdeterminedbythelotteryofbirth.Althoughwidelyheld,thebeliefthatmeritratherthanluckdeterminessuccessorfailureintheworldisdemonstrablyfalse.Thisisnotleastbecausemerititselfis,inlargepart,theresultofluck.andthecapacityfordetermineddependagreatdealonone’sgeneticgiftsandupbringing.Thisistosaynothingofotherfortuitouscircumstancesthatfigureintoeverysuccessstory.InhisbookSuccessandLuck,RobertFrankrecountsthecoincidencesbehindthestellarriseofmanysuccessfulentrepreneurs.Luckintervenesbypeoplemerit,andagainbyfurnishingcircumstanceswheremeritcantranslateintosuccess.Thisisnottodenytheindustryandtalentofsuccessfulpeople.However,itdoesdemonstratethatthelinkbetweenmeritandoutcomeisweakandindirectatbest.Inadditiontobeingfalse,researchsuggeststhatbelievinginmeritocracymakespeoplemoreselfish,lessself-criticalandevenmorepronetoactingindiscriminatoryways.The“ultimatumgame”isacommonpsychologicalexperiment,whereoneplayerisgivenasumofmoneyandtoldtoproposeadivisionbetweenhimandanotherplayer,whomayacceptorrejecttheIftheisrejected,neithergetsanything.Usuallyarelativelyevensplitisoffered.Inonevariation,participantsplayedafakegameofskillbeforemaking第13页/共22页Playerswhowereledtobelievetheyhad“won”claimedmoreforthemselvesthanthosewhoengagedingamesofchance.Similarstudiessuggestthatjusthavingtheideaofskillinmindmakespeoplemoretolerantofunequaloutcomes.Bycontrast,researchongratitudeindicatesthatrememberingtheroleofluckincreasesgenerosity.Simplyaskingsubjectstorecallexternalcontributorstotheirsuccessesmadethemmorelikelytogivetocharitythanthoserememberinginternalfactors.Partofmeritocracy’smoralappealisitspowertojustifytheexistingsocialorder.Ontopofthat,italsoflattery.Wheresuccessisdeterminedbymerit,eachwincanbeviewedasareflectionofpersonalworthandworldlyfailuresbecomesignsofpersonalweaknesses.Meritocracyoughttobeabandonedbothasabeliefabouthowtheworldworksandasageneralsocialideal.It’sfalse,andbelievinginitencouragesselfishness,discriminationandindifferencetothestrugglesoftheunfortunate.31.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?A.Politiciansargueliferewardsaresetatbirth.B.anddeterminationowenothingtoluck.C.Industryenhancesmeritanddirectstosuccess.D.Meritislargelydecidedbycircumstantialfactors.32.Whatdoestheauthorimplybycitingthe“ultimatumgame”experiment?A.Theresultsconfirmmeritocracy’smoralappeal.B.Beliefinmeritmayencourageselfishnessandbias.C.Ideasofskillcanincreaseourwillingnesstodonate.D.Gamesofchanceensureevendistributionofresources.33.Theauthorfeelsmeritocracy’smoralappealis______.A.erroneousB.justifiedC.practicalD.groundless34.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.criticisethemindsetofchasingsuccess.B.challengeacommonlyheldsocialbelief.C.comparedifferentsocialrewardsystems.D.evaluatetheprosandconsofmeritocracy.【答案】31.D32.B33.A34.B第14页/共22页【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章针对当下流行的优绩主义社会理念展开论述，指出成功并非只由能力和努力决定，运气等偶然因素同样重要，并且信奉优绩主义会使人变得自私、产生偏见，最终提出应当摒弃这一理念。【31题详解】Thisisnotleastbecausemerititselfis,inlargepart,theresultofluck.andthecapacityfordetermineddependagreatdealonone’sgeneticgiftsandupbringing.(这在很大程度上是因为能力本身在很大程度上是运气的结果。天赋和坚持不懈的努力能力在很大程度上取决于一个人的基因天赋和成长环境。)”以及第三段中的“Thisistosaynothingofotherfortuitouscircumstancesthatfigureintoeverysuccessstory.()环境等偶然因素决定。故选D项。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Inadditiontobeingfalse,researchsuggeststhatbelievinginmeritocracymakespeoplemoreselfish,lessself-criticalandevenmorepronetoactingindiscriminatoryways.The“ultimatumgame”isacommonpsychologicalexperiment,whereoneplayerisgivenasumofmoneyandtoldtoproposeadivisionbetweenhimandanotherplayer,whomayacceptorrejecttheIftheisrejected,neithergetsanything.Usuallyarelativelyevensplitisoffered.Inonevariation,participantsplayedafakegameofskillbeforemakingPlayerswhowereledtobelievetheyhad“won”claimedmoreforthemselvesthanthosewhoengagedingamesofchance.Similarstudiessuggestthatjusthavingtheideaofskillinmindmakespeoplemoretolerantofunequaloutcomes.(是一项常见的心理学实验：实验中一名参与者会获得一笔钱，并需要提出自己与另一名参与者的分配方案，后者可以选择接受或拒绝该方案。如果方案被拒绝，两人都将一无所获。通常情况下，人们会提出相对公平的分配方式。在该实验的一个变体中，参与者在提出分配方案前会先进行一场虚假的技能比拼。那些被引导认为自己“获胜”的参与者，会比参与纯概率游戏的人给自己分配更多的钱。类似研究还表明，仅仅是脑海中产生“凭借能力取胜”的想法，就会让人对不平等的结果更加宽容。)”可知，作者通过引用“最后通牒游戏”实验暗示相信能力决定成败可能会助长自私与偏见。故选B项。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Partofmeritocracy’smoralappealisitspowertojustifytheexistingsocialorder.Ontopofthat,italsoflattery.Wheresuccessisdeterminedbymerit,eachwincanbeviewedasareflection第15页/共22页ofpersonalworthandworldlyfailuresbecomesignsofpersonalweaknesses.(优绩主义的道德吸引力部分在于它为现有社会秩序辩护的能力。除此之外，它还提供了奉承。在成功由才能决定的地方，每一次胜利都可以看作是个人价值的反映，而世俗的失败则成为个人弱点的标志。)”以及最后一段“Meritocracyoughttobeabandonedbothasabeliefabouthowtheworldworksandasageneralsocialideal.It’sfalse,andbelievinginitencouragesselfishness,discriminationandindifferencetothestrugglesoftheunfortunate.(优绩主义作为一种关于世界如何运作的信念和一种普遍的社会理想，都应该被摒弃。它是错误的，相信它会鼓励自私、歧视和对不幸者挣扎的冷漠。)”可知，作者认为优绩主义的道德吸引力是错误的。故选A项。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Meritocracy(优绩主义)hasbecomealeadingsocialideal.(优绩主义已经成为一种主要的社会理想。)”以及最后一段中的“Meritocracyoughttobeabandonedbothasabeliefabouthowtheworldworksandasageneralsocialideal.(优绩主义作为一种关于世界如何运作的信念和一种普遍的社会理想，都应该被摒弃。)”结合全文内容可知，文章主要围绕优绩主义展开讨论，指出其错误及不良影响，目的是挑战一种普遍持有的社会信念。故选B项。第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共分）黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。Howmanytimesdoyoufindyourselfinaconversationwithsomeone,waitingfortheotherpersontostoptalkingsoyoucansaywhatyouwanttosay?____35____Thiscommonexperienceshowsalackofactivelistening,becauseyouareonlythinkingabouthowyouwanttorespond.Communicationthatleadstorealhumanconnectioninvolvesactivelisteningandempathy.Activelisteningincludeseyecontactaswellasverbalandnon-verbalacknowledgmentsthatyouarelistening.____36____Empathyinvolvesreflection,validationandagenuineconcernforhowothersarefeeling.Thiscombinationofactivelisteningandempathy—empatheticlistening—canimproverelationshipsofallkinds.____37____Beingbraveenoughtosharewithanotherpersonisavulnerablepositiontobein.Imaginesharingsomethingsadwithafriend:“