有道考研英语四级试题

有道考研英语四级试题

PartIReadingComprehension(40points)SectionA(20points)Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneQuestions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theconceptof"smartcities"israpidlyevolvingfromafuturisticvisionintoapresent-dayreality,drivenbytheintegrationofdigitaltechnologiesintourbaninfrastructure.Atitscore,asmartcityutilizesInternetofThings(IoT)sensors,dataanalytics,andconnecteddevicestooptimizetheefficiencyofcityoperationsandservices,aimingtoimprovethequalityoflifeforitscitizens.Thisencompassesawiderangeofapplications,fromintelligenttrafficmanagementsystemsthatreducecongestionandpollution,tosmartgridsthatenhanceenergydistribution,andpublicsafetynetworksthatcanrespondmoreswiftlytoincidents.However,thepathtobecomingasmartcityisfraughtwithchallenges.Significantfinancialinvestmentisrequiredforthedeploymentandmaintenanceofthenecessaryhardwareandsoftware.Moreover,themassivecollectionofdataraisesprofoundconcernsaboutprivacyanddatasecurity.Whoownsthedatageneratedbycitizensastheymovethroughthecity?Howisitprotectedfrombreaches?Anothercriticalissueisthedigitaldivide;withoutinclusivepolicies,smartcitybenefitsmightprimarilyaccruetowealthyneighborhoods,exacerbatingexistingsocialinequalities.Furthermore,anover-relianceontechnologycouldmakeurbansystemsvulnerabletocyber-attacksortechnicalfailures,potentiallyleadingtowidespreaddisruption.Proponentsarguethatthesechallengesaremanageablewithrobustplanning,transparentgovernance,andstrongregulatoryframeworks.Theyemphasizethatthepotentialbenefits—suchasreducedenvironmentalfootprint,moreefficientpublicservices,andenhancedeconomicopportunities—aretoosignificanttoignore.Theevolutionofthesmartcity,therefore,isnotmerelyatechnologicaljourneybutasocio-technicalone,requiringcarefulconsiderationofethical,social,andeconomicfactorsalongsidetechnologicalinnovation.1.Whatistheprimarygoalofdevelopingasmartcity?A)Toattractmoretechnologicalcompanies.B)Tooptimizecityoperationsandimprovecitizens'life.C)Toreplacealltraditionalinfrastructurewithdigitalones.D)Tocollectasmuchcitizendataaspossibleforresearch.2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanapplicationofsmartcitytechnologies?A)Intelligenttrafficmanagementsystems.B)Automatedpersonalvehiclemanufacturing.C)Smartgridsforenergydistribution.D)Publicsafetynetworks.3.Whatisonemajorconcernassociatedwiththedatacollectioninsmartcities?A)Thehighcostofdatastorage.B)Thelackofusefuldataforanalysis.C)Issuesofprivacyanddatasecurity.D)Thedifficultyinprocessingreal-timedata.4.Theterm"digitaldivide"inParagraph2refersto______.A)thedifferencebetweendigitalandanalogsignalsB)thegapinaccesstoanduseofinformationtechnologiesC)thedivisionofdigitallaborincitymanagementD)theconflictbetweendifferentdigitalserviceproviders5.Whatdoproponentsofsmartcitiesbelieveaboutthechallenges?A)Thechallengesareinsurmountablewithcurrenttechnology.B)Thechallengesareminorcomparedtothebenefits.C)Thechallengescanbeaddressedwithproperplanningandgovernance.D)Thechallengesareprimarilyethicalandhavenotechnicalsolutions.PassageTwoQuestions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forcenturies,philosophersandscientistshavedebatedthenatureofconsciousness—thesubjectiveexperienceofbeingandtheworld.Whatmakesthisinnerlife,thisstreamofthoughts,feelings,andsensations,possible?Modernneurosciencehasmadesignificantstridesincorrelatingspecificbrainactivitieswithconsciousexperiences,yetthe"hardproblem"ofconsciousness,astermedbyphilosopherDavidChalmers,remains:whyandhowdophysicalprocessesinthebraingiverisetosubjective,qualitativeexperiences?Traditionalscientificapproachesoftenfavorreductionism,attemptingtoexplaincomplexphenomenabybreakingthemdownintosimpler,morefundamentalparts.Inthecontextofconsciousness,thismeansseekingitsexplanationsolelyinthelanguageofneurons,synapses,andbrainchemistry.Whilethishasyieldedvaluableinsightsintothecorrelatesofconsciousness(theneuralmechanismsthataccompanyspecificexperiences),ithasnotyetbridgedtheexplanatorygapbetweenobjectivebrainactivityandsubjectivefeeling.Knowingwhichareasofthebrainlightupwhensomeoneseesthecolorreddoesnotfullyexplainthepersonal,vividexperienceof"redness"itself.Thisgaphasledsomeresearcherstoproposealternativetheories.IntegratedInformationTheory(IIT),forinstance,suggeststhatconsciousnesscorrespondstoasystem'scapacityforintegratedinformation.Themoreintegratedanddifferentiatedtheinformationprocessingwithinasystem,thehigheritslevelofconsciousness.Othertheories,likeGlobalWorkspaceTheory,focusonhowinformationbecomesgloballyavailablewithinthebrainforreasoningandreport.Meanwhile,panpsychism,amoreradicalview,positsthatsomeformofconsciousnessorexperienceisafundamentalpropertyofallmatter.Thestudyofconsciousnessthusstandsatafascinatingcrossroads,intertwiningempiricalneurosciencewithdeepphilosophicalinquiry.Itchallengesthelimitsofpurelyphysicalexplanationsandpushessciencetoconsidernewframeworksforunderstandingoneofthemostintimateyetelusiveaspectsofexistence.6.Whatisthe"hardproblem"ofconsciousnessaccordingtothepassage?A)Identifyingwhichbrainareasareresponsibleforspecifictasks.B)Explaininghowphysicalbrainprocessescreatesubjectiveexperience.C)Definingtheexactmeaningoftheterm"consciousness".D)Measuringthelevelofconsciousnessindifferentorganisms.7.Whathasreductionismachievedinthestudyofconsciousness?A)Ithassuccessfullyexplainedthesubjectivefeelingof"redness".B)Ithasidentifiedthefundamentalunitofconsciousness.C)Ithasfoundcorrelationsbetweenbrainactivityandexperiences.D)Ithasproventhatconsciousnessisanillusion.8.AccordingtoIntegratedInformationTheory(IIT),consciousnessisprimarilyrelatedtoasystem's______.A)physicalsizeB)speedofprocessingC)capacityforintegratedinformationD)abilitytointeractwiththeenvironment9.Theword"posits"inParagraph3isclosestinmeaningto______.A)deniesB)questionsC)provesD)proposes10.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A)Consciousnesshasbeenfullyexplainedbymodernneuroscience.B)Thedebateaboutconsciousnessispurelyphilosophicalandlacksscientificbasis.C)Thestudyofconsciousnessinvolvesbothscientificandphilosophicalchallenges.D)Reductionismistheonlyvalidapproachtounderstandingconsciousness.SectionB(10points)Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.TheSurprisingBenefitsofBoredom[A]Inanageofconstantdigitalstimulation,boredomhasbecomeastatetobeavoidedatallcosts.Wefilleveryidlemomentbycheckingsmartphones,scrollingthroughsocialmedia,orstreamingvideos.However,agrowingbodyofpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatboredom,whenembracedratherthanresisted,canbeacatalystforcreativityandbeneficialreflection.[B]Boredomistypicallydefinedasanunpleasantemotionalstatewhereanindividualfeelsalackofinterestintheirsurroundingsandadesireformoresatisfyingactivity.Itariseswhenweareunabletoengageourattentioninameaningfulway.Thisdisengagement,whileuncomfortable,createsamentalspace.[C]Thismentalspaceiscrucialforwhatpsychologistscall"mind-wandering"orthedefaultmodenetworkofthebraintoactivate.Whenourmindsarenotfocusedonanexternaltask,theyturninward.Thisinwardfocuscanleadtoautobiographicalplanning(thinkingaboutpersonalgoalsandfutureplans),creativeincubation(subconsciouslyworkingonproblems),andconstructivereflectiononone'slifeandrelationships.[D]Studieshaveshownthatindividualswhounderwentaboringtask(likereadingaphonebook)subsequentlyperformedbetteroncreativetasks(likethinkingofunusualusesforacup)comparedtothosewhodidaninterestingtaskfirst.Theboredomgroupgeneratedmoreideasthatwerebothnovelandfeasible.Thetheoryisthatboredommotivatespeopletoseekoutengagingthoughtsandactivities,pushingthemintoamoreexploratory,creativemindset.[E]Furthermore,boredomcanserveasanimportantself-regulatorysignal.Justasphysicalpainalertsustobodilyharm,boredomcansignalthatourcurrentactivityisnotalignedwithourinterests,skills,orvalues.Itpromptsustoreassessouractionsandseekchange.Ignoringthissignalbyimmediatelydistractingourselveswithdigitalcontentcanleadtoapassiveexistencewherewelosetouchwithourownmotivationsanddesires.[F]Ineducationalandprofessionalsettings,allowingforperiodsofunstructuredtime—timepotentiallyripeforboredom—canfosterinnovation.Somecompanieshaveinstituted"freetime"or"dreaminghours"foremployeestoworkonpassionprojects,leadingtobreakthroughideas.Similarly,forchildren,unstructuredplaytimewithoutscheduledactivitiesorscreensisvitalfordevelopingindependentthinkingandcreativity.[G]Ofcourse,chronic,pervasiveboredomcanbeasymptomofdeeperissueslikedepressionoralackofpurpose.Thebeneficialboredomdiscussedhereistypicallyshort-termandsituational.Thekeyisnottoseekconstantboredom,buttostopfearfullyavoidingmomentsofit.[H]Toharnessthebenefits,onecanpractice"productiveboredom."Thisinvolvesdeliberatelycreatingtech-freezonesortimesintheday,engaginginmildlymonotonousactivitieslikewalkingorwashingdisheswithoutaudioinput,andsimplylettingthemindwanderwithoutimmediatelyreachingforadistraction.[I]Bychangingourperspective,wecanseeboredomnotasafailureofourenvironmentorourselvestobeentertaining,butasanopportunity.Itisaninvitationforthemindtoplay,toexploreitsownlandscape,andpotentiallytostumbleuponnewideasandinsightsthataredrownedoutbythenoiseofconstantengagement.[J]Inconclusion,whileoursocietyoftenequatesbeingbusyorstimulatedwithbeingproductiveandhappy,psychologicalfindingsindicatethatoccasionalboredomisessentialformentalwell-beingandcreativethought.Perhapsit'stimetoputdownthephone,stareoutthewindow,andwelcometheemptymoment.11.Boredomischaracterizedbyalackofinterestandawishformoreengagingactivities.12.Thementalstatefollowingboredomcanenhanceperformanceincreativethinkingtasks.13.Persistentandintenseboredommightindicateunderlyingpsychologicalproblems.14.Boredomactsasasignal,similartophysicalpain,promptingself-evaluation.15.Thedefaultmodenetworkofthebrainbecomesactivewhenwearenotfocusedexternally.16.Someorganizationsdedicatespecifictimeforemployeestoexplorepersonalprojects,encouraginginnovation.17.Theauthorsuggestsintentionallysettingasidetimefreefromtechnologytoexperiencebeneficialboredom.18.Thecommonsocietalviewlinksconstantbusynessandstimulationwithproductivityandhappiness.19.Boredomcreatesthenecessaryconditionsforthemindtoturninwardandengageinreflectivethought.20.Theauthoradvocatesforashiftinhowweperceiveboredom,seeingitasachanceformentalexploration.SectionC(10points)Directions:Thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbank.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitem.Therapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)istransformingthejobmarket,creatingbothopportunitiesandanxieties.WhileAIandautomationarepoisedto___21___manyroutineandmanualtasks,theyarealsogeneratingnewrolesanddemandingashiftintheskillsetsthatworkersneedtothrive.Historically,technologicalrevolutionshaveeventuallyledtomorejobs,butthetransitionperiodcanbe___22___forindividualsindisplacedindustries.Expertsemphasizethatratherthanfearingwidespreadunemployment,thefocusshouldbeonadaptationandlifelonglearning.Jobsthatrequirehighlevelsofcreativity,complexproblem-solving,emotionalintelligence,andinterpersonalskillsarelesslikelytobefully___23___bymachinesintheforeseeablefuture.Therefore,educationsystemsandvocationaltrainingneedasignificant___24___tofostertheseuniquelyhumancapabilitiesalongsidedigitalliteracy.Forbusinesses,theintegrationofAIisnotmerelyaboutcost-cuttingthroughautomation.Itstruepotentialliesin___25___humanworkers,allowingthemtooffloadrepetitivechoresandconcentrateonhigher-valueactivitiesthatinvolvejudgment,strategy,andinnovation.Thishuman-AI___26___canleadtounprecedentedlevelsofproductivityandservicequality.However,itrequirescompaniestoinvestin___27___theirworkforce,helpingemployeesacquiretheskillstoworkeffectivelyalongsideintelligentsystems.Ethicalconsiderationsarealso___28___.Issuessuchasalgorithmicbias,dataprivacy,andthetransparencyofAIdecision-makingprocessesneedtobeaddressedthroughclearregulationsandethicalguidelines.Furthermore,societalmeasureslikesafetynetsandpotentialmodelsforuniversalbasicincomearebeingdebatedto___29___theeconomicshocksthatmayaccompanythistechnologicalshift.ThefutureofworkintheageofAIisnotapredetermineddestinybutalandscapebeingshapedbythechoicesoftoday.Proactivepolicies,responsiblecorporatepractices,andindividualcommitmenttoskilldevelopmentarecrucialto___30___thatthebenefitsofAIarebroadlysharedandthattheworkforceispreparedforthejobsoftomorrow.A)augmentingB)collaborationC)demandingD)displaceE)ensureF)ethicalG)mitigateH)overhaulI)paradoxJ)paramountK)replacedL)reskillingM)turbulentN)vulnerableO)workforcePartIIVocabularyandGrammar(20points)SectionA(10points)Directions:Thereare10incompletesentencesinthissection.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.31.Thecommittee'sdecisionwas______afterathoroughinvestigationandlengthydiscussions.A)derivedB)arrivedC)reachedD)concluded32.Thenewpolicyisdesignedto______theeconomicgapbetweenurbanandruralareas.A)breakdownB)narrowdownC)turndownD)slowdown33.Despitetheinitialsetbacks,theresearchteamremained______totheirgoaloffindingacure.A)committedB)confinedC)compelledD)composed34.Theauthor's______writingstylemakescomplexscientificconceptsaccessibletogeneralreaders.A)obscureB)ambiguousC)lucidD)vague35.Themanagerinsistedthatthereport______bytheendoftheweek.A)wasfinishedB)befinishedC)wouldbefinishedD)hadbeenfinished36.Thecompany'ssuccesscanbelargely______toitsinnovativecultureandtalentedemployees.A)attributedB)contributedC)distributedD)retributed37.______theheavyrain,theoutdoorconcertproceededasscheduled,muchtothedelightofthefans.A)InspiteofB)BesidesC)AsforD)Regarding38.Itishightimethatwe______moreseriousmeasurestoaddressenvironmentalpollution.A)takeB)tookC)willtakeD)havetaken39.Thewitness'saccountoftheeventwas______withtheevidencepresentedbythepolice.A)consistentB)persistentC)resistantD)insistent40.Thebookoffersafascinating______intothecustomsandtraditionsofanancientcivilization.A)insightB)inquiryC)instinctD)inspectionSectionB(10points)Directions:Thereare10sentencesinthissection.Eachsentencehasawordorphraseunderlined.BeloweachsentencearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheONEwordorphrasethatbestkeepsthemeaningoftheoriginalsentence.41.Thegovernmenthasimplementedaseriesofstringentregulationstocontrolairpollution.A)flexibleB)strictC)controversialD)temporary42.Herhypothesiswasultimatelycorroboratedbytheexperimentaldata.A)contradictedB)confirmedC)complicatedD)considered43.Theprojectisfraughtwithtechnicaldifficultiesthatwemustovercome.A)fullofB)freefromC)famousforD)fearfulof44.Theartist'searlyworkswerecharacterizedbyaprofoundsenseofmelancholy.A)sadnessB)joyC)angerD)confusion45.ThecommitteewillconvenenextMondaytodiscusstheb