英语二翻译真题及答案（10年-25年）

-2025年英语一翻译及参考答案2010年Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityandifitsstabilitydependsonitsintegritytheyareentitledtocontinuance.Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit.WeinventongbirdsweresupposedtobegScientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttobevalid.Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewasbykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthless”species.Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheysInEuropewhereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.接近承认：无论鸟对我们有没有经济价值，它们都有权继续存在，。值的物种。往会忽视，并因此最终消灭掉这些物种。2011年Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacterandouterentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallsharethatbecausewearenotrobotsrevealitserroneousnatureBecausemostofusbelievethaterlessthisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofionWhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”houghtsthatdonotaccordwithdesireAllenudedWedonotattractwhatwewantbutwhatweareAchievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon’t“get”successbutbecomeit.ThereisnoapbetweenmindandmatterPartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infact,(49)circumstancesgnedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeenwrongedthenweknowsapersonsearlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen’sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.好这个或完成那个呢？去逃避现状的。各种可能之道。2012年SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton’slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.ficationtoitsextremeandseeksatheoryofatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,fferjustificationforifallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld’slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.aysuppliesamouslanguage—acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguageswhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints.lytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelationsNeitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysissuggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.成公式。设文化多样性也可以追溯到更有限的源头似乎是合理的。48.从共性中滤除掉特性可以让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的以及是什么在进化。49.其次为人所知的是约书亚•格林伯格所作的尝试。它对普适原则采用更为经验主义的方50.乔姆斯基的语法会显示语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于语言谱系及贯穿其中的路径预示了语序关系的特定类型间强烈的相互依存。2013年risefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethemtheneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreate,express,urgeYetwhenonelooksatthethesegardensspeakofvariousotherfundamentalurges,beyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression.Oneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulence,a“stillpointoftheturningworld,”toborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.(47)Asacredplaceofpeace,howeverwhichisadistinctlyanimalneedistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislackingasitisfortheseunlikelygardenstheComposureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.(48)Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroduceformintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuch.Insodoingtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand.eartorespondtoortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreen,ofplants,oftrees,(49)mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditions,untilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasible,yetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterials,aninstitutionofcolors,smallpoolofwater,andafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesbasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.(50)Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“liberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia-a--yearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife-assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms.各种基本欲望。是动物需求。50.正是这种对大自然或明或暗的指向说明了使用花园一词(尽管是在松散的意义上)去描2014年Musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.Itmightbepoetic,philosophical,sensual,ormathematical,butinanycaseitmust,inmyview,havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeing.Henceitismetaphysical;butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.Ibelieveitispreciselythispermanentcoexistenceofmetaphysicalmessagethroughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.(46)Itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords,allwecandoisarticulateourreactionstoit,andnotgraspmusicitself.Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.Hefreedmusicfromhithertoprevailingconventionsofharmonyandstructure.SometimesIfeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.Themusicisabruptandrainedbytheweightofconvention.(47)Byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson,andacourageousone,andIfindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding,letalonetheperformance,ofhisworks.ThiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofBeethoven’smusic.Hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcourageforexampleintheuseofdynamics.(48)Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanextremeintensityandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyrarelyusedbycomposersbeforehim.Beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.Hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics,butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviorandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.(49)Especiallysignificantwashisviewoffreedom,which,forhim,wasassociatedwiththerightsandresponsibilitiesoftheindividual:headvocatedfreedomofthoughtandofpersonalexpression.Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.Forhim,orderdoesnotresultfromforgettingorignoringthedisordersthatplagueourexistence;orderisanecessarydevelopment,animprovementthatmayleadtotheGreekidealofchisnotthelastmovementoftheEroicaSymphony,butthesecond,sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.(50)OnecouldinterpretmuchoftheworkofBeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable,butthecouragetofightitrenderslifeworthliving.把握音乐本身。键，更不用说演出他的作品了。48.将乐曲音量增加到极致，然后突然接上一段舒缓的旋律——贝多芬的这种习惯之前很在一起的。50.人们可以这样理解贝多芬的许多作品——苦难是无法避免的，但是与之抗争的勇气会2015年Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,atideoficaThismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.pactofanewcountrywhichSwedesandmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsandtraditionstothenewworld.(48)But,theforceofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinterplayofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcelyvisible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyinmanyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.theAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthefifteenth-andsixteenth-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,theWestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifullyovercrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysubsistedonmeagerrations.erelostinstormsmanypassengersdiedofdiseaseandinfantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimestempestsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,andoftencalmbroughtinterminabledelay.TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressiblerelief.Saidonechronicler,“Theairattwelveleagues’distancesmeltassweetasanew-blowngarden.”Thecolonists’firstglimpseofthenewlandwasavistaofdensewoods.(50)ThevirginforestwithitstoGeorgiainthesouth.Herewasabundantfuelandlumber.Herewastherawmaterialofhousesandfurniture,shipsandpotash,dyesandnavalstores.生的影响。2016年Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)Wedon’thavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthy,itisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormend,abrokenbone.Mentalhealthcan’tbelearned,onlyreawakened.Itislikeimmunesystemofthebody,whichunderstressunderstandthevalueofmentalhealthandwedon’tknowhowtogainaccesstoit,mentalhealthitcanbetemporarilyhiddenfromviewbutitisfullycapableofbeingrestoredinaninstant.enceinourselvesandanabilitytotrustintytonottakeourselvestooseriouslytolaughatourselvestoseethebiggerpicture,andtoseethatthingswillworkout.It’saformofinnateorunlearnedoptimism.(48)Mentalhealthallowsustoviewotherswithsympathyiftheyarehavingtroubleswithkindnessiftheyareinpain,andwithunconditionallovenomatterwhotheyare.Mentalhealthisthesourceofcreativityforsolvingproblems,resolvingconflict,makingoursurroundingsmorebeautiful,managingourhomelife,orcomingupwithacreativebusinessideaorinventiontomakeourliveseasier.Itgivesuspatienceforourselves.Andtowardothersaswellaspatiencewhiledriving,catchingafish,workingonourcar,orraisingachild.Itallowsustoseethebeautythatsurroundsuseachmomentinnature,inculture,intheflowofourdailylives.(49)Althoughmentalhealthisthecure-allforlivingourlives,itisperfectlyordinaryasyouwillinthemostmundaneoflifesituationstoshowyourightfromwrong,goodfrombad,friendfromfoe.Mentalhealthhascommonlybeencalledconscience,instinct,wisdom,commonsense,ortheinnervoice,wethinkofitsimplyasahealthandhelpfulflowofintelligentthought.(50)Asyounowingthatmentalhealthisalwaysavailableandknowingtotrustitallowustontothemomentandlivelifehappily合伤口或者修复断骨一样。间又出现。谁都会给予无条件的爱。难抉择。50.正如你最终会明白的那样，知道心理健康无时不在并且信任它会让我们恰到好处地放2017年ThegrowthoftheuseofEnglishastheworld’sprimarylanguageforinternationalcommunicationexpandsfurthertherearesignsthattheglobalpredominanceofthelanguagemayfadewithintheforeseeablefuture.Complexinternational,economic,technologicalandculturechangecouldstarttodiminishtheleadingpositionofEnglishasthelanguageoftheworldmarket,andUKinterestswhichenjoyadvantagefromthebreathofEnglishusagewouldconsequentlyfacenewpressures.ThoserealisticpossibilitiesarehighlightedinthestudypresentedbyDavidGraddol.(47)Hisanalysisshouldthereforeendanyself-contentednessamongthosewhomaybelievethattheglobalpositionofEnglishissostablethattheyounggenerationoftheUnitedKingdomdonotneedadditionallanguagecapabilities.DavidGraddolconcludesthatmonoglotEnglishgraduatesfacearovingtohaveacompetitiveadvantageovertheirBritishcounterpartsinglobalcompaniesandorganizations.nglishintotheprimaryschoolcurriculumbutBritishschoolchildrenandstudentsdonotappeartobegaininggreaterencouragementtoachievefluencyinotherlanguages.Iflefttothemselves,suchtrendswilldiminishtherelativestrengthoftheEnglishlanguageininternationaleducationmarketsasthedemandforeducationalresourcesinlanguages,suchasSpanish,ArabicorMandaringrowsandinternationalbusinessprocessoutsourcinginotherlanguagesuchasJapanese,FrenchandGerman,spreads.(49)ThechangesidentifiedbyDavidGraddolallpresentclearandmajorchallengestoUK’sprovidersofEnglishlanguageteachingtopeopleofothercountriesandtobroadereducationbusinesssectors.TheEnglishlanguageteachingsectordirectlyearnsnearly£1.3billionfortheUKininvisibleexportsandourothereducationrelatedexploresearnupto£10billionayearmore.AstheinternationalpandstherecentslowdowninthenumberofinternationalstudentsstudyinginthemainEnglish-speakingcountriesislikelytocontinue,especiallyiftherearenoeffectivestrategicpoliciestopreventsuchslippage.Theanticipationofpossibleshiftsindemandprovidedbythisstudyissignificant:(50)ItgivesabasistoallorganizationswhichseektopromotethelearninganduseofEnglish,abasisforplanningtomeetthepossibilitiesofwhatcouldbeaverysaryandpracticalapproachInthisasinmuchelsethosewhowishtoinfluencethefuturemustprepareforit.48.许多国家正将英语引入小学课程，然而英国的中小学生看起来并没有得到更多鼓励去49.戴维•格莱多尔发现的这些变化都对英国英语对外教学从业者和更宽泛的教育行业提出50.它为所有尝试促进英语学习和使用的机构提供了依据，更确切地说是为其作出规划来应对截然不同运营环境所带来的各种可能提供了依据。2018年Shakespeare’slifetimewascoincidentwithaperiodofextraordinaryactivityandachievementinthedrama.(46)BythedateofhisbirthEuropewaswitnessingthepassingofthereligiousdrama,wereatfirstmainlywrittenbyscholarsandperformedbyamateurs,butinEngland,aseverywhereelseinwesternEurope,thegrowthofaclassofprofessionalactorswasthreateningtomakethedramapopular,whetheritshouldbeneworold,classicalormedieval,literaryorfarcical.Court,plyingawidespreaddesirefordramaticentertainment;and.(47)noboywhowentagrammarschoolcouldbeignorantthatthedramawasaformofliteraturewhichgaveglorytoGreeceandRomeandmightyetbringhonortoEngland.tpublicplayhousewasbuiltinLondonForatimeliteratureshowednointerestinthispublicstage.Playsaimingatliterarydistinctionwerewrittenforschoolorcourt,orforthechoirboysofSt.Paul’sandtheroyalchapel,who,however,gaveGreenehadmaderyandgeniustotriumphonthecommonstagewheretheyhadplayedtsincethedeathofEuripidesAnativeliterarydramahadbeencreateditsalliancewiththepublicplayhousesestablishedandatleastsomeofitsgreattraditionshadbeenbegun.ThedevelopmentoftheElizabethandramaforthenexttwenty-fiveyearsisofexceptionalinteresttostudentsofliteraryhistory,forinthisbriefperiodwemaytracethebeginning,growth,blossoming,anddecayofmanykindsofplays,andofmanygreatcareers.WeareamazedtodayatetimeforthisLondonoftwohundredthousandinhabitants.(50)Torealizehowgreatwasthedramaticactivity,wemustrememberfurtherthathostsofplayshavebeenlost,andthatprobablythereisnoauthorofnotewhoseentireworkhassurvived.46.在他出生前，欧洲正见证宗教戏剧的终结和古典悲剧与喜剧激发下的新戏剧的诞生。47.没有一个上文法学校的孩子会不知道戏剧是一种曾经给希腊和罗马带来荣耀，并且将。48.但是这些专业剧团在固定剧场中兴盛起来，而大学里那些有文学抱负的人很快就投身传统得以了开启。存。2019年ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled“TheNaturalSelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety’sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasknowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10yearsago.Nevermindthequality,then,countthehavebeenmadetocurbthistendencyforexamplebytryingtoincorporatessessmentofanapplicantspapersThisisthefamedcitationindex,thatistosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthescientificliteraturetheassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbecitedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbereasonableifitwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesintheirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnforsimilarfavours.Boilingdownanindividual’soutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberofpublicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energyandambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimplequantitativemetricstoassessresearchermeritobequitegreatIfweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfulandreproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindofscience.46.医学期刊中有大量的这种谬论。而这种谬论在被广播电视和非专业报刊杂志接力报道后，就会引发各种健康恐慌以及短期的健康饮食热。人都必须发表仅仅十年前申请同一职位所需的两倍的论文。人论文的评价中。49.要不是因为科学家很容易就能做到在将来发表的论文中引用自己，或者让同事为他们50.如果我们当真想确保科学即有意义又可再生，那么我们就必须确保我们的制度是鼓励2020年themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheeingRenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.46.With(thegapbetween)theChurch’steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileomanythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpenseOfferingupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensiontweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresyandanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.48.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmadeandataratethatthepeople--includingtheChurchcouldnolongerignoreItwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindasonwasbornTheChurchslongstandingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.49.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld,theRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,chactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase“sapereaude,”or“daretoknow”,afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessay“AnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?”Itwasthepurposeandresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekoutthetruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.46.随着天主教教义和思维方式间的差距为文艺复兴所消除，中世纪和现代间的鸿沟也得以48.尽管教会为压制新一代逻辑学家和理性主义者作出了种种尝试，但是对于宇宙是如何运49.随着众多理性主义者和科学家承担起责任，致力于将推理和科学哲理融入世界，文艺复50.这些寻求未知和了解已知的行为用拉丁文描述就是“sapereaude”，即：敢于求知。2021年WorldwarwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%ofchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eightor10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.ndthirdgrowthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.iarproblemsinitswakeForexampleahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,(49)andwhenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomeneshfrompostgraduatestudytheylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfacultyAndifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomesthechieftheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.Inthe1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangementswithempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.几十年相关年龄段的3%-5%。学率依旧保持不变。48.西方社会中不断上升的对高等教育的需求逐渐扩展到了其他群体和社会阶层。而这些50.由于新员工主要是刚研究生毕业的年轻人，他们在很大程度上定义了该院系学术活动51.高增长率增加了学术创新的机会，同时也淡化了教师和学生在稳定期或缓慢增长期为2022年Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(comprisingSpainandPortugal)wasthesceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweenNapoleon’sFrencharmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeentoexacerbatetheemperor’sdifficulties,andthemarshalssentfromParistotrytokeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.(46)Itwasalso,andthisisunknowneventomanypeoplewellreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecodesandthosewhobrokethem.IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccryptographicbattleafewyearsagowhenIwasreadingSirScovellCiphers.”(47)ItlistedmanydocumentsincodethathadbeencapturedfromtheFrencharmyofSpain,andwhosesecretshadbeenrevealedbytheworkofoneGeorgeScovell,anofficerinBr