目的论视角下的旅游文本英译研究-以杭州西湖导游词英译本为例

StudyontheEnglishTranslationofChineseTourismTextsfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory——TakingEnglishTranslationoftheWestLakeTourCommentaryforExample目的论视角下旅游文本英译研究——以杭州西湖导游词英译本为例Ⅰ目的论视角下的旅游文本英译研究——以杭州西湖导游词英译本为例摘要：旅游是文化传播的载体，而旅游文本导游词作为一种旅游业中重要的工具，是向国内外游客提供重要旅游信息的实用性文本。优秀的导游词英译本能够吸引到更多的游客到中国旅游，亲身体验，一睹为快。然而近几年来由于中西方语言与文化的差异，导游词在翻译处理过程中仍存在许多不足与缺陷。本文在旅游文本的语言特点与功能的基础上从目的论的视角下，研究了杭州西湖导游词英译版本，探讨了我们在旅游文本翻译过程中何时应采取何种合适的翻译策略，最终能够达到译本具有可读性与可接受性，从而传播我国博大精深的文化以及促进我国旅游业的发展。关键词：旅游文本；导游词；目的论；翻译策略StudyontheEnglishTranslationofChineseTourismTextsfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheory——TakingEnglishTranslationoftheWestLakeTourCommentaryforExampleAbstract:Tourismisthecarrierofculturaltransmission,andtourismtexttourcommentary,animportanttoolintourismindustry,isakindofpracticaltextthatprovidesimportanttourisminformationtodomesticandforeigntourists.TheexcellentEnglishtranslationofatourcommentarycanattractmoretouriststotraveltoChinatoexperienceandtosee.However,duetoculturalandlanguagedifferencesbetweenChinaandforeigncountriesinrecentyears,therearestillmanyshortcomingsanddefectsintheprocessoftranslatingatourcommentary.Thispaper,basedonthelanguagefeaturesandfunctionoftourismtextsandfromtheperspectiveofSkoposTheory,studiesthetranslationversionoftheWestLaketourcommentarytodiscusswhichtranslationstrategiesshouldbetakenintheprocessoftranslatingⅡtourismtexts.Finally,wecanmaketranslatedtextshavethereadabilityandacceptability,spreadingextensiveandprofoundChineseculturesandpromotingthedevelopmentoftourismindustryinourcountry.KeyWords:tourismtexts;tourcommentary;Skopostheory;translationstrategiesⅢContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\uIntroduction IntroductionWiththeaccelerationanddeepeningoftheprocessofglobalization,internationaltravellinghasbecomethecrucialpartinourrichdailylife.Travelingisconducivetobroadenhorizon,enrichexperienceandknowtheworldandourselvesbymeansofexperiencinggeographicalfeatures,culturaltraditionsandsociallifefromdifferentcountries.Tourismisthecarrierofculture,andcultureistherootandsouloftourism.AkeywaytoachieveChineseculture“goesglobal”istoattractoverseastouriststoexperienceChinesecultureandshowChinainaninteractiveway.Therefore,tourismtexttranslationplaysavitalroleinfacilitatingtourismindustryandenrichingpeople’sspirituallife.AndthequalityoftranslationdirectlyaffectsthedevelopmentoftourismeconomyanddisseminationofChineseculture.ChapterⅠLiteratureReviewDomesticandOverseasStatusQuoInrecentyears,withthedevelopmentoftourismindustry,anincreasingnumberofscholarsathomeandabroadhavestudiedthetranslationoftourcommentary，buttherearefewsystematicstudiesonit.Throughoutthepasttenyears,theresearchdirectionoftourcommentarymainlyfocusedonthetwoaspectsoflanguageandculturalfactors.ErikCastello(2002),basedoncorpusandfromtheperspectiveofsystemicfunctionalgrammar,devotedhimselftotheelaborationoftranslationlanguage,andstudiedthefrequencyofuseofcertainwordsinthetranslationoftourcommentary,thegrammaticalskillsandsomecharacteristicsthattourcommentaryshouldhaveinthetranslationtext.Forexample,thetranslatedtextoftourcommentaryshouldhavethecharacteristicsofdiversityandcolloquialism.CarolynSumberg(2004),aforeignscholar,alsostudiedthelanguagefeaturesoftourcommentarytranslationandpointedoutthatthetranslatedtextoftourcommentaryshouldhavethecharacteristics:substantial,vivid,interesting,authentic,practical,cultural,enlightening,andhumorous.YeMiao(2005)studiedthetranslationoftourcommentaryfromtheperspectiveofpragmatics,andpointedoutthatthetranslatedtextsoftourcommentaryshouldhavethecharacteristics:readershipacceptability,andthelanguageselectionshouldbesimpleandunderstandable.LiuYanyan(2010),fromtheperspectiveoftheimportantroleofspeechfunctionandtoneininterpersonalrelations,analyzedthetranslationtoneoftourcommentaryandpointedoutthatdeclarativesentencesandpasttenseshouldbeusedtomakethearticleseasytounderstand.Onthestudyoftheexpressivefunctionoftranslatedtourcommentary,manyscholarshavestudiedthetextualfunctionoftourcommentaryfromdifferenttheoriesandpointedoutthatthetranslationoftourcommentaryismainlycomposedofevokingtextandinformativetext.Inrecentyears,duetotheincreasingfrequencyofcross-culturalcommunication,moreandmorescholarshaveledthestudyoftourcommentarytranslationtothetreatmentofculturalfactors,andadvocatedthattheculturalcommunicationfunctionshouldbepaidattentionto.Forexample,aforeignscholar,ReisingerTurmerpointedoutthattheculturalelementsintourcommentarycanpromotethedevelopmentoftourism,sothetranslationoftourcommentaryshouldretaintheculturalelements.Adomesticscholar,WangDongmeiputforwardthatthetranslationpurposeoftourcommentaryistorealizeitsinformationandcallingfunction,thatis,tomakereadersandlistenersacceptthetranslationwhiletransmittinginformation.Inaword,thisresearchhasmadegreatprogress,butthereisstillroomforresearch.1.2TheoreticalandPracticalSignificanceWiththedevelopmentofChina’stourism,moreandmorepeopleliketotravel,theauthoralsoliketotravelandgotthetouristguidecertificate.AftertheauthorofficiallybecameaChinesetouristguide,theauthorknowstheimportanceofthetourcommentary.Agoodtourcommentarycanmakevisitorsexperiencethenaturalandculturalbeautyofthescenicspots.Formoreandmoreforeigntourists,cultureisabigobstacle,sotheimportanceofthetranslationoftourcommentarycannotbeignored,weshouldpayattentiontotourismtranslation.Fortheabovereasons,Ichosethisthesistitleasmyresearch-astudyonEnglishtranslationoftourismtextsfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,takingtheEnglishtranslationoftourcommentarytothewestlakeinHangzhouasanexample.Thisresearchbringstheoreticalandpracticalsignificancetoacertainextent.First,theauthorchoosesSkopostheoryasthetheoreticalbasis,whichemphasizesthattranslationtakesthepurposeasthegeneralprincipleandfollowsthelawsofcoherenceandfaithfulness.Byapplyingthistheorytothestudyoftourcommentarytranslation,sometranslationstrategiesandmethods,suchassupplementary,transliterationandomission,arealsoproposed.ThepurposeoftranslatingChinesetourismmaterialsintoEnglishisobvioustoachievecross-culturalcommunication,attractmoreoverseastouristsand,toacertainextent,publicizeChineselandscapeandculture.Followedbythepracticalsignificance,thisthesisstudy,toacertainextent,bridgestheChineseandwesternculturaldifferencesandspreadChinesecultures,whichattractsmoreforeigntouriststocometoChina,furtherpromotingthedevelopmentofChina’stourismindustry.ChapterⅡTourismTexts2.1TheDefinitionandFunctionsofTourismTextsTourismtextisatexttointroduceandpublicizenaturallandscape,humanlandscape,museum,hotel,touristattraction,ect,aimingatprovidingtourisminformationandcallingreaderstoactandexperience.Tourismtextbelongstothecategoryofexternalpublicity,whichaimstoattractmoreoverseastouriststotravel.Intermsoffunctionsoftourismtexts,ithastwofunctions:informativefunctionandvocativefunction.Informativefunctionistoprovidetouristswithrelevantinformationandbackgroundknowledgewantedbyreadersbeforemakingadecisiontovisitascenicspotorduringvisitingaplace.Thisinformationandknowledgeincludesnatural,geographic,culturalaspects.Therefore,informationisakeyfunctiontotourismtextsandthepreconditionofachievingvocativefunction.Vocativefunctionistoattracttouriststotravel.Tourismtextsachievethepurposeofattractingtouristsbythetransmissionofinformation.Therefore,vocativefunctionisdominantandinternalfunctionoftourismtexts.Thecoreofvocativetextsis“thereaderlayer”,emphasizingtheeffectofinformationtransmissionandemotionalechoofreaders.2.2FeaturesofTourismTexts(1)Therangeofsubjectmatteriswide.Tourismtextsinvolveavarietyofintroductionofnaturalandhumanlandscape,includingpolitics,economy,philosophy,literature,religion,art,technology,history,law,socialcustomsandsoon.(2)Objectiveandpractical.Comparedwithothertexts,tourismtextshavelowerliteraryvalueandhigherusevalue,becausetourismtextshavecleartargetreadersandpracticalpurposes.Atthesametime,tourismtextsaimattransmittingclearandobjectiveinformationtoreceptors,enablingthemtoquicklyanddeeplyunderstandtourism-relatedinformation.(3)Obviouscross-culturalcommunicationfeatures.Inthecontextofglobalization,tourismtextsreflectstrongnationalculturalcharacteristicsandconnotation,havingobviouscross-culturalcommunicationfeatures.Tourismtextstendtobeconstrainedbyculturaldifferences,waysoftransmissionincross-culturalcommunication,givingrisetounsatisfyingeffects.Therefore,tourismtextsshouldpayattentiontotheseculturaldifferencesandculturalspecificityandpreservetheseculturaltraitsasmuchaspossible.ChapterⅢTheSkoposTheory3.1BriefIntroductionofSkoposTheoryInthe1970s,VermeerputforwardSkopostheory,whichhasplayedamajorroleinthedevelopmentoffunctionalistapproachestotranslation.SkoposisaGreekwordandatechniquetermforthegoalorpurposeofatranslation,i.e.whatatranslatorisaimingatinthetranslationprocess.Besidesskopos,Vermeeralsousessomerelevantwordssuchasaim,purpose,intention,function.ForVermeer,translationisatypeofhumanaction,anintentional,purposefulbehaviorthattakesplaceinagivensituation.Itisaformoftranslationalactionbasedonasourcetext.Inotherwords,anyactionhasanaimorpurposeandthisistrueoftranslationactivities.Eachtextisproducedbyitsgivenpurposeandalsoshouldservicethepurpose.Therefore,differentpurposesofdifferenttextsdeterminethetranslationmethodsandstrategiesthatatranslatormayadoptinordertoproduceafunctionallyadequatetranslation.InVermeer’sskopostheory,therearetwoimportantfactors.Oneistheaddressee(thereceiverofthetargettext),becausetheproductionofeverytranslationconformstowhatitsaudiencewantandexpect.Anotheristhesourcetextbecauseitcanofferusefulinformationtotranslatorsandaffectthetargetcultureandlanguage.Vermeer’sskopostheorymakesagreatcontributiontotranslationstudies.Ontheonehand,translationisnolongerregardedasamerelylinguisticprocess,butanintentionalaction.Ontheotherhand,thetranslatorisnolonger“asubmissiveservant”whoisledbythesourcetextbutanexpertwhomakespurpose-adequatedecisionsinfullresponsibilitytowardstheirpartners.3.2ThreeRulesofSkoposTheory1)Theskoposrule.Theskoposruleregulatesthattranslationisnotdeterminedbythesourcetext,oritseffectsonthesourcetextreceivers,orthefunctionassignedtoitbytheauthorbutbythepurposeofthetargettextandthetranslator.Translationactivitiescanhavemorethanonepurpose:thefundamentalpurpose(likemakingaliving),communicativepurposeofthetranslatedtext(likeenlighteningreaders),thepurposetobeachievedbytheuseofaparticulartranslationmethod(likeliteraltranslationisusedtoillustratethespecialfeaturesofthegrammaticalstructureinalanguage).Nevertheless,undernormalcircumstances,“skopos”referstocommunicativepurposeofthetranslatedtext,thatis,communicativefunctionofthetargettexttothetargetlanguagereadersinthesocialandculturalcontextofthetargetlanguage.Consequently,thetranslatorshouldmakeclearhisspecificpurposeinthegiventranslationcontextanddeterminewhichtranslationmethodtoadopt.AccordingtoSkoposTheory,thisruleisthemostimportantanditisthecoreprincipleofSkoposTheory.OncethreerulesofSkoposTheorycomeintoconflict,theskoposrulemustbegivenpriorityoveranyotherrulesintranslating.2)Thefidelityrule.Thefidelityrulereferstointertextualcoherence,thatis,relationshipbetweenthetargettextandsourcetext.Itisfaithfultothesourcetext,butthedegreeandformoffidelitytothesourcetextdependsonthepurposeofthetranslatedandthetranslator’scomprehensionaboutthesourcetext.3)Thecoherencerule.Thecoherencerulereferstothetargettextmustconformtothestandardofintra-textualcoherence,thatis,thetargettexthavethereadabilityandacceptability-makingreceptorsunderstandtranslatedtextgiventheirassumedbackgroundknowledgeandsituationalcircumstances.Coherencerulemainlyfocusesonthecoherenceofformandmeaning.Inconclusion,thesethreerulesconstitutefundamentalprinciplesofSkoposTheory.Thecoherenceruleandthefidelityrulearenotuniversallyapplicableintheprocessoftranslation,soweshouldputtheskopostheoryinthefirstplaceandtakethecoherenceruleandfidelityruleasaguidance.ChapterⅣTourismTranslationinTheWestLakeTourCommentaryBasedontheSkoposTheory4.1TheIntroductionofTheWestLakeLocatedatno.1Longjingroad,xihudistrict,Hangzhoucity,Zhejiangprovince,theWestLakecoversatotalareaof49squarekilometers,awaterareaof21.22squarekilometersandalakeareaof6.38squarekilometers.Therearemorethan100scenicspotsinthepark,morethan60national,provincial,municipalkeyculturalrelicsprotectionunitsandmorethan20museums.TheWestLakeisknownas“TenNewscenesofWestLake”,“TenscenesofWestLake”,“ThreeCommentsonWestLakeTenScenes”.Themostfamousscenicspotsarebrokenbridge,Sudam,Leifengpagodaandsoon.In2007,thescenicareaoftheWestLakeinHangzhouwasratedasnationalAAAAAtouristarea”.OnJune24,2011,“Hangzhouwestlakeculturallandscape”wasofficiallyincludedintheworldheritagelist.Inrecentyears,withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,Chinesetourismindustryisbooming.ManyChinesescenicspotsisenjoyingagreatpopularityamongdomesticandoverseastourists.Amongthesetouristattractions,theWestLakeinHangzhouhasbecomeatoptouristdestination,attractingagrowingnumberofpeopleeveryyear.ThesayinggoesinChina-Aboveisheaven,belowisHangzhou.ThereputationofHangzhouliesinthepicturesqueWestLake.AndthereasonswhytheWestLakebecomesapopulardestinationformanypeoplechoosetotraveltoareitsprofoundculturesandhistory,richlandscapes,superiorgeographiclocationandhighcivilizationandquality.Firstly,theWestLakehasprofoundculturesandhistory.Hangzhouhasahistoryofmorethan2200yearssinceitwasestablishedintheQinDynastyhasleftalargenumberofculturalandhistoricallandscapes.Atpresent,theculturallandscapeoftheWestLakehasbeenincludedinthelistofworldculture.AndthelegendlovebetweentheladywhiteandXuxianinthelegendofthewhitesnakealsohappenedhere.Secondly,theWestLakeboastsrichlandscapes.Therearemorethan100scenicspotsinthepark,including“TenViewsoftheWestLake”,“TenNewViewsoftheWestLake”，“ThreeCommentsontheTenViewsoftheWestLake”andmorethan60national,provincialandmunicipalkeyculturerelicsprotectionunitsandmorethan20museums.Thefamousscenicspotsarebrokenbridge,Leifengpagoda,Sudam,etc.Thirdly,thegeographiclocationofHangzhouissuperior.Locatedinthesoutheastcoast,northofZhejiangprovinceinChina,HangzhouissurroundedbymanykeycitiessuchasShanghai,NanjingandSuzhou.Intermsofrailway,ithasShanghai-Kunming,Shanghai-Hangzhou,Ningbo-Hangzhou,Hangzhou-Yong,Hangzhou-Changshapassengerlines.Whatismore,itisthefirsthigh-speedrailcrossthecityinChina.Therefore,itisveryconvenientforpeopletopayavisittoHangzhoubecauseofitsconvenienttransportation.Lastly,Hangzhouenjoysagoodreputationforhighcivilizationandquality.Hangzhouisconsideredacivilizedcity,rankingsecondinanannualnationalassessmentofcivilizedcities.Hangzhouisverycleanandthequalityofitscitizensisveryhighandpolite,soalotoftouristswhocomeherebasicallygiveunanimouspraise.4.2TheApplicationofSkoposTheorytoTourismTextTranslationWiththeprosperityofChinesetourismindustryandtheirresistibletrendofcross-culturalcommunication,anincreasingnumberofforeignanddomesticscholarsdevotethemselvestostudyingtourismtexts.Tourismtextsaimatofferingclearandimportanttourisminformationtotouriststoattractthemtoact.However,duetodifferentculturalbackground,differentexpressionhabitsanddifferentlanguage,ChineseandEnglishtourismtextsaredisparateinlanguagecharacteristics.Therefore,manyscholarsputforwardvarioustheoriesthatcanbeappliedintotourismtexts,asaresult,theSkoposTheoryofVermeeristhemostsuitableoneintranslatingtourismtexts.AccordingtotheSkoposTheory,agoodtranslatorshouldconsiderbackgroundknowledgeofthesourcetext,intentionoftheoriginalauthor,receiver’sexpectationsandneeds.4.2.1SkoposRule’sApplicationintheEnglishTranslationoftheWestLakeTourCommentaryTheskoposruleisthetop-rankingprincipleoftheSkoposTheory.Itemphasizesthatstrategiesandmethodsthetranslatedtextadoptsaredeterminedbythepurposeoftranslation.Anddifferenttextshavedifferentintentions.Tourismtextsaimatofferingclearandcorrecttourisminformationtoreadersinthecommunicativepurpose.Toachievethiscommunicativepurpose,thetargettextmustconformtotheintentionofthesourcetextandreceivers’needsofpurpose.Thetourcommentarybelongstoakindoftypeoftourismtexts.Therefore,theauthorwantstodiscusshowtheskoposruleappliesintotheEnglishversionoftheWestLaketourcommentary.4.2.1.1ReductionReduction,equaltoomission,referstothetargettextdoesnottranslatesomewordsinthesourcetextbutonthebasisofnotchangingthemeaningoftheoriginaltext,thatis,itmustbeloyaltothesourcetext.Asacommonstrategyintheprocessoftranslating,reductionachievestheeffectofmakingreadershaveabettercomprehensionaboutthekeymeaningbyofferingmoreconciseandclearwords.Inotherwords,reductionaimsattransformingcomplexityintosimplicity.ST1:西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。TT:TheWestLakeisbeautifulallyeararound,andthefamouspoetinSongDynastynamedDongpoSuhighlypraisedthescenery.Analysis:ThesourcetextquotesthefamouspoetSuDongpo’spoemtoexpresshispraiseofHangzhou,whichsummarizesandhighlightsthecharmandthemeofHangzhoutourism.Withstronginformationvalue,thissentencebelongstoevaluativeinformationandevocativeinformation,fullyandappropriatelypromotingHangzhoutourism.ChinesepeopleallknowXiziisabeautywhoisalwayscharmingineitherlightorheavymakeup.”istocomparethesceneryofWestLaketooneofChina’sfourgreatbeautyXiShi,bothofthemarebeautifulandattractive.However,theordinaryforeignreadersmaynotbeabletocomprehendthiskindofChinesehistoryandculture,sothetargettextcandeletethissentenceandreplaceitwith”SuDongpohighlypraisedthebeautyoftheWestLake.ST2:在西湖杭州，你可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几件土特产。TT:TravellingintheWestLake,youcanalsowanderalongthestreet,trythedeliciousdessert,andpurchasesomelocalproducts.Analysis:Theoriginaltextintroduceswhattodo,whattoseeandhowtoenjoyfortouristswhotravelinHangzhou.Theoriginaltexthastwophraseswithfour-characterstructure“街头闹市and“名菜名点”.“街头”and“闹市”expressthesamemeaning,sothetranslatedtextcansummarizesoneword“street”.Similarly,“名菜”and“名点”alsoexpressthesamemeaning,sothetargettextcansummarizesonemeaning“deliciousdessert”.Whatismore,thissentence“你可以饱览西湖秀色”hasalowerinformationvalue,thetargettextcanomitit.Because,wetourists,whetherdomesticorforeignones,allknowthatwepayavisittotheWestLakeistoenjoythebeautyoftheWestLake,wetouristsneedmoreusefultourisminformationratherthanthisuselessinformation.ST3:湖中心有三个小岛：阮公墩，湖心亭和小瀛洲，四周山林茂密，点缀着楼台亭阁，是我国最有名的旅游景点之一。TT:Thelake,withthreeislesinthecenterandthickly-woodedhillsdotedbyexquisitepavilionsonitsfoursides,isoneofChina’sbestknownscenicspots.Analysis:Thissentencebelongstodescriptiveinformation,describingthesceneryoftheWestLakeindetail.Thesourcetextspecificallylistswhatarethethreeisles(阮公墩，湖心亭和小瀛洲)tomaketouristsknowspecificnamesofthethreeislesandattractmoretouriststopayavisitthethreeisles.However,forforeignreaders,theywantandunderstandprimaryinformation(湖中心有三个小岛）ratherthansecondaryinformation(阮公墩，湖心亭和小瀛洲).Ifwelistthethreespecificnamesofisles,itwillbeuselessinformationforthetargettextreceivers.Theyneedonlywheretheycanenjoyandhowtoexperiencethebeautifulviews,sothetargettexttranslatesthissentencebyusingthetranslationstrategyofreduction-omittingthetranslationofthethreespecificnamesofislesinthecenteroftheWestLake.ST4:杭州人观看西湖有个说法：“晴湖不如雨湖，雨湖不如夜湖。”您在杭州，一定要去领略一下西湖的风韵，看看此说是否有道理。TT:HangzhouresidentshavetheirwayofenjoyingthebeautyoftheWestLake,“TheWestLakelooksdelightfulonrainydaysthanoncleardays,andisatitsbestwhendarknessfalls”.Analysis:Thesourcetextoffersevaluativeinformation“TheWestLakelooksdelightfulonrainydaysthanoncleardays,andisatitsbestwhendarknessfalls”tointroducehowtoenjoythesightoftheWestLake.Fortourists,itiskeyinformation,soweneedtotranslateit.However,forthetargettextrecipients,theinformationvalueofthenextsentenceislow,sothetranslatedtextcandeleteit.Inanutshell,theabovetwocasestudiesallusethetranslationstrategyofreductionoromission.Byusingthistranslationstrategyintheprocessoftranslating,thetranslatedtextomitsuselessinformation,wordsthataresemanticallyrepetitiveandstrongChineseculturalandhistoricalinformationsothatitcanbemoreconciseandcleartoitsrecipients,achievingthepurposeofattractingmoreforeigntouriststopayavisittotheWestLake.Andthisconformstotheskoposrule.4.2.2FidelityRule’sApplicationintheEnglishTranslationoftheWestLakeTourCommentaryThefidelityrulepaysmoreattentiontotherelationshipbetweenthetranslatedtextandtheoriginaltext.Thetargettextmustbefaithfulorloyaltothesourcetext.ST5:杭州是中国著名的六大古都之一，已有两千多年的历史。杭州不仅以自然美景闻名于世，而且有着传统文化的魅力；不仅有历史文人墨客的题咏，而且有美味佳肴的漂亮的工艺品。TT:OneofChina’ssixancientcapitalcities,Hangzhouhasahistoryofmorethan2000years.Itisfamousnotonlyforitsnaturalbeautybutalsoforitsculturaltraditions.Apartfromalargenumberofpoemsandinscriptionsinitspraiseleftbehindbyscholarsandmenoflettersthroughthecenturies,italsoboastsdeliciousfoodandprettyhandicrafts.Analysis:ThissentenceintroducesthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundofHangzhou.Intheoriginaltext,“不仅”“而且”“文化”“历史”thesewordsarekeywords.Ifthetranslatordidnottranslatethesewords,themeaningofthecontentwouldnotbeascompleteastheoriginaltext.Thetargettextaccuratelyexpressesthecompletecontentandtruemeaningofthesourcetext.ItconformstothefidelityruleofSkoposTheory.4.2.3CoherenceRule’sApplicationintheEnglishTranslationoftheWestLakeTourCommentaryThecoherencerulemeansthetranslatedtextmustbesufficientlycoherenttomaketherecipientstounderstanditbyofferingsomebackgroundknowledgeandsituationalcircumstances,thatis,thetargettextmusthavereadabilityandacceptability.4.2.3.1AmplificationAmplificationmeanstoaddsomewordsandshortsentencesaccordingtodifferentthinkingpatterns,meansofexpressionandlanguagehabitsinChineseandEnglish,soastoexpressthemeaninginthesourcetextmoreaccurately.ThistranslationstrategyismostlyusedintheChinesetoEnglishtranslationbecauseChineselanguageusuallylacksasubjectwhileEnglishlanguageisonthecontrary.Asaresult,whenthetranslatortranslatesatextfromChinesetoEnglish,heorsheshouldcomplementthesubject.Whatismore,occasionally,thetranslatoroughttosupplementnouns,pronouns,conjunctions,prepositionsandarticles.Usingthetranslationstrategy-amplification,wecanensurecompletegrammaticalstructureandclearmeaningofthetargettext.ST6:苏东坡曾写了一首诗来赞美西湖，把它和中国传说中的西子相比。TT:SuDongpo,acelebratedpoetoftheSongDynasty（960-1279),wroteapoemtopraisetheWestLakeandcomparedittoXizi,aChineselegendarybeauty.Analysis:TheoriginaltextquotesthecomplimentofHangzhoubyacelebratedChinesepoettohighlightthecharmoftheWestLakeinHangzhou.ForChinesereaders,itisveryeasytoknowSuDongpoandXizi.However,duetoculturaldifferencebetweenChinaandtheforeigncountries,foreignersmaynotbeabletocomprehendthishistoricalandculturalbackground.TheydonotknowthesetwofamouspeopleinChinaandthedefinitetimeofSongDynasty.Therefore,thetranslatedtextusesthetranslationstrategyofamplificationtoaddsomespecialexplanationtoSuDongpoandXiziwhomweChinesepeoplearefamiliarToandthedefiniteperiodofSongDynasty.Onlytranslatorsinterpretsthissentenceinthiswaycanoverseastouristscomprehendit.ST7:西湖三面环山，一面濒城。TT:ThreesidesoftheWestLakearesurroundedbyverdantmountainsandonesidetheprosperouscity.Analysis:whentranslatingthissentence,thetranslatoraddtwoadjectives“verdant(翠绿的）”and“prosperous（繁荣的）”precedemountainsandthecitytomodifymountainsandthecity,makingthemmorevividandattractive.ThetargettextutilizesthetranslationstrategyofamplificationbyadddescriptiveinformationtomakesceneryoftheWestLakemoreattractiveandcharming.ST8:一般来说，游览西湖及周围景点花上两天时间较为合适。到杭州旅游，既令人愉快，又能得到文化享受。TT:Itisadvisableforatouristtoh