通信及基础工程12

Unit6TextBChina’sLatestLeapForwardIsn’tJustGreat—It’sQuantumChina’sLatestLeapForwardIsn’tJustGreat—It’sQuantum——Beijinglaunchestheworld’sfirstquantum-communicationssatelliteintoorbitTextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeBEIJING—ArocketthatshotskywardfromtheGobiDesertearlyTuesdayisexpectedtopropelChinatotheforefrontofoneofscience’smostchallengingfields.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeItalsoissettolaunchBeijingfaraheadofitsglobalrivalsinthedrivetoacquireahighlycovetedassetintheageofcyberespionage:hack-proofcommunications.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeStatemediasaidChinasenttheworld’sfirstquantum-communicationssatelliteintoorbitfromalaunchcenterinInnerMongoliaabout1:40a.m.Tuesday.Fiveyearsinthemaking,theprojectisbeingcloselywatchedinscientificandsecuritycircles.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeThequantumprogramisthelatestpartofChina’smultibillion-dollarstrategyoverthepasttwodecadestodrawwithorevensurpasstheWestinhard-sciences[1]research.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHome“There’sbeenaracetoproduceaquantumsatellite,anditisverylikelythatChinaisgoingtowinthatrace,”said

NicolasGisin,

aprofessorandquantumphysicistattheUniversityofGeneva.“ItshowsagainChina’sabilitytocommittolargeandambitiousprojectsandtorealizethem.”TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeScientistsintheU.S.,Europe,Japanandelsewherearerushingtoexploitthestrangeandpotentiallypowerfulpropertiesofsubatomicparticles,butfewwithasmuchstatesupportasthoseinChina,researcherssay.Quantumtechnologyisatopstrategicfocusinthecountry’sfive-yeareconomicdevelopmentplan,releasedinMarch.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeBeijinghasn’tdisclosedhowmuchmoneyithasallocatedtoquantumresearchortobuildingthe1,400-poundsatellite.Butfundingforbasicresearch,whichincludesquantumphysics,was$10.1billionin2015,upfrom$1.9billionin2005.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeU.S.federalfundingforquantumresearchisabout$200millionayear,accordingtoacongressionalreportinJulybyagroupofscience,defense,intelligenceandotherofficials.Itsaiddevelopmentofquantumsciencewould“enhanceU.S.nationalsecurity,”butsaidfluctuationsinfundinghadsetbackprogress.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeBeijing,meanwhile,hastriedtolureChinese-born,foreign-educatedexpertsinquantumphysicsbacktoChina,includingPanJianwei,thephysicistwhoisleadingtheproject.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHome“We’vetakenallthegoodtechnologyfromlabsaroundtheworld,absorbeditandbroughtitback,”Mr.PantoldChinesestateTVinaninterviewthatairedonMonday.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeWithstatesupport,Mr.PanwasabletoleapfroghisformerPh.D.adviser,UniversityofViennaphysicist

AntonZeilinger,

whosaidhehastriedsince2001topersuadetheEuropeanSpaceAgencytolaunchasimilarsatellite.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHome“It’sadifficultprocess,whichtakesalotoftime,”saidMr.Zeilinger,whoisnowworkingonhisformerstudent’ssatellite.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeNeitherMr.PannortheChineseAcademyofSciences,whichisdirectingtheproject,respondedtorequeststocomment.TheEuropeanSpaceAgencydidn’trespondtorequestsforcomment.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeTheNationalScienceFoundation,whichprovidesfederalfundingforbasicAmericanscienceresearch,saidquantumsciencewasoneofsix“bigideas.”Ithadidentifiedforlong-termresearchtoaddresscriticalsocietalchallenges,accordingtoC.DeniseCaldwell,headofthegroup’sphysicsdivision.ShesaidtheNSFalsorecentlyestablishednewresearchawardsthatwillhaveadirectimpactonquantuminformationresearch.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeChina’sinvestmentinthefieldislikelybeingdriveninpartbyfearofU.S.cybercapabilities,said

JohnCostello,

afellowatWashington,D.C.-basedNewAmericaspecializinginChinaandcybersecurity,pointingto2013disclosuresthattheU.S.hadpenetrateddeeplyintoChinesenetworks.HealsonotedthatU.S.institutionsareresearchinghowtobuildpowerfulquantumcomputerstheoreticallycapableofshatteringthemath-basedencryptionnowusedworld-wideforsecurecommunication.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHome“TheChinesegovernmentisawarethattheyaregrowingparticularlysusceptibletoelectronicespionage,”Mr.Costellosaid.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeHowever,quantumcommunicationisdefensiveinnature,henoted,andwouldn’tbenefitfromwhattheU.S.hasidentifiedasChina’sstate-sponsoredhackingprogram.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeQuantumencryptionissecureagainstanykindofcomputingpowerbecauseinformationencodedinaquantumparticleisdestroyedassoonasitismeasured.

GregoirRibordy,

co-founderofGeneva-basedquantumcryptographyfirmIDQuantique,likenedittosendingamessagewrittenonasoapbubble.“Ifsomeonetriestointerceptitwhenit’sbeingtransmitted,bytouchingit,theymakeitburst,”hesaid.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeQuantumphysicistshaverecentlyadvancedtheuseofphotonstocommunicatesecurelyovershortdistancesonearth.Thesatellite,ifsuccessful,wouldvastlyexpandtherangeofun-hackablecommunication.Totestwhetherquantumcommunicationscantakeplaceataglobalscale,Mr.PanhastoldstatemediathatheandhisteamwilltrytobeamaquantumcryptographickeythroughspacefromBeijingtoVienna.“Inevitablythesekindsoftechnologieshaveproblemsandthingsgetmessedupbythepeopleusingthem,unlesstheyhavegonethroughextensivetraining,”said

PeterMattis,

afellowattheJamestownFoundation[2]whostudiesChina’sintelligenceservices.“IthinkChinahasanobligationnotjusttodosomethingforourselves—manyothercountrieshavebeentothemoon,havedonemannedspaceflight—buttoexploresomethingunknown,”hesaid.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHome“Itwouldbeenormousifthetestsucceeded,”saidMaXiaosong,aVienna-trainedquantumphysicistatNanjingUniversitywhoworkedonearlyphasesofthesatelliteproject.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeQuantumencryptionisn’tfoolproof.It’spossibleforhackerstotrickanincautiousrecipientbyshininganintenselaserintoaquantumreceptor,said

AlexanderLing,

principalinvestigatorattheCenterforQuantumTechnologiesinSingapore.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeU.S.securityexpertsalsoquestionwhetherintricaciesofquantumcommunicationcanbesimplifiedenoughforuseinaconflictsituation.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeWhateverthechallenges,theUniversityofVienna’sMr.Zeilingersaid,thesatelliteputsChinaandthefieldofquantummechanicsonthevergeofasignificanttechnologicalbreakthrough.“Inthelongrun,thereisagoodchancethatthiswillreplaceourcurrentcommunicationstechnology,”hesaid.“Iseenobasicreasonwhyitwon’thappen.”TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeInaJanuaryinterviewwiththejournalNature,Mr.PansaidthesatelliteshowedChina’sscientistshadstoppedfollowinginthefootstepsofothers.Todrivethepointhome,ChinesestatemediaonMondaysaidthesatellitehadbeennamedMiciusaftera5thcenturyB.C.philosopherwhoopposedoffensivewarfare.ByJOSHCHINfromWallStreetJournal,VivianPangcontributedtothisarticle.TextTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeorbitn.&vi.轨道；绕轨道运行skywardadj.&adv.向上的；朝天空propelvt.推进；驱使；激励；驱策forefrontn.最前线，最前部；活动的中心covetv.垂涎；渴望；贪图cyberespionagen.网上间谍活动WordsWordsTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomehack-proofn.防黑客luren.&vt.诱惑；诱惑物；诱惑；引诱leapfrogn.&v.交互跃进；跃过penetratev.渗透；穿透；洞察susceptibleadj.&n.易受影响的；易得病的人foolproofadj.&n.十分简单的；安全自锁装置WordsTextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeincautiousadj.不小心的；轻率的offensiveadj.攻击的；冒犯的；讨厌的warfaren.战争；冲突WordsTextWordsNotesDiscussionHome[1]Hardscience（硬科学）是自然科学与技术科学交叉的统称，内容是数学、物理学、化学、天文学等。TextWordsNotesDiscussionNotesHome[2]JamestownFoundation（詹姆斯顿基金会）是美国的一个有关军事或战争的基金会，并且这个基金会是用于专家研究军事科技的一个专项基金会。TextWordsNotesDiscussionHomeQuestionsfordiscussion1.Whatprojecthasreceivedcloseattentioninscientificandsecuritycirclesforthepastfiveyears?2.