TED演讲的人际功能研究

PAGE30PAGE论文题目（英文）AstudyofinterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeeches（中文）TED演讲的人际功能研究摘要韩礼德的系统功能语法包括三个方面，分别是概念功能，人际功能和语篇功能。人际功能的意义是人们使用语言进行相互间的交流，并在交流的过程中建立起联系，人们通过人际功能来表达自身的目的，并且在这个过程中对对方产生影响。在人际功能当中，语言扮演着重要的作用，有利于帮助人们日常生活中的交流和维持人际关系。TED是集科技，娱乐，设计一体的开放性演讲平台，TED演讲受到来自世界各地人们的追捧，演讲者通过与听众分享他们的经历和想法，和听众建立某种联系，加强人际关联，以实现交流的最大化。这恰好和韩礼德系统功能语法中的人际功能的概念相一致。本文以韩礼德系统功能语法作为理论框架，选取20篇最受欢迎的TED演讲文本作为研究对象，运用定性和定量的分析方法来研究TED演讲的人际功能分析，作者将从语气系统，情态系统和人称系统三方面，来探讨人际功能的实现。以下是研究结果：首先，在语气系统中，TED演讲者通常会大量使用陈述句语气来描述自己的经历，以传达建议和情感，同时也能营造出一种轻松愉悦的气氛。其次是疑问语气，疑问语气可以引起听众的好奇心，吸引他们的注意力，并且能更好地引起他们的思考，祈使语气使用的次数最少，演讲者会采取更加委婉的语气来表达自身的呼吁。第二，在情态系统方面，演讲者更倾向运用适当的情态动词，来传达自己的思想。第三，在人称系统方面，演讲者主要使用第一人称和第二人称，第三人称使用的较少，这种方法的运用，有利于演讲者拉拢与听众间的距离，吸引听众的兴趣，来更好的达到人际交流的目的。总的来说，把人际功能运用到TED演讲中，拓宽了该理论的应用领域，同时本研究对于那些热衷于语言学习和演讲学习者来说，提供了实用技巧和参考价值。由于本研究还有很大的提升空间和改进之处,有望指出。Halliday'ssystematicfunctionalgrammarconsistsofthreeaspects,namely,conceptualfunction,interpersonalfunction,andtextualfunction.Themeaningofinterpersonalfunctionisthatpeopleemploylanguagetocommunicatewitheachother,andestablishaconnectionduringcommunication.Peopledisseminatetheirpurposesaswellasinfluenceeachotherwiththehelpofinterpersonalfunction.Whenitcomestointerpersonalfunctions,languageplaysanimportantroleinhelpingpeoplecommunicateandmaintaininterpersonalrelationshipsindailylife.TEDisanopenspeechplatformthatintegratestechnology,entertainment,anddesign.TEDspeechesaresoughtafterbypeoplefromallovertheworld.Speakerssharetheirexperiencesandideaswiththeiraudiences,establishacertainrelationshipwiththem,andstrengtheninterpersonalrelationshipstoreachthemaximumofcommunication.ThiscoincideswiththeconceptofinterpersonalfunctioninHalliday'sfunctionalgrammar.ThisstudyguidedbyHalliday'sfunctionalgrammarasatheoreticalframework,selects20mostpopularTEDspeechtextsasresearchobjects,andusesqualitativeandquantitativeanalysismethodstoanalyzetheinterpersonalfunctionofTEDspeeches.Theauthorwilldiscusstherealizationofinterpersonalfunctionsfromthreeaspects:moodsystem,modalsystemandpersonalsystem.Herearetheresultsofthestudy:Firstly,inmoodsystem,TEDspeakersoftenusedeclarativestoconveysuggestionsandemotionsfromtheirexperiencesandtheuseofdeclarativesalsocreatearelaxingandpleasantatmosphere.Interrogativesaresecondlyusedinthestudy.Interrogativescanarousethecuriosityoflisteners,attracttheirattention,andbetterstimulatetheirthinking.TheImperativemoodisusedtheleast.Speakerswilluseamoreeuphemistictonetoexpresstheirownappeals.Secondly,intermsofmodalsystem,speakersaremoreinclinedtouseappropriatemodalverbstoconveytheirthoughts.Thirdly,inpersonalsystem,thespeakersmainlyusethefirstpersonandthesecondpersontoachievethepurposeofinterpersonalcommunication.Ingeneral,theapplicationofinterpersonalfunctionstoTEDspeecheshasbroadenedthefieldofthistheory.Atthesametime,thisstudyprovidespracticalskillsandreferencevaluesforthosewhoarekeenonlanguagelearningandspeechaddressing.Asthisresearchstillhasalargespaceforimprovement,itisexpectedtobepointedout.Keywords:TEDspeech,interpersonalfunction,mood,modal,personalpronounTitlesofthe20TEDtalksGrit:ThepowerofpassionandperseveranceThebooststudentsneedtoovercomeobstaclesWhyIstillhavehopeforcoralreefHowtosavealanguagefromextinctionTheappmakesitfuntopickuplitterThe“opportunitygap”inUSpubliceducationandhowtocloseitWhyIdrawwithrobotWhatproductiveconflictcanofferaworkplaceTheprofoundpowerofanauthenticapologyTeachteachershowtocreatemagicAsummerschoolkidsactuallywanttoattendWhyopenaschool?TocloseaprisonWhatadultscanlearnfromkidsThefascinatingsecretlivesofgiantclamsThewaywethinkaboutworkisbrokenAcknowledgmentsIwanttoextendmygreatgratitudetomyparents,teachersandfriendswhooffermeheapsofhelpandconducivesuggestionsamidtheprocessofmypaperwritingthatInearlyspendmorethantwomonthsuntilthefirstdraftwasdone.IwasconfrontedwithdifficultiesIcouldn’tfindmassivereferencesasliteraturereviewmaterials.ThankstomyfriendsprovidingdomesticandabroadwebsitesformethatIcanaccessarticlesneededmakesmefinishthistask.Timelytimefrommytutorenlightensmealot.Allinall,oureffortsarepaid.Contents1Introduction1.1ResearchBackground1.2ResearchQuestionsandHypotheses1.3ResearchPurposesandSignificance1.4MethodologyoftheThesis1.5OrganizationoftheThesis2LiteratureReview2.1PreviousStudiesofInterpersonalFunctionatHomeandAbroad2.2PreviousStudiesofPublicSpeechatHomeandAbroad2.3StudiesonTED2.4StudiesonPublicSpeechesinthePerspectiveofInterpersonalFunction3TheoreticalFramework3.1AnOverviewofHalliday’sInterpersonalFunction3.1.1MoodSystem3.1.2ModalitySystem3.1.3PersonalPronounsSystem3.2Summary4AnalysisofApplicationonInterpersonalFunctioninTEDSpeeches4.1MoodAnalysisinTEDSpeeches4.1.1DeclarativeMood4.1.2InterrogativeMood4.1.3ImperativeMood4.2ModalityAnalysisinTEDSpeeches4.2.1Low-ValueModalVerb4.2.2Median-ValueModalVerb4.2.3High-ValueModalVerb4.3PersonalPronounsAnalysisinTEDSpeeches4.3.1First-PersonPronouns“we”and“I”4.3.2Second–Personpronoun“you”4.3.3Third-PersonPronoun“they”5Conclusion5.1Summary5.2LimitationsandProspects5.3References1.Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundNowadays,peopleusherintoanInternetage,wheretheycangainalotofinformationfromtheInternetwhenever.TED,asafreeinformationexchangeplatform,bringstogethersmartpeoplefromdifferentfields.ThetopicsofTEDspeechescoverdifferentdisciplinesandcultures.Peoplesharetheirownlifeexperienceandideassoastoalterthewaypeoplethinkandbehavenamely,ultimatelychangetheworld.TEDspeechesaresoughtafterbypeopleofdifferentages.Althougheachspeechlastsabout15to20minutes,inspirationsthatTEDspeechesbringtopeopleareinfinite,TEDafeastofsightandhearing.Language,asacommunicationtool,istheproductofsociety.Peopleuselanguagetoexpressemotionsandspreadinformation.Alanguagehasmanyfunctions.InHalliday'ssystematicfunctionalgrammar,heclassifiedlanguageasametafunction,includingthreeaspects:conceptualfunction,interpersonalfunction,andtextualfunction.Interpersonalfunctionplaysanimportantroleininterpersonalcommunication.Manyscholarshavestudiedpublicspeakingfromtheperspectiveofinterpersonalfunctions,buttherearerelativelyfewresearchesoninterpersonalfunctionsinTEDs,whichshowsthatthestudyofinterpersonalfunctionsinTEDspeechesisofgreatsignificance.1.2ResearchQuestionsandHypothesesThisthesispaysitsattentiononhowtoachieveinterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeeches.Inthisthesis,theauthorwillfocusonthreeaspects:mood,modalityandpersonalpronountoexplore.ThisstudywillhelpusapprehendthesignificanceofinterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeeches.1.CaninterpersonalfunctionbeemployedinTEDspeeches?2.HowtoevaluateandachieveinterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeechesThroughthisstudy,wecanmakeitclearthatinterpersonalfunctioncanbeemployedinTEDspeeches.Furthermore,interpersonalfunctioninTEDspeechescanberealizedbytheapplicationofmood,modalityandpersonalpronounce.TheapplicationofinterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeechesisofgreathelptobothspeakersandlisteners.1.3ResearchPurposesandSignificanceThisthesisemphasizeonanalyzinginterpersonalfunctionofTEDspeechesfromtheangleofHalliday’sSystemicFunctionalGrammar.Itattemptstostudytheapproachesthespeakersapplyontorealizeinterpersonalmeaningoflanguagefromfollowingthesethreeaspects:themoodsystem,modalitysystemandpersonalpronounssystem.AndthestudyinthisthesisattemptstoprovewhatasignificantroleinterpersonalfunctionplaysinTEDspeeches.Theanalysisalsowantstopayitsattentionontherealizationofinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenthespeakersandtheirlisteners.ItishopedthatthisanalysisofTEDspeechescanmakesensetounravelthemethodsemployedtorealizeinterpersonalfunction.Thesignificancesofthisstudyareasfollows.Theoretically,Itexpandsthefieldsofstudyofinterpersonalfunctionandhelpsusbuildadeeperandoverallapprehensionontherelationshipbetweeninterpersonalfunctionandpublicspeeches.Practically,Ithelpsspeakersapplymood,modalityandpersonalpronouncetotheirspeechestoimprovetheirskillsforaddressing,helpthemattainthepurposeofcommunicationandbecomeoutstandingspeakers.ThisstudyisofgreathelptobuildareferencemodelforpublicspeakingandforEnglishlearnerstoimprovetheiroralEnglishandappreciation.1.4MethodologyoftheThesisThisstudyaccentuatesontherealizationofinterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeeches.QualitativeandquantitativemethodsareemployedintheanalysisofinterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeeches.Fromtheangleofqualitativemethod,Iwillfocusonhowtheinterpersonalfunctionisachievedbymood,modalityandpersonalpronouns.Fromtheperspectiveofquantitativemethod,thisstudywillrepresentthedistributionofmood,modalityandpersonalpronouns.Iwillapplyqualitativeandquantitativemethodstothisthesistomakeitmoreconvincing.Furthermore,IwillalsomakefulluseofMicrosoftofficeaccountingtoolstomakesuredatesIaccumulateareaccurate.1.5OrganizationoftheThesisThisthesisconsistsoffivecharters.Charteroneistheintroductionofthisstudyincludingfiveaspectssuchasresearchbackground,researchquestionsandhypotheses,researchpurposesandsignificance,methodologyoftheinterpersonalfunctionandpublicspeechesathomeandabroadandrelativestudiesonpublicspeechesintheperspectiveofinterpersonalfunction.Charterthreeistheoreticalframeworkabouthalliday’sinterpersonalfunction.Iamgoingtoanalysethreeaspectsofinterpersonalfunctionlikemood,modalityandpersonalpronounindetails.CharterfouristheanalysisofapplicationoninterpersonalfunctioninTEDspeeches.Iwillexplorehowmood,modalityandpersonalpronounachieveinTEDspeeches.Whenitcomestocharterfive,itistheconclusionofthewholestudy,presentingtheprospects,limitationsreferencesofthethesis.2LiteratureReview2.1PreviousStudiesofInterpersonalFunctionatHomeandAbroadTheinterpersonalfunctionofalanguagereferstotheinteractionsbetweenspeakersandlistenersandtendstoinfluencelisteners’behavioursthroughspeakers’mood,modalityandpersonalpronounce.Agreatnumberofresearchersfromhomeandabroadhavebeenstudiedinterpersonalfunctionsfromvarietiesofperspectives.Fromthispart,wearegoingtointroducethemindetails.2.1.1RelevantStudiesatHomeSinceHalliday'ssystematicfunctionalgrammarwasintroducedtoChina,manyChinesescholarshaveconductedin-depthresearchesoninterpersonalfunctions,aswellastheirresearchlevelsarealsoextensive.Forexample,howtheinterrogativetoneisrealizedthroughinterpersonalfunctions.Howinterpersonalfunctionisemployedinpoetryforvarioustranslations.Howinterpersonalmeaningisdevelopedtodiscourseanalysisandsoon.Inthispart,Iamgoingtointroducemoreindetails.Hu(1990)introducedHalliday'ssystemicfunctionalgrammarinhisworkLinguistics:ACourseBook.In1994,heconductedacomparativestudyoftheinterrogativetoneofChineseandEnglishinthearticle"MultidimensionalFunctionsofChineseandEnglishinterrogativemood".Heanalysedhowtheinterrogativetonesystemachievesinterpersonalfunction.Huang（2000）studiedafamousChinesepoem"Qingming"composedbyChinesepoetDuFu.HisresearchaimedtoexplorehowdifferentinterpersonalfunctionsyieldeddiverseEnglishtranslationsinthepoetry.Heanalysedclausetypes,speechrole,vocatives,charactersandtheirrelationshipswitheachotherinthepoem.Li(2002)furtherdevelopedtheframeworkofinterpersonalmeaningresearch.BasedonHalliday'sresearch,sheestablishedarelativelycompleteinterpersonalmeaningresearchmodel.Interpersonalmeaningresearchmodelisacombinationofdiscourseanalysis,stylisticsandrhetoric.Itsadvantageisthatitcanexplaintheinterpersonalmeaninginthetext.Shebelievesthatinterpersonalfunctionshouldbeconsideredfromthemicroandmacrosocialaspects.Shestudiedtheinterpersonalmeaningofnarrativediscourseandgrammarforachievinginterpersonalmeaningindifferentgenres.Wang(2004)analysedthemodalityandinterpersonalrelationshipofthecourtdebatespeechbasedonO.J.Simpson’scase.Wu(2016)madeacomparativestudyonObama’sspeechesfromtheperspectiveofinterpersonalfunctionwhereshediscoveredtheapplicationofmood,modalityandpersonalpronounsinObama’sspeechesreflectshisdifferentintentionsandattitudes.ZhaoandChen(2019)conductedacomparativeanalysisoftheinterpersonalfunctionsofChineseandforeignentrepreneurs'businessEnglishspeeches:acasestudyofBillGatesandMaYun.TheirstudycanoffersomereferencevaluefortheunderstandingofChineseandforeignentrepreneurs'Englishspeeches.2.1.2RelevantStudiesAbroadResearchesoninterpersonalfunctionabroadcanbetracedbackatanearlystage.Manyscholarsstudiedinterpersonalfunctionsandputforwardquitelotofopinionsinthisfield.Theirideasaregroundbreakingandcreative,suchas:languageinteractionfunction,phaticcommunication,systemfunctiongrammar,appraisaltheory,etc,whichprovideconductivereferencesandinspirationsfordescendantstoexploreinterpersonalfunctions.Chineseresearchershavedonerelativeresearchesanchoredintheoriesproposedbyforeignscholars.Inthispart,Iamgoingtofocusonstudiesofinterpersonalfunctionabroad.MikhailMikhailovichBakhtinisanimportanttheoristofmodernliterarytheoryandliterarycriticism.Bakhtinassumedthatinteractionisoneoftheimportantfunctionsofalanguage,peopleapplyinglanguagetoachievingsocialinteraction(1984).Hebelievedthatadialogueisabasicstructuralprincipleinalldiscoursesandtheessenceofhistheoryistheinteractionoflanguage.Furthermore,Bakhtinregardedinterpersonalrelationshipslanguageasafunctionofaparticulardynamicrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener.BritishanthropologistBronislawMalinowskicameouttheconceptof"phaticcommunication”tomakeclearwhattheinterpersonalfunctionofthelanguagewas.Actually,socialcommunicationisnotuncommonphenomenonineverydayconversations.Phaticcommunicationusuallybeginswithsimpletopicssuchasweather,sharing,andenvironment,whichhelpscreateanatmospheretoexpressemotions.However,owingtothelimitedscope,theinitialsocialcontactdoesnotrepresenttheentirefieldofinterpersonalfunction.Brown&Yulearediscourseanalystswhostudiedinterpersonalfunctionsbyanalysingdiscourseperspectives.Theythoughtthatlanguagecanbedividedintotwomajorfunctions:transactionandtheinteractionfunction.Thetransactionfunctionisthefunctionoflanguageexpressioncontent,andtheinteractionfunctionisthefunctionofcommunicationamongpeople.Theymadethefollowingassumptions:communicationisanimportantfeatureoflanguageandlanguagecanbeusedtoperformavarietyofcommunicationfunctions.Theyassumedthattheuseoflanguageismainlyforestablishingandmaintainingsocialandrolerelationshipsandinterpersonalfunctionisofgreatuse."Itisclearthatalargenumberofdailyinterpersonalrelationshipsarecharacterizedbyinterpersonalrelationshipsratherthanthemaintradingmethodsoflanguage"(Brown&Yule,1983,P.3)JohnLangshawAustinisafamousBritishphilosopherwhoputforwardthetheoryofspeechactsandconsideredspeechasaformofbehaviour.Hebelievedthatlanguagenotonlyaffectspeople'sbehaviour,butalsoaffectstherealitywithpassivepractice.HowisDoThingswithWordsishismostfamouswork.Inhiswork,hesummarizedspeechactstheoryintothreeacts:locutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Theillocutionaryactconveyspeople’srealthoughtsandtheperlocutionaryactistheresultofpeople’ssaying.TheinterpersonalfunctionofthelanguagecanbeachievedthroughtheprocessofAustin’sthreespeechacts.HerbertPaulGriceisaBritishlanguagephilosopherwhoputforwardtwofamousprinciplesoftheoreticalcooperationanddialogue.Hefoundthatindailycommunication,peopleexpresstheirideasthroughimpliedexpressions,andtheprincipleofcooperationprovidesanewresearchperspectiveforustostudytheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.JohnRupertFirthisthefounderoftheLondonSchoolofLanguagesandmadeimportantcontributionstothedevelopmentoflinguisticsandphonetics.Heproposedthat"contextofsituation"causedpeopletopayattentiontothetextanditbecamethecentreoflinguisticsLanguagesetacloserelationbetweensocialandinterpersonalfunction.M.A.K.Hallidayistheinitiatorofthesystemicfunctionalgrammar,whichhedescribedthelanguageasasystemofmeaningratherthanasymbolicsystem.Heisthefirstlinguisttocomeupwiththeconceptsofthethreemeta-functions:ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.Hallidaybelievedthatinterpersonalfunctionisusedtocommunicatewitheachotherandtoestablishaconnectionbetweensocietyandpeople.Heassumedthatthepurposeofthespeaker'scommunicationistousespecificlanguagestructuresanddifferentcommunicationroles,becausedifferentcommunicationrolesdeterminethespeaker'sthoughts,intentions,andinteractionsbetweenhimselfandtheaudiences.(Halliday,2000,P.69).Hearguedthattherealizationofinterpersonalfunctionisthroughmoodandmodality.AustralianlinguistJ.R.MartinfurtherextendedHalliday'ssystemlanguagefunctionalgrammar.Heenlargedthefieldofinterpersonalfunctionfromclauseresearchtotheappraisaltheorywhereheconcentratedontheaffirmativeornegativeattitudeofthespeakeronpeople,places,things,phenomena,etcandhowtonegotiatewithaudiencesandshowhisattitudes.Theappraisaltheoryplaysasignificantroletoachievethefunctionofinterpersonalcommunicationindiscourse.2.2PreviousStudiesofPublicSpeechatHomeandAbroad2.2.1RelevantStudiesatHomeScholarsathomehavestudiedonpublicspeechessystematicallyandcomprehensivelyfromvariousperspectivesincludingEnglishspeechesincollegeEnglishteaching,theemploymentofrhetoricaldevicesinpublicspeechesandpresentationskillsetc.Herearethedetails.ZhangandLiu(2005)describedlotsofpracticalskillsandvividexamplestoreaderssothattheycanreapmoreinformationonpresentationskills.Ma(2005)pointedoutthatspeakersneedtofocusmoreonvarioususeofskillsandtrytomakespeechesmorepowerfulthroughlanguageusages.Zhao(2011)focusedonattitudinalresourceandpositivediscourseanalysisinpublicspeeches.Ye(2014)showedthepositiveinfluenceofpeereditingmethodonEnglishspeechlearning.Deng(2018)didaresearchontheapplicationofEnglishspeechincollegeEnglishteaching.ShesummarizedthatEnglishspeechesarereasonablyappliedincollegeEnglishteaching,whichwillbringunexpectedeffectstoEnglishteaching,andpromotecollegeEnglishteachingreform,eventuallybeneficialtobothteachersandstudents.Fu(2019)conductedananalysisoftherhetorictechniquesofKennedy'spublicspeeches.Hebelievedthattheuseofrhetoricaldevicesinpublicspeechesenhancesthemomentumoflanguageandmakespublicspeechesrhythmicalandappealing,whichhasahugeimpactontheapplicationofpublicspeakingwithrhetoricaldevices.2.2.2RelevantstudiesabroadPublicspeechesareeverywherethathasattractedgreatattentionfrompeopleonaccountofitsgreatimpactsandappealing.Foreignresearchershavedonealotofresearchonthefieldofpublicspeakingfromanearlyage,coveringdifferentkindsofaspects.Suchastheclassificationsofpublishspeeches,ananalysisofpresidentialspeechesfromtheangleofcriticaldiscourseandsoforth.Studiesdonebyforeignexpertshascontributedalotandcausedasignificanteffecttolaterresearches.Meanwhile,theirresearcheshavereferencevaluesforguidingmygraduationthesiswriting.Therefore,inthispart,Iamgoingtopresentmoreindetails.Martin(1995)classifiedpublicspeechesintoseveraltypes,informative,inspirational,entertainingandpersuasive.Meanwhile,concerningitspracticalaspect,publicspeechescanalsobedividedintopolitical,academic,educational,economic,environment,andsocial,philosophical,technologicalandsoon.Inthebeginning,studiesofpublicspeechisrelatedtorhetoric,Foss(1989)publishedRhetoricalCriticismwhichputforwardvariousmethodsofrhetoricalcriticismandGill&WhedbeeanalyzedthespeechIHaveaDreamandpointedoutthattheapplicationofdifferentanalyticalmethodsonthesametextmayleadtodifferentconclusions.Later,discourseanalysisonpublicspeechesappeared.LinguistGorgeGriceandJohnSkinner(1999)inMasteringthePublicSpeakingmentionedthebasicknowledgeofpublicspeechliketopicchoosing,aspeechdraftorganizingandsoon.Lucas(2004)publishedabookcalledTheArtofPublicSpeech;sheanalyzedspeechpreparationanddeliveringmethodsindetails.Sahar(2017)conductedaresearchonacriticaldiscourseanalysisofIranandUSpredentialspeechesattheUN.Hefoundthatmethodswhichtwopresidentsusedintheirpresidentialspeechesaredifferent.Obamatendedtoshowapositive-selfpresentationwhileRouhanipreferredtoanegative-otherspeech.2.3StudiesonTEDTEDbeganin1984andisdedicatedtocombiningtechnology,entertainmentanddesign.TEDisanon-profitorganizationthatdisseminatesthespeaker'sideasandtheformofthepresentationisshortandpowerful,in18minutesorless.Now,thethemeoftheTEDtalkcoversalmostallthemes,coveringmorethan100languages,frombusinesstoenvironmentandsoforth.Inaddition,TED'sTEDxactivitieshelpmorepeoplesharetheirideasaroundtheworld.ThemissionofTEDistospreadideas.TEDisaglobalcommunity,welcomingpeoplefromdifferentculturesanddisciplineshavedeeperunderstandingabouttheworld.Wearefullofpassionandbelievethatideascanchangepeople’sattitudes,livesandeventhepowertoaltertheworld.Wearebuildingafreeresourceplatformwherewecanbeenlightenedbytheworld’smostinspiringthinkersandmeetacuriouscommunity.2.4StudiesonpublicspeechesintheperspectiveofinterpersonalfunctionPublicspeechesaredividedintodifferentkindsofdomains,suchaspresidentialspeeches,businesspresentation,inauguralspeechesandsoforth.Inthispart,wearegoingtofocusonpublicspeechesintheperspectiveofinterpersonalfunction.Zhang(2016)focusedontheinterpersonalmeaninginTEDinspirationalspeeches.Li(2011)madeacorpusanalysisontheinterpersonalfunctionofBarackObama’spresidentialspeeches.Zhang(2012)studiedhowinterpersonalfunctionachievesinaspeech.Wang(2013)madeadiscussiononinterpersonalpresentation.Chen(2016)appliedHallidaySystemicFunctionalGrammartothestudyofinterpersonalfunctionineachtwopresidentialspeechesdeliveredbyBarrackObamaandGeorgeW.Bush.3TheoreticalFramework3.1AnOverviewofHalliday’sInterpersonalFunctionBasedonHalliday’ssystemicfunctionalgrammar,alanguagehasthreefunctions:ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunctionrespectively.Themeaningofinterpersonalfunctionisthatpeopleexpresstheirviewsthroughlanguages,interactwitheachotherandsustainrelationswiththem.Iwillintroducethreemainwaysofrealizationofinterpersonalfunction:moodsystem,modalitysystemandpersonalpronounssystem.3.1.1MoodsystemMoodtypesareimportantinmoodsystem.Duringaspeech,aspeakerwillselectdifferentkindsofmoodtypestofinishhisspeaking.Andtheselectionsofmoodtypescanexpressrelativelyvariousmeaningstolisteners.Themoodsystemcanbeclassifiedintothreeaspectssuchasdeclarativemood,interrogativemoodandimperativemood.Declarativemoodisusedtodescribepeople’sviewsandfacts.Interrogativemoodcanattractaudiences’attentionsandspurtheirthinking.Whenitcomestorequests,adviceandappealingspeakersoftenemployimperativemood.FromwhatIhavementionedabove,Icandrawaconclusionthattheuseofmoodtypesisvitalforitdeterminesdelivers’thoughts,intentionsandattitudes.SpeechFunctionsandMoodTypesSpeechfunctionsMoodtypesStatementDeclarativeQuestionInterrogativeCommandImperativeOfferModulatedinterrogative(Halliday,1994:119)3.1.2ModalitysystemThemodalitysystemthatspeakersuseintheirspeechesnotonlyhelpsthemreachdifferentdegreesofbeliefandcommitment,butalsoshowtheirattitudesandstancesintheirdiscourses.AsHallidayexplainsinhisbook,“Modalityreferstotheareaofmeaningthatliesbetweenyesandnotheintermediategroundbetweenpositiveandnegativepolarity”(1994,p.356).Thedifferentvalueofdifferentmodalwordshasvarietyoflevelsofmeaning.Speakerscanapplydifferentkindsofmodalwordstoconveyvariouspurposes.InHalliday’ssystemic-functiongrammar,modalitycanbecategorizedintothreetypes:high,medianandlow.ThreeValuesofModalityProbabilityUsualityObligationInclinationHighcertainalwaysrequireddeterminedMedianprobableusuallysupposedkeenLowpossiblesometimesallowedwilling(Halliday,1994:358)Theapplicationofmodalitysystemcanhelpusbetterachieveinterpersonalfunctioninaspeech.Bec