2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.Todayisnodifferent,withacademics,writers,andactivistsonceagain1thattechnologybereplacinghumanworkers.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedby2.Afewwealthypeoplewillownallthecapital,andthemasseswillstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.Adifferentandnotmutuallyexclusive3holdsthatthefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort,one4bypurposelessness:withoutjobstogivetheirlives5,peoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.6,today’sunemployeddon’tseemtobehavingagreattime.OneGalluppollfoundthat20percentofAmericanswhohavebeenunemployedforatleastayearreporthavingdepression,doubletheratefor7Americans.Also,someresearchsuggeststhatthe8forrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddiction9poorly-educatedmiddle-agedpeopleisshortageofwell-paidjobs.Perhapsthisiswhymany10theagonizingdullnessofajoblessfuture.Butitdoesn’t11followfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutworkwouldbefilledwithunease.Suchvisionsarebasedonthe12ofbeingunemployedinasocietybuiltontheconceptofemployment.Inthe13ofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcould14strikinglydifferentcircumstancesforthefutureoflaborandleisure.Today,the15ofworkmaybeabitoverblown.“Manyjobsareboring,degrading,unhealthy,andawasteofhumanpotential,”saysJohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIrelandinGalway.Thesedays,becauseleisuretimeisrelatively16formostworkers,peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintellectualandemotional17oftheirjobs.“WhenIcomehomefromahardday’swork,Ioftenfeel18,”Danahersays,adding,“inaworldinwhichIdon’thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferent”—perhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimself19ahobbyorapassionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedfor20matters.1.(A)boasting(B)denying(C)warning(D)ensuring2.(A)inequality(B)instability(C)unreliability(D)uncertainty3.(A)policy(B)guideline(C)resolution(D)prediction4.(A)characterized(B)divided(C)balanced(D)measured5.(A)wisdom(B)meaning(C)glory(D)freedom6.(A)instead(B)indeed(C)thus(D)nevertheless7.(A)rich(B)urban(C)working(D)educated8.(A)explanation(B)requirement(C)compensation(D)substitute9.(A)under(B)beyond(C)alongside(D)among10.(A)leavebehind(B)makeup(C)worryabout(D)setaside11.(A)statistically(B)occasionally(C)necessarily(D)economically12.(A)chances(B)downsides(C)benefits(D)principles13.(A)absence(B)height(C)face(D)course14.(A)restore(B)disturb(C)exclude(D)yield15.(A)model(B)practice(C)virtue(D)hardship16.(A)tricky(B)lengthy(C)mysterious(D)scarce17.(A)demands(B)standards(C)qualities(D)threats18.(A)ignored(B)tired(C)confused(D)starved19.(A)off(B)against(C)into(D)behind20.(A)technological(B)professional(C)educational(D)interpersonalSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1EverySaturdaymorning,at9am,morethan50,000runnerssetofftorun5kmaroundtheirlocalpark.TheParkrunphenomenonbeganwithadozenfriendsandhasinspired400eventsintheUKandmoreabroad.Eventsarefree,staffedbythousandsofvolunteers.Runnersrangefromfouryearsoldtograndparents;theirtimesrangefromAndrewBaddeley’sworldrecord13minutes48secondsuptoanhour.ParkrunissucceedingwhereLondon’sOlympic“legacy”isfailing.TenyearsagoonMonday,itwasannouncedthattheGamesofthe30thOlympiadwouldbeinLondon.PlanningdocumentspledgedthatthegreatlegacyoftheGameswouldbetoleveranationofsportloversawayfromtheircouches.Thepopulationwouldbefitter,healthierandproducemorewinners.Ithasnothappened.Thenumberofadultsdoingweeklysportdidrise,bynearly2millionintherun-upto2012—butthegeneralpopulationwasgrowingfaster.Worse,thenumbersarenowfallingatanacceleratingrate.Theoppositionclaimsprimaryschoolpupilsdoingatleasttwohoursofsportaweekhavenearlyhalved.Obesityhasrisenamongadultsandchildren.OfficialretrospectionscontinueastowhyLondon2012failedto“inspireageneration.”ThesuccessofParkrunoffersanswers.Parkrunisnotaracebutatimetrial:Youronlycompetitoristheclock.Theethoswelcomesanybody.Thereisasmuchjoyoverapuffed-outfirst-timerbeingclappedoverthelineasthereisabouttoptalentshining.TheOlympicbidders,bycontrast,wantedtogetmorepeopledoingsportandtoproducemoreeliteathletes.Thedualaimwasmixedup:Thestressonsuccessovertakingpartwasintimidatingfornewcomers.Indeed,thereissomethingalittleabsurdinthestategettinginvolvedintheplanningofsuchafundamentally“grassroots”conceptascommunitysportsassociations.Ifthereisaroleforgovernment,itshouldreallybegettinginvolvedinprovidingcommongoods—makingsurethereisspaceforplayingfieldsandthemoneytopavetennisandnetballcourts,andencouragingtheprovisionofalltheseactivitiesinschools.Butsuccessivegovernmentshavepresidedoversellinggreenspaces,squeezingmoneyfromlocalauthoritiesanddecliningattentiononsportineducation.Insteadofwordy,worthystrategies,futuregovernmentsneedtodomoretoprovidetheconditionsforsporttothrive.Oratleastnotmakethemworse.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Parkrunhas______.(A)gainedgreatpopularity(B)createdmanyjobs(C)strengthenedcommunityties(D)becomeanofficialevent22.TheauthorbelievesthatLondon’sOlympic“legacy”hasfailedto______.(A)boostpopulationgrowth(B)promotesportparticipation(C)improvethecity’simage(D)increasesporthoursinschools23.ParkrunisdifferentfromOlympicgamesinthatit______.(A)aimsatdiscoveringtalents(B)focusesonmasscompetition(C)doesnotemphasizeelitism(D)doesnotattractfirst-timers24.Withregardtomasssport,theauthorholdsthatgovernmentsshould______.(A)organize“grassroots”sportsevents(B)superviselocalsportsassociations(C)increasefundsforsportsclubs(D)investinpublicsportsfacilities25.Theauthor’sattitudetowhatUKgovernmentshavedoneforsportis______.(A)tolerant(B)critical(C)uncertain(D)sympatheticText2Withsomuchfocusonchildren’suseofscreens,it'seasyforparentstoforgetabouttheirownscreenuse.“Techisdesignedtoreallysuckyouin,”saysJennyRadeskyinherstudyofdigitalplay,“anddigitalproductsaretheretopromotemaximalengagement.Itmakesithardtodisengage,andleadstoalotofbleed-overintothefamilyroutine.”Radeskyhasstudiedtheuseofmobilephonesandtabletsatmealtimesbyfamiliesinrestaurants.Shefoundthatmotherswhouseddevicesduringthemealstarted20percentfewerverbaland39percentfewernonverbalinteractionswiththeirchildren.Forfathers,thedifferencewas3percentand19percentrespectively.Meanwhile,thechildrenofparentswhoweremoredistractedbytheirdevicesweremorelikelytocomplainandtohavenegativeemotions.Inaddition,parents’useofdevicescanaffecthowsuccessfullychildrenadapttoschool.Otherstudieshaveshownthatdigitaldevicescanreducetheamountofqualitytimeparentsspendwiththeirchildren.Thiscanbeharmfultochildren’sdevelopment.Onestudyfoundthatchildrenwhohadmorescreentimeweremorelikelytohaveemotionalproblemsanddifficultyinsocializing.Radeskycitesthe“stillfaceexperiment”devisedbydevelopmentalpsychologistEdTronickinthe1970s.Init,amotherisaskedtointeractwithherchildinanormalwayforafewminutes,thentofreezeandnotgiveanysocialfeedback.Thechildquicklybecomesdistressedandtriestogetthemother’sattention.“Parentsdon’thavetobeexquisitelypresentatalltimes,butthereneedstobeabalanceandparentsneedtoberesponsiveandsensitivetoachild’sverbalornonverbalcues,”saysRadesky.Ontheotherhand,Tronickhimselfisconcernedthattheworriesaboutkids’screentimearebornoutofan“oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteractingwiththeirchildren.”“It’sbasedonasomewhatfantasized,verywhite,verymiddle-classideologythatsaysifyou’refailingtoexposeyourchildto30,000wordsyouareneglectingthem,”hesays.Tronickbelievesthatjustbecauseachildisn’tlearningfromthescreendoesn’tmeanthere’snovaluetoit—particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreak.26.AccordingtoJennyRadesky,digitalproductsaredesignedto______.(A)simplifyroutinematters(B)absorbusers’attention(C)betterinterpersonalrelations(D)increaseworkefficiency27.Radesky’sstudyfoundthatmothers’useofdevicesduringmealtimes______.(A)reducesmother-childcommunication(B)disturbschildren’seatinghabits(C)slowsdownchildren’sverbaldevelopment(D)leadstochildren’snegativeemotions28.The“stillfaceexperiment”showsthat______.(A)childrenareinsensitivetosocialcues(B)parentsneedtorespondtochildren’sneeds(C)parents’absenceharmschildren’sgrowth(D)childrenareeagerforparents’attention29.Tronickarguesthatparents’worryaboutscreentimeis______.(A)unnecessary(B)unreasonable(C)misleading(D)understandable30.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthescreenusebyparentsis______.(A)critical(B)supportive(C)neutral(D)ambiguousText3Today,widespreadsocialpressuretoimmediatelygotocollegeinconjunctionwithincreasinglyhighexpectationsinafast-movingworldoftencausesstudentstocompletelyoverlookthepossibilityoftakingagapyear.Afterall,ifeveryoneyouknowisgoingtocollegeinthefall,itseemssillytostaybackayear,doesn’tit?Andaftergoingtoschoolfor12years,itdoesn’tfeelnaturaltospendayeardoingsomethingthatisn’tacademic.Butwhilethismaybetrue,it’snotagoodenoughreasontocondemngapyears.There’salwaysaconstantfearoffallingbehindeveryoneelseonthesociallyperpetuated“racetothefinishline,”whetherthatbetowardgraduateschool,medicalschooloralucrativecareer.Butdespitecommonmisconceptions,agapyeardoesnothinderthesuccessofacademicpursuits—infact,itprobablyenhancesit.StudiesfromtheUnitedStatesandAustraliashowthatstudentswhotakeagapyeararegenerallybetterpreparedforandperformbetterincollegethanthosewhodonot.Ratherthanpullingstudentsback,agapyearpushesthemaheadbypreparingthemforindependence,newresponsibilitiesandenvironmentalchanges—allthingsthatfirst-yearstudentsoftenstrugglewiththemost.Gapyearexperiencescanlessentheblowwhenitcomestoadjustingtocollegeandbeingthrownintoabrandnewenvironment,makingiteasiertofocusonacademicsandactivitiesratherthanacclimationblunders.Ifyou’renotconvincedofthevalueintakingagapyear,consideritsfinancialimpactonfutureacademicchoices.AccordingtotheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,nearly80percentofcollegestudentsendupchangingtheirmajorsatleastonce.Thisisn’tsurprising,consideringtheaverageteenagerhasnoideawhatheorshewantstodowiththeirlife.Takingagapyeartofigurethingsoutinitiallycanhelppreventstressandsavemoneylateron.Studentswhotakeagapyearareoftenmorematureandresponsible,whichmeanstheyarebetterabletohandlethepressuresofcollegeandcareers.Gapyearsarealsobecomingmorepopularwithparents.A2015surveyfromtheAmericanGapAssociationfoundthat90percentofparentssupporttheirchildrentakingagapyear,upfrom84percentin2007.Andasmorestudentstakegapyears,itbecomeslessofanexceptionandmoreofanorm.Withthestigmaaroundgapyearsfading,there’snoreasonnottotakeadvantageofthisvaluabletime.31.Oneofthereasonsforstudents’reluctancetotakeagapyearisthat______.(A)theythinkitacademicallydisadvantageous(B)theyhavealotoffuntoexpectincollege(C)itfeelsstrangetododifferentlyfromothers(D)itseemsworthlesstotakeoff-campuscourses32.StudiesfromtheUSandAustraliaimplythattakingagapyearhelps______.(A)keepstudentsfrombeingunrealistic(B)lowerrisksinchoosingcareers(C)easefreshmen’sfinancialburdens(D)relievefreshmenofpressures33.Theword“acclimation”(Line6,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto______.(A)adaptation(B)application(C)motivation(D)competition34.Agapyearmaysavemoneyforstudentsbyhelpingthem______.(A)avoidacademicfailures(B)decideontherightmajor(C)switchtoanothercollege(D)establishlong-termgoals35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsgapyears?(A)Skeptical(B)Critical(C)Supportive(D)NeutralText4Thoughoftenviewedasaproblemforwesternstates,thegrowingfrequencyofwildfiresisanationalconcernbecauseofitsimpactonfederaltaxdollars,saysProfessorMaxMoritz,aspecialistinfireecologyandmanagement.In2015,theUSForestServiceforthefirsttimespentmorethanhalfofits$5.5billionannualbudgetfightingfires—nearlydoublethepercentageitspentonsuchefforts20yearsago.Ineffect,fewerfederalfundstodayaregoingtowardstheagency’sotherwork—suchasforestconservation,watershedandculturalresourcesmanagement,andinfrastructureupkeep—thataffectthelivesofallAmericans.Anothernationwideconcerniswhetherpublicfundsfromotheragenciesaregoingintoconstructioninfire-proneareas.AsMoritzputsit,howoftenarefederaldollarsbuildinghomesthatarelikelytobelosttoawildfire?“It’salreadyahugeproblemfromapublicexpenditureperspectiveforthewholecountry,”hesays.Weneedtotakeamagnifyingglasstothat.Like,“Waitaminute,isthisOK?”Dowewanttobesubsidizingthat?SuchaviewwouldrequireacorrespondingshiftinthewayUSsocietytodayviewsfire,researcherssay.Foronething,conversationsaboutwildfiresneedtobemoreinclusive.Overthepastdecade,thefocushasbeenonclimatechange—howthewarmingoftheEarthisleadingtoconditionsthatworsenfires.Whileclimateisakeyfactor,Moritzsays,itshouldn’tcomeattheexpenseoftherestoftheequation.“Thehumansystemsandthelandscapesweliveonarelinked,andtheinteractionsgobothways,”hesays.Failingtorecognizethat,henotes,leadsto“anoverlysimplifiedviewofwhatthesolutionsmightbe.Ourperceptionoftheproblemandofwhatthesolutionisbecomesverylimited.”Atthesametime,peoplecontinuetotreatfireasaneventthatneedstobewhollycontrolledandunleashedonlyoutofnecessity,saysProfessorBalchattheUniversityofColorado.Butacknowledgingfire’sinevitablepresenceinhumanlifeisanattitudecrucialtodevelopingthelaws,policies,andpracticesthatmakeitassafeaspossible,shesays.“We’vedisconnectedourselvesfromlivingwithfire,”Balchsays.“Itisreallyimportanttounderstandandtryandteaseoutwhatisthehumanconnectionwithfiretoday.”36.Morefrequentwildfireshavebecomeanationalconcernbecausethey______.(A)causeahugewasteofpublicfunds(B)threatenthelivesofmillionsofAmericans(C)damageinfrastructureinwesternstates(D)exhausttheUSForestService’sbudget37.Moritzcallsfortheuseofa“magnifyingglass”to______.(A)raisemorefundsforfire-proneareas(B)avoidthemisuseoffederalfunds(C)findwildfire-proneareasintheUS(D)lookintothefederalbudgetforfires38.Whileadmittingthatclimateisakeyfactor,Moritzarguesthat______.(A)publicfundsshouldbefocusedonclimatechange(B)fire-fightingeffortsshouldbeprioritized(C)otherfactorsshouldnotbeoverlooked(D)moreresearchshouldbedoneonfireecology39.Balchpointsoutthatfireissomethinghumanbeings______.(A)shouldfullycontrol(B)cannotlivewithout(C)havelostcontrolof(D)shouldnotfear40.Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageisto______.(A)discussthecausesofwildfiresintheUS(B)stresstheimportanceoffireecologyresearch(C)showthegreatimpactofwildfiresontheUS(D)callforarethinkingoffiremanagementPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.BesillyB.HavefunC.ExpressyouremotionsD.Don’toverthinkitE.BeeasilypleasedF.NoticethingsG.AskforhelpAsadults,itseemsthatweareconstantlypursuinghappiness,oftenwithmixedresults.Yetchildrenappeartohaveitdowntoanart—andforthemostpart,theydon’tneedself-helpbooksortherapy.Instead,theylookaftertheirwellbeinginstinctively,andusuallymoreeffectivelythanwedoasgrownups.Perhapsit’stimetolearnafewlessonsfromthem.41.__________Whatdoesachilddowhenhe’ssad?Hecries.Whenhe’sangry?Heshouts.Scared?Probablyabitofboth.Aswegrowup,welearntocontrolouremotionssotheyaremanageableanddon’tdictateourbehaviours,whichisagoodthing.Buttoooftenwetakethisprocesstoofarandendupsuppressingemotions,especiallynegativeones.That’saboutaseffectiveasbrushingdirtunderacarpetandcanevenmakeusill.Whatweneedtodoisfindawaytoacknowledgeandexpresswhatwefeelappropriately,becausethat’showweconnectwithothersandourselves.42.__________AcoupleofChristmasesago,myyoungeststepdaughter,whowas9yearsoldatthetime,gotaSupermanT-shirtforChristmas.Itcostlessthanafiverbutshewasoverjoyed,andcouldn’tstoptalkingaboutit.Toooftenwebelievethatanewjob,biggerhouseorbettercarwillbethemagicsilverbulletthatwillallowustofinallybecontent,buttherealityisthesethingshavelittlelastingimpactonourhappinesslevels.Instead,beinggratefulforsmallthings,andtakingpleasureinthesimplejoysoflife,isamuchmorereliablepathtofulfillment.43.__________Thinkabouthowmuchtimeyouspendthinkingaboutwhatyoudon’thaveorwhat’swronginyourlife.Contrastthatwiththenumberofthingsyouappreciate—thepeopleyoulove,yourhealth,aroofoveryourhead.It’seasytotakethesethingsforgranted.Butchildrentendtonoticetheworldaroundthem.Theyseethebeautyinabutterfly,thefuninchasingaball,thewonderinarainbow.Thesearethethingsthatmakelifeworthliving.Practicingmindfulnessandbeingmoreawareofthepresentmomentcanhelpusenjoylifemore.44.__________Haveyouevernoticedhowchildrenlaugh?It’sinfectiousandfullofjoy.Theylaughatsimplethingslikeadogchasingitstail,orafunnyfacemadebyafriend.Asadults,weoftenloseoursenseofhumor,becomingtooseriousanduptight.Wetakelifetooseriously.Butlaughterisapowerfulantidotetostressandanxiety.Itreleasesendo