现代情报学理论与方法信息需求分析课件

现代情报学理论与方法信息需求、行为和信息服务2011年11月一、信息需求分析二、信息服务的价值三、信息服务方式一、信息需求分析1、什么是信息需求？马斯洛的需求层次理论生理需求安全需求情感需求自重需求自我实现在信息社会，满足知识和决策的信息差距。（还没有找到有关信息需求的界定）信息行为研究SeekingAnswers1965年，RobertTaylor提出了信息需求的四个类型：visceralneed（本能的需求）Consciousneed（意识到的需求）Formalizedneed（形式化的需求）Compromisedneed（妥协后的需求）ReducingUncertaintyBelkinthebasicmotivatorofinformationseekingisan“anomalousstateofknowledge”(ASK）.FacedwithanASK,individualsmayattempttoaddresstheiruncertaintybyrequestingorconsultinginformation.MakingSenseBrendaDervinandhercolleagues(1982,1992)defineinformationneedsasaneedtomakesenseofacurrentsituation;communicationiscentraltotheprocessof"bridgingthegap"toreachsomekindofinformationorhelpdesired.searchersmaybeintentuponreducingtheiranxietyasmuchastheiruncertainty.TheSpectrumofMotivationspeoplehaveinformationneedsisafundamentalassumptionregardinginformationseekingRobertTaylor'swritingshavebeenusedinthetrainingofpublicserviceworkerssuchasreferencelibrarians.CharlesAtkin'sresearchontheeffectsofmasscommunicationcontinuestobeusedinpublicinformationcampaignsaboutimportantissuesregardinghealthandpoliticalaffairs.TheworkofNicholasBelkinhasbeenwidelyappliedinthedevelopmentofinformationsystems,inwhichtheemphasisisonthewaythatqueriesevolveastheanswerstheygenerateareevaluated.1、现实的可获得信息4、实际信息需求2、提出的信息3、信息获取经验来源：Carl-GustavRosen（1996）与信息需求相关的几个概念制定决策（decisionmaking）：减少不确定性解决问题：problemsolvinghastodowithidentifyingissuesworthyofattention,settinggoalsanddesigningsuitablecoursesofaction.decisionmakingistheactivityofevaluatingandchoosingamongalternativeactionstotakeinresponsetoaproblemBrowsingBrowsing,Scanning,andSerendipity（偶然发现）EnvironmentalscanningNavigationInformationdiscoveryRelevance,Pertinence（相关）,andSalience（特征）Ininformationscience,relevanceisusedinadifferentsensethanthecharacterization.relevanceisequatedwithaboutnessandtopicality.Adocumentisrelevanttoaninformationneedifitisjudgedtobe"onthetopic“.Topicalityservesasthebasisformeasures—themostcommononesbeingprecisionandrecall—oftheeffectivenessofadocumentretrievalsystem.Asalientstimulusisnotnecessarilyrelevanttoone'scurrentinformationneeds.InformationOverloadandAnxietyinformationoverload"isthestateofanindividualorsysteminwhichexcessivecommunicationinputscannotbeprocessed,leadingtobreakdown.“1.Omission—failingtoprocesssomeoftheinputs2.Error—processingtheinformationincorrectlyinsomeway3.Queuing—delayingtheprocessingofsomeinformationwiththeintentionofcatchinguplater4.Filtering—processingonlythatinformationidentifiedashaving"highpriority"5.Approximation—loweringstandardsofdiscriminationbybeinglesspreciseincategorizinginputsandresponses6.MultipleChannels—splittinguptheincominginformationinordertodecentralizetheresponse7.Escaping—givinguptheburdenofattendingtoinputsentirely2、信息行为个人影响个人行为社会行为社会影响认知模型社会认知模型社会模型组织模型四种信息需求模型2.1认知模型（CognitiveModel）Emphasizingtheroleofknowledgestructuresandthecognitiveprocessesoflearningandinterpretationindefiningandmeetinginformationneeds.studiesfocusesonthecognitionofusers:theirknowledgestructures,cognitiveprocesses,cognitiveabilities,andcognitivestyles.Belkin,Oddy,andBrooks(1982)suggestthatinformationneedsoccurbecauseindividualsrecognizesomethinganomalousintheirknowledge.主要内容：认知与行为密切相关：任何人的知识结构都不是完全相同Thereareatleastthreewaysthatpeople'sknowledgestructuresinfluencehowtheybehaveinanyparticularsituation:1.knowledgeisemployedinperception,2.knowledgesuggestsalternativecoursesofaction,and3.knowledgeisusedtoselectacourseofaction.InformationNeedsasKnowledgeGaps2.2社会模型Emphasizingthesocialembeddednessoftheprocessofdefiningandmeetingthoseneedsandthesocialfactorsthatinfluencehowpeopleapproachinformationneeds.SocialInfluencesandIndividualBehaviorPerceptionandSocialInfluenceWilsonModel3.IndividualExpressionsofInformationNeed4.信息需求和信息行为相关的理论Zipf'sPrincipleofLeastEffortUsesandGratificationsthesocialandpsychologicaloriginsofneeds',thewayinwhichneedsgenerateexpectationsregardingsourcesofinformationandentertainment;theresultingmannerinwhichpeopleexposethemselvestomedia;andtheresultinggratificationsofneeds,alongwithotherconsequences,manyofwhichmaybeunintended.Sense-MakingThecoreofthesense-makingresearchcouldbesaidtoderivefromthephilosophyandlearningtheoryofJohnDewey(1960).Dewey'sphilosophyofinstrumentalismemphasizedpragmaticproblem-solvingthroughactionscarriedoutintherealworld.5.信息行为研究方法信息行为研究案例按照研究方法的分类案例研究、访谈、实验、调查、小组研究、普查；历史分析、内容分析按照对象的研究：学生、CEO、学者按照职业的研究：律师、医生、科学家、社会科学家、记者按照人口类型的研究按照地区的研究6.几点重要的结论Formalsourcesandrationalizedsearchesreflectonlyonesideofhumaninformationbehavior.Itiswrongtointerpretleasteffortinformationseekingas"irrational.“Moreinformationisnotalwaysbetter.Ignoringoravoidinginformationisattimesarationalstrategyforlivingandworking.Contextiscentraltothetransferofinformation.需要关注信息的关联。Sometimesinformation—particularlygeneralizedpackagesofinformation—doesn'thelp.Sometimesitisnotpossi