法律英语第十课侵权法

LessonTenTortLaw5/13/20261法律英语1/49Punishmentisjusticefortheunjust.AugustineBritishwriter

处罚是对正义伸张。

英国作家奥古斯丁5/13/20262法律英语2/49Background

TortThebreachofadutythatresultsinaninjuryforwhichthereisaremedyatlaw./Tortsincludeallnegligencecasesaswellasintentionalwrongswhichresultinharm.5/13/20263法律英语3/49Tortlaw州法律判例法联邦侵权索赔法5/13/20264法律英语4/49FederalTortclaimsActAstatutewhichremovedthepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoclaimimmunityfromalawsuitfordamagesduetonegligentorintentionalinjurybyafederalemployeeinthescopeofhis/herworkforthegovernment./5/13/20265法律英语5/49TortIntentionaltortNegligenceornegligenttortStrictliabilitytortPersonaltortPropertytortRemedy-damages5/13/20266法律英语6/49Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求赔偿mostcivilsuits

大多数民事诉讼tortlaw

侵权法1.Automobileaccidents5/13/20267法律英语7/49ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事诉讼原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道考虑而不是法律考虑。儿童受伤5/13/20268法律英语8/49ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

赔偿费和损害赔偿金Actualloss实际损害Intangibledamage无形损害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪审团人性反应5/13/20269法律英语9/49Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美国允许律师分享原告所取得赔偿金（胜诉酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金到达法院判付金额25-33%。5/13/202610法律英语10/49Atortaction侵权诉讼Alengthyproceeding诉讼程序时间长Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代价大（教授证人酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）5/13/202611法律英语11/492.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有财产Personalinjury

人身伤害Impliedcontract默示协议Personalinjury人身伤害Breachofwarranty

违反确保诺言Recoveryofintangibledamage5/13/202612法律英语12/493.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限情况下儿童亦然（不过，父母仅当其作为该儿童代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但国家不在此列，除非法律明文要求取消了国家豁免权。5/13/202613法律英语13/49TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA）5/13/202614法律英语14/494.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每个人包含胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为伤害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator

(wrongfuldeathaction)继承人或近亲属能够对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因有意或疏忽侵权造成死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。5/13/202615法律英语15/49“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令Apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasor

hasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒人提出索赔请求。5/13/202616法律英语16/49“dram-shopacts”DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving5/13/202617法律英语17/49Part2:IntentionalTorts有意侵权行为Battery殴打Assault侵犯他人身体Conversionofproperty非法侵占财产Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占动产、不动产Defamation诽谤Invasionofprivacy侵犯隐私权Productsliability产品质量责任5/13/202618法律英语18/49Part3:LiabilityforNegligence过失侵权责任NegligentactInjuryCausality5/13/202619法律英语19/49Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.假如一个人没有尽到“照看义务”，没有象“一个理性且慎重人”那样行事。过失5/13/202620法律英语20/49要考虑到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵权者尤其专业资质ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker5/13/202621法律英语21/49DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必须对特定原告负有照看义务Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是对广大公众负有照看义务（某人）对侵犯财产者照看义务比对被邀请客人照看义务小5/13/202622法律英语22/49Gueststatutes宾客法规Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.汽车司机对于他无偿搭载乘客不负照看责任。5/13/202623法律英语23/49Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.5/13/202624法律英语24/49Noclaimforcompensation不能要求赔偿Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同过失hasassumedtherisk

预计到有危险5/13/202625法律英语25/49Contributorynegligence共同过失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident.http://dictionary.law.com/5/13/202626法律英语26/49Comparativenegligence比较过失共同过失辩护严格性……已经因为一些州采取了“比较过失”标准而得到减弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.要求确定当事各方各自疏忽程度，并由此确定赔偿金。5/13/202627法律英语27/49ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident.http://dictionary.law.com/5/13/202628法律英语28/49ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery.http://dictionary.law.com/5/13/202629法律英语29/49ThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“lastclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同过失原告假如能证实被告“有最终显著机会”防止伤害，那么该原告就能够取得赔偿。5/13/202630法律英语30/49Lastclearchance最终显著机会Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.5/13/202631法律英语31/49TheextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligenceTodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

严格责任Nofault

无过失责任Inconsistent5/13/202632法律英语32/49Part4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability严格赔偿责任Strictliability

isalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,

regardlessofany"fault"

ontheirpart.5/13/202633法律英语33/49ForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals喂养危险动物Defamation诽谤Arebuttablepresumption可反驳推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明标准5/13/202634法律英语34/49StrictliabilityDeduced

faultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.从事情或行为本身特征能够推断出存在过失或过失Defectiveconstruction

有缺点设计Negligentuse

过失使用5/13/202635法律英语35/49productliabilityDangerousproducts危险产品Theproductionitself产品本身、Itspackage包装InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.对使用者或消费者及其财产造成过分危险5/13/202636法律英语36/49“defective”Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.“缺点”是指产品未到达普通消费者关于该产品安全性能合理期望标准。5/13/202637法律英语37/49b.“No-fault”Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一个改革努力试图寻求对过失侵权普通索赔要求更公正处理方案。automobileaccidents5/13/202638法律英语38/49ProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw试图消除侵权法中过失标准；Toawardcompensation

withoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保险标准，在不要过失证实情况下给予赔偿。5/13/202639法律英语39/49No-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpracticeGrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamage5/13/202640法律英语40/49Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商责任有限Requirearelativelylesserinsurancepremiumtocovertherisk只要就风险负担比较少保险费No-fault优点5/13/202641法律英语41/49Theinjuredpersonwillbeinabetterposition

受伤害人处于比较有利位置，Hewillbeentitledtoreceiveimmediatecompensationforhisactuallosswithoutlengthylitigationordifficultproofoffa