北京市朝阳区高三下学期一模考试英语试题

北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测一英语试卷（考试时间90分钟满分100分）本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Newbornbabiesaren’tafraidofthedark.Theydon’thavea___1___ofthedarkyet;thateslater.Oneday,my2yearolddaughtersuddenlysaid,“Toodark!”afterweturnedoutthelight.Shebelievedsomethingwasunderthebed.To___2___hertears,Ipluggedinthedesklamptoprovetherewerenomonsters.WhenIfirststartedwriting,Ididn’tworryaboutthedarkasIcouldcreateallkindsofstories.Aftergraduation,Ibecameabusyparent.Mywriting___3___.NightsthatIwouldspendreadingorthinkingweregone.Iwroteat5ambeforethe___4___oftheeverydayhousework—laundry,playdatesandfeedings—butsoonnoddedoff.Iwasso___5___.Writinganxietygrewslowly.Wornout,Iforgottobuyanightlight.Thedesklampwastoobright.Anightlightwasenoughtohelpmydaughterseetheoutlineofthebed.Itwouldburnthroughthenight,calmingherfears.Shedidn’tneedittosee;sheneededittofeel___6___.InthebasementIfoundanoldplasticChristmastreeandtookituptoherroom.Mydaughtersawitandclapped___7___,“Light!Mylight!”Itsitsthereyearround.AChristmastreeinJulyisodd,butperfectdoesn’t___8___,andbesides,itcaststheidealamountoflight.Inbeingaparentandawriter,thereisnofixed___9___,noonewayofdoingthingsthatisright;somethingsthatwemustdoareodd.Manythingsbringthelight.Somebringjustenoughlightthatyouarenolongerafraid.Theshadowylightthatsays,Don’tbescared,writeit!Itisalightto____10____you,tokeepyougoing.Anditburnsthroughthenight,keepingthemonstersatbay.1.A.secret B.hope C.fear D.habit2.A.wipe B.hide C.stop D.draw3.A.slowed B.ceased C.improved D.increased4.A.training B.division C.movement D.repetition5.A.lonely B.tired C.focused D.energetic6.A.safe B.quiet C.proud D.confident7.A.shyly B.softly C.politely D.excitedly8.A.last B.exist C.work D.arrive9.A.need B.term C.bond D.routine10.A.guide B.blind C.attract D.follow【答案】1.C2.C3.A4.D5.B6.A7.D8.B9.D10.A【解析】【导语】本文是篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过对自身经历的叙述，鼓励人们要勇于追寻生命中的能指引你前行的那束光。【1题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们还不害怕黑暗。A.secret秘密；B.hope希望；C.fear害怕；D.habit习惯。根据上句“Newbornbabiesaren’tafraidofthedark.(刚出生的婴儿不怕黑。)”可知，这里指刚出生的婴儿对黑不害怕，以后才会有恐惧感。故选C。【2题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了止住她的眼泪，我插上了台灯的插头，以证明没有怪物。A.wipe擦掉；B.hide隐藏；C.stop停止；D.draw绘画。根据“toprovetherewerenomonsters”可知，女儿因为害怕有怪物所以哭泣，作者插上了台灯的插头是为了证明没有怪物，从而止住女儿的眼泪。故选C。【3题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的写作慢了下来。A.slowed放慢速度；B.ceased终止；C.improved提高；D.increased增加。根据下文“Iwroteat5ambeforethe4oftheeverydayhousework—laundry,playdatesandfeedings—butsoonnoddedoff.(我在早上5点写作，然后开始重复每天的家务——洗衣服、玩伴和喂饭——但很快就睡着了。)”可知，作者每日忙于家务，非常疲惫，所以写作速度也变慢了。故选A。【4题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我在早上5点写作，然后开始重复每天的家务——洗衣服、玩伴和喂饭——但很快就睡着了。A.training训练；B.division分歧；C.movement运动；D.repetition重复。根据上文“Ibecameabusyparent.(我成了一个忙碌的家长。)”和句中的“everydayhousework”及常识可知，作者成为家长后非常忙碌，每天都要重复做琐碎的家务活。故选D。【5题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我太累了。A.lonely孤独的；B.tired累的；C.focused专注的；D.energetic精力充沛的。根据上句“Iwroteat5ambeforethe4oftheeverydayhousework—laundry,playdatesandfeedings—butsoonnoddedoff.(我在早上5点写作，然后开始重复每天的家务——洗衣服、玩伴和喂饭——但很快就睡着了。)”及下文“Wornout(感到筋疲力尽)”可知，作者每天都很忙碌及疲惫。故选B。【6题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她需要它来感到安全。A.safe安全的；B.quiet安静的；C.proud自豪的；D.confident自信的。根据上文“Itwouldburnthroughthenight,calmingherfears.(它会整夜亮着，安抚她的恐惧。)”可知，女儿需要这盏小夜灯安抚她的恐惧，让她不再害怕，有安全感。故选A。【7题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：我女儿看到了，兴奋地拍手：“光！我的光!”A.shyly害羞地；B.softly温柔地；C.politely礼貌地；D.excitedly兴奋地。根据女儿的欢呼““Light!Mylight!””可知，女儿看见圣诞树时是非常兴奋的。故选D。【8题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：七月的圣诞树是奇怪的，但完美是不存在的，而且，它投下了理想数量的光。A.last持续；B.exist存在；C.work工作；D.arrive到达。根据常识可知，世上没有完美的东西，所以完美是不存在的。故选B。【9题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为父母和作家，没有固定的惯例，没有一种正确的做事方法。A.need需要；B.term学期；C.bond联系；D.routine惯例。根据句中“noonewayofdoingthingsthatisright”和常识可知，作为父母和作家，没有什么正确的做事方法，可见也没有固定的生活方式和日常习惯。故选D。【10题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：它是一束指引你前进的光。A.guide引导、指引；B.blind蒙蔽；C.attract吸引；D.follow跟随。根据上句“Theshadowylightthatsays,Don’tbescared,writeit!(阴影的光说，不要害怕，写下来！)”和本句中“tokeepyougoing”可知，这是一束指引你前行的光。故选A。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。ZhuMengdan,a15yearoldfromtheLiethnic(少数民族的)group,grewupclimbingcoconuttrees.However,shehadneverimaginedherchildhoodgame____11____(bee)anofficialeventatanationalpetitiononeday.In2024,astheyoungestpetitoronHainan’steam,Zhu____12____(participate)inthecoconuttreeclimbingpetitionattheNationalTraditionalGamesofEthnicMinorities.“____13____makestheeventsospecialisthatitshowcasesHainan’suniqueculturalidentity.Ihopethiseventcontinuestogrow,”sheremarked.【答案】11.wouldbee12.participated13.What【解析】【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了今年15岁黎族姑娘朱梦丹是攀椰竞速项目海南代表队年龄最小的选手，参加了全国少数民族传统运动会。【11题详解】考查动词时态。句意：然而，她从来没有想到，她童年的游戏有一天会成为全国比赛的正式项目。bee为动词，表示“变成”，在句中作谓语；根据“hadneverimagined”和“oneday”及句意可知，空处表示在过去某时看来将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。故填wouldbee。【12题详解】考查动词时态。句意：2024年，作为海南队最年轻的选手，参加了全国少数民族传统运动会爬椰树比赛。participate为动词，表示“参加”，在句中作谓语，与主语“Zhu”之间为主动关系；根据“In2024”可知，该句为一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作。故填participated。【13题详解】考查主语从句。句意：这次活动的特别之处在于它展示了海南独特的文化特征。空处引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，表示“使活动特别的东西”，故应用连接代词what；句首字母大写。故填What。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。DeepSeekR1,____14____coretechnologiesarebuiltuponanextgenerationlargelanguagemodelarchitecture,highlightsChina’sgrowingstrengthinAIinnovation.Thissmartassistantcananswerplexquestions,createdigitalartandevenwriteputercode.DeepSeekR1learnsbyrepeatedly____15____(try),unlikeotherAIsthatrelyonlargeamountsofpreparedexamples.Itpractisesmanytimesandgets____16____(good),muchlikehowstudentsmastermaths.____17____thedevelopmentofDeepSeekR1,Chinashowstheworldthatgreatthingsefromnewideasandhardwork,notjustmoney.【答案】14.whose15.trying16.better17.With【解析】【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能应用DeepSeekR1。【14题详解】考查定语从句。句意：DeepSeekR1的核心技术建立在下一代大型语言模型架构之上，凸显了中国在人工智能创新方面日益增长的实力。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“DeepSeekR1”，在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。【15题详解】考查动名词。句意：DeepSeekR1通过反复尝试来学习，不像其他人工智能依赖于大量准备好的例子。动词try用在介词“by”后面，应用动名词形式，作宾语，表示“通过反复尝试”。故填trying。【16题详解】考查形容词比较级。句意：它反复练习，然后变得越来越好，就像学生如何掌握数学一样。空处应用形容词作表语；根据“practisesmanytimes”可知，空处指多次练习作对比，变得更好，应用比较级形式。故填better。【17题详解】考查介词。句意：随着DeepSeekR1的发展，中国向世界展示了伟大的事物来自新想法和努力工作，而不仅仅是金钱。空处应用介词，后接名词短语“thedevelopmentofDeepSeekR1”作宾语，表示“随着”，应用介词with；句首字母大写。故填With。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。It’sdifficult____18____(understand)jargonfilled(充满行话的)writingthatacademicshavelongbeenaccusedof.Totrackacademicwritingovertime,TheEconomistanalyzed347,000PhDabstracts____19____(publish)between1812and2023.Theyfoundthattheabstractshavebeehardertoread.Thoughspecializationandadvancesintechnologyrequiremorepreciseterms,thetrendofunreadableacademicwriting____20____(grow)stronger.Clearandsimplewritingwouldbeabreathoffreshair.【答案】18.tounderstand19.published20.isgrowing【解析】【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要叙述了难以读懂的学术写作趋势越来越强的现状。【18题详解】考查动词不定式。句意：学者们长期以来被指责的充满行话的文章很难理解。understand为动词，表示“理解”，根据句中谓语动词“is”可知，应用其非谓语动词形式；固定句式It’sdifficulttodo表示“做某事很困难”，It为形式主语，动词不定式todo为真正的主语。故填tounderstand。【19题详解】考查过去分词。句意：《经济学人》分析了1812年至2023年间发表的347,000篇博士论文摘要。publish为动词表示“出版、发表”，根据谓语动词“analyzed”可知，应用其非谓语动词形式，作定语，修饰“abstracts”，并与其之间为被动关系，表示“发表的摘要”，故应用过去分词形式。故填published。【20题详解】考查动词时态。句意：虽然专业化和技术的进步需要更精确的术语，但难以读懂的学术写作趋势越来越强。grow为动词，表示“成长、发展”，在句中作谓语，根据句意，该句应用现在进行时，表示目前“正在发生的动作”，主语是“thetrend”，谓语为单数。故填isgrowing。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AUNESCOisinvitingteamsandindividualsfromAsiaandthePacifictosubmitcasestudiesontherolesandrisksofintangibleculturalheritage(ICH)(非物质文化遗产)intheconofclimatechange.ThegoalistosafeguardICHwhileadvancingsustainabledevelopment.ThesecasestudieswilldeepentheunderstandingofthelinksbetweenICHandenvironmentalsustainability,andinformfuturepoliciesandpracticesinheritageprotectionandclimateaction.FocusoftheCaseStudies:Submittedcasestudiesshouldaddressoneormoreofthefollowingquestionsindetail:●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinidentifying,assessingandmonitoringclimatechange?●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinpromotingmunities’adaptationandsafeguardingagainstclimatechange?●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinreducingcarbonemissions(排放)anddisasterrisk?●Whatarethecultural,socialandeconomicimpactsandriskstoICHpractice,transmission(传承)andsafeguardingduetoclimatechange?●WhatchangestoICHarerequiredforadaptationtoclimatechange?●WhatarelocalandregionalstrategiesforsafeguardingICHintheconofclimatechange?Thecasestudiesshouldbegroundedinevidencebasedresearchandinvolvethewidestpossibleparticipationofthemunity,groupsorindividuals.Theyshouldhighlightthelinksbetweenculturaldiversityandenvironmentalsustainabilityandofferlocallysuitedsolutionsforsustainabledevelopment.SubmissionDetails:ThecasestudiesshouldbewritteninEnglishandbetween3,000and5,000wordsinlength.Allsubmissionsaretobesenttobeijing.beforeApril15th,2025.Authorsofselectedcasestudiesmayhavetheopportunitytoparticipateinpublicationsorinternationalconferences.21.WhyisUNESCOcallingforcasestudies?A.Toshowtheriskofclimatechange. B.ToprotectICHinasustainableway.C.TostressUNESCO’simportance. D.ToraisefundsforICHprotection.22.Whichofthefollowingisafocusofthecasestudies?A.ICH’sroleinevaluatingclimatechange.B.ICH’seconomicvalueformunities.C.GlobalstrategiestosafeguardICH.D.Carbonemissions’effectsonICH.23.Thecasestudiestobesubmittedshould________.A.coverallthelistedquestionsB.maximizepublicparticipationC.bebasedonpersonalopinionsD.bewritteninChineseorEnglish【答案】21.B22.A23.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了联合国教科文组织征集关于非物质文化遗产在气候变化中的角色与风险案例研究的背景、焦点及提交详情。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“ThegoalistosafeguardICHwhileadvancingsustainabledevelopment.(目的是在促进可持续发展的同时保护非物质文化遗产)”可知，联合国教科文组织呼吁进行案例研究是为了以可持续的方式保护非物质文化遗产。故选B。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据“FocusoftheCaseStudies(案例研究重点)”中的第一个问题“●WhatrolesdoesICHplayinidentifying,assessingandmonitoringclimatechange?(●非物质文化遗产在识别、评估和监测气候变化方面发挥什么作用？)”可知，非物质文化遗产在评估气候变化方面的作用是案例研究的一个重点。故选A。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Thecasestudiesshouldbegroundedinevidencebasedresearchandinvolvethewidestpossibleparticipationofthemunity,groupsorindividuals.(案例研究应以基于证据的研究为基础，并使社区、团体或个人尽可能广泛地参与)”可知，提交的案例研究应该使公众参与范围最大化。故选B。BLutherGerlach’simagesenrichthepermanentcollectionsoftheJ.PaulGettyMuseuminLosAngelesandtheNationalPortraitGalleryinLondon,amongotherinstitutions.Whilestudyinghiswork,onecannothelpbutrevisitthejourneyheundertookinpursuitofart.Gerlachhasdyslexia,aconditionthatmakesitdifficultforhimtoreadandspell,andinmiddleschool,itbegantoaffecthisstudies.AttheUniversityofMinnesota,whereGerlachstudiedbiology,hisstrugglewithwritingreachedatippingpoint.Gerlachlefttheuniversityandenteredartschool.“Arthasneverbeensomethingthatslowedmedown,incontrasttothewrittenword,”Gerlachsays.Aftergraduatingfromartschool,GerlachtookwhathelearnedandtraveledacrosstheUnitedStatessellinghisprintsatartfairs.Itwasthelate1980s,andGerlachtraveledroughly90,000milesayear,takingphotosalongtheway.Hewasmaking$100,000ayeardoingwhatheloved.Buttheemergenceofdigitalphotographychangedeverything.PhotographersbegantousePhotoshoptocreatethehandbrushedqualityofGerlach’sphotographsandtoldcustomerstheywereusingthesameprocessGerlachwasusing.“Iwouldhearthemtalking—pletelies,”hesays.Ratherthandiveintodigital,Gerlachmovedintoaphotographicprocessthatwasquiteunusual:thewetcollodion(火棉胶)process,inventedin1851.Theprocessinvolvescoatingaplateofglassormetalwithcollodion,followedbyusingasilvernitrate(硝酸银)bathtomaketheplatesensitivetolight.Theplateisthenplacedinalighttightfilmholder,withthephotomadealmostimmediatelywhiletheplateisstillwet.Itwasn’teasywhenhefirststarted,butGerlachhasalwaysconsidered“constantproblemsolving”tobepartofthecreativeprocess.ItmadeGerlachfeel“presentasanartist”.“Isawthefinalproductrightthereinfrontofme.ThesameleavesonthetreethatI’mstandinginfrontofareontheimage,”Gerlachexplains.“TheprocessallowedmetofeelmorelikeaphotographerinsteadofamachinethatprintedprintstosellsoIcouldmakemoney.Andwhenthefinalproductworks,nothingelseparestoit.”24.LutherGerlach’sdyslexia________.A.forcedhimtochangehismajorB.drovehimtogointobusinessC.madehimdropoutofmiddleschoolD.affectedhisartisticperformance25.Asdigitalphotographyemerged,LutherGerlach________.A.adoptedauniquephotographictechniqueBsetofffornewplacestotakephotographsC.praisedphotographersforusingPhotoshopD.improvedthehandbrushedqualityofhisphotos26.WhydidLutherGerlachpreferthewetcollodionprocess?A.Itwascheapandreliable.B.Itwaseasyandefficient.C.Itgavehimartisticsatisfaction.D.Ithelpedhimsellprintsforprofit.27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Necessityinspiresinvention.B.Everythingestothosewhowait.CHopeforthebest;preparefortheworst.D.Daretobedifferentinaworldofcopycats.【答案】24.A25.A26.C27.D【解析】【导语】本文是篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了患有阅读障碍症的LutherGerlach追求艺术生涯的历程。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“AttheUniversityofMinnesota,whereGerlachstudiedbiology,hisstrugglewithwritingreachedatippingpoint.Gerlachlefttheuniversityandenteredartschool.(在Gerlach学习生物学的明尼苏达大学，他在写作上的困难达到了一个临界点。Gerlach离开大学，进入了艺术学院)”可知，阅读障碍症迫使Gerlach放弃了生物专业，改学艺术专业。故选A。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“Ratherthandiveintodigital,Gerlachmovedintoaphotographicprocessthatwasquiteunusual:thewetcollodion(火棉胶)process,inventedin1851.(Gerlach没有深入研究数码技术，而是转向了一种相当不同寻常的摄影方法：1851年发明的湿胶法)”可知，当数码摄影出现时，Gerlach没有跟风研究它，而是采用了一种独特的摄影技术。故选A。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Itwasn’teasywhenhefirststarted,butGerlachhasalwaysconsidered“constantproblemsolving”tobepartofthecreativeprocess.ItmadeGerlachfeel“presentasanartist”.(刚开始的时候并不容易，但Gerlach一直认为“不断解决问题”是创作过程的一部分，这让Gerlach感到“作为一名艺术家的存在”)”和“TheprocessallowedmetofeelmorelikeaphotographerinsteadofamachinethatprintedprintstosellsoIcouldmakemoney.Andwhenthefinalproductworks,nothingelseparestoit.(这个过程让我觉得自己更像是一个摄影师，而不是一台打印印刷品出售的机器，这样我就可以赚钱。当最终产品成功时，没有什么能与之相比)”可知，Gerlach更喜欢这种湿胶法的过程，是因为这个创作过程让他感受到自己是一名艺术家，最终的作品也是无与伦比的，从而能够获得艺术上的满足感。故选C。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Ratherthandiveintodigital,Gerlachmovedintoaphotographicprocessthatwasquiteunusual:thewetcollodion(火棉胶)process,inventedin1851.(Gerlach没有深入研究数码技术，而是转向了一种相当不同寻常的摄影方法：1851年发明的湿胶法)”和最后一段“TheprocessallowedmetofeelmorelikeaphotographerinsteadofamachinethatprintedprintstosellsoIcouldmakemoney.Andwhenthefinalproductworks,nothingelseparestoit.(这个过程让我觉得自己更像是一个摄影师，而不是一台打印印刷品出售的机器，这样我就可以赚钱。当最终作品成功时，没有什么能与之相比)”及全文内容可知，在数码摄影技术兴起的时候，Gerlach并不盲目跟随潮流、模仿他人，而是敢于探索不同的方法，并不断学习和研究，最终创造出无与伦比的作品，可见在一个充斥着模仿者的世界里，他敢于与众不同。故选D。CWhenpeopleviewphotographsoffrighteningspiders,scientistsusuallyobserveincreasedelectricalactivitydeepintheirbrain,inaregioncalledtheperiaqueductalgray(PAG).TheobviousconclusionisthatthePAGcontrolsfightorflightresponsesinthreateningsituations.Butwhatifbrainsdon’thavededicatedcircuitsforfightingandflighting?Isthreatdetectionreallyaprimarymodeofthebrainwithitsownneuralcircuitry(神经回路)?Thisideaoffightorflightcircuitsoriginatesfromthe“triunebrain”modeldividingbrainsintothesocalledlizardbrain,includingthePAG,forsurvivalfunctions,the“limbicsystem”foremotions,andthe“neocortex”forhigherorderreasoning.Ifyouknowanythingaboutevolution,youmightknowthatsomethingisspurious.Theonlyanimalonthisplanetwithalizardbrainisalizard.Also,there’snounifiedlimbic“system”orthe“neocortex”foremotionsorrationality(理性)respectively.Sowheredoesthisleavethefightorflightstory?Recently,changesinPAGactivityhavebeenobservedinnonthreateningtasks,suchasreadingafascinatingarticleaboutthebrain.ThePAGhasalsobeenprovedtoregulatebodilysystemscontinuously.Incidentally,thisexplainswhyantianxietymedicationsmanageanxietydisorderswithouthealingthem.Theytargetbraincircuitsthataren’tdedicatedtoanxietyorfightorflightbutthatsimplyregulatethebody.Researchesonthebrain’spowersalsocastnewlightonourunderstandings.Indailylife,individualsmightfeelliketheyperceiveandreacttovariousstimuliaseitherthreateningorsafe.Actually,thebrain,usingpastexperiences,skillfullypredictsandformulatesactionplansinanticipationofeventsbeforestimulioccur.Thebrain’spreparatorymechanism,metabolically(新陈代谢地)expensive,involvesplicatedneuronalactivitiesforsustainingmultiplepredictionsandcorrespondingactionplansoverextendedperiods.Buttheexperiencesinfightorflightresponsescraftedbyyourbraindon’trevealhowitworks.Moreover,yourbrain,whichdoesmuchmorethanavoidthreats,handlesaplexsocialworldfullofuncertainty.That’sarecipeforstress.Andwhatisstress?Itreflectsenergypreparationforanticipatedchallenges.Yourbrainoftenmakessenseofmetaboliccostofuncertainty,ifitdragsonforlongenough,asanxiety,butthat’snotamust.Peopleseekuncertaintyout—anditspositivecousin,novelty—whentheytrynewfoodsorlearnnewskills.Uncertaintyismon,butthesedays,withsocialmediaandroundtheclocknewscoverage,itsometimesbombardsusandleavesusanxiousandexhausted.Butthesefeelingsdon’temergefromfightorflightcircuits.Theymayjustmean,inaneverchangingandonlypartlypredictableworld,thatyou’redoingsomethinghard.28.TheauthorasksthequestionsinParagraph1to________.A.evaluateastatement B.justifyanassumptionC.challengeanargument D.introduceanewconcept29.Whichdoestheunderlinedword“spurious”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Rare. B.Wrong. C.Limited. D.Unexpected.30.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?A.Huntingfornoveltyreducesstressandanxiety.B.MedicinetargetingPAGcuresanxietydisorders.C.Uncertaintyisaproductofmodernmediaandnewscycles.D.The“FightorFlight”ideaoverlooksthebrain’spredictivepower.【答案】28C29.B30.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对“战斗或逃跑”这一大脑反应模式的质疑与新的理解。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“TheobviousconclusionisthatthePAGcontrolsfightorflightresponsesinthreateningsituations.Butwhatifbrainsdon’thavededicatedcircuitsforfightingandflighting?Isthreatdetectionreallyaprimarymodeofthebrainwithitsownneuralcircuitry(神经回路)?(显而易见的结论是，中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）在威胁情况下控制着战斗或逃跑反应。但是，如果大脑并没有专门用于战斗或逃跑的回路呢？威胁探测真的只是大脑自身神经回路的一种主要模式吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了挑战一个论点，即“战斗或逃跑”反应是否由大脑中的特定回路控制。故选C。【29题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Theonlyanimalonthisplanetwithalizardbrainisalizard.Also,there’snounifiedlimbic‘system’orthe‘neocortex’foremotionsorrationality(理性)respectively.(这个星球上唯一拥有“蜥蜴脑”的动物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分别负责情感或理性的统一“边缘系统”或“新皮层”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴脑，也没有分别用于情感或理性的统一的边缘“系统”或“新皮质”。说明前面提到的“三位一体脑”模型是错误的，所以“spurious”意思是“错误的”。故选B。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Indailylife,individualsmightfeelliketheyperceiveandreacttovariousstimuliaseitherthreateningorsafe.Actually,thebrain,usingpastexperiences,skillfullypredictsandformulatesactionplansinanticipationofeventsbeforestimulioccur.(在日常生活中，人们可能会觉得他们对各种刺激的认知和反应，要么是将其视为威胁，要么是视为安全。实际上，大脑会利用过往的经验，在刺激发生之前，巧妙地预测并制定行动计划，以应对即将发生的事件)”可知，“战斗或逃跑”这一观念忽视了大脑的预测能力。大脑利用过去的经验，在刺激发生之前就能熟练地预测并制定行动计划。故选D。DInthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshavefascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethepowertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive(直觉的).However,acloserexaminationrevealsaplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforwardconcept.Fromaphilosophicalstandpoint,thedebatearoundfreewillhascontinuedintenselyforcenturies.patibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresandmotivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.Incontrast,inpatibilistsmaintainfreewillanddeterminismaremutuallyexclusive.Harddeterministsviewtheuniverseasaclosedsystemgovernedbystrictlawsofnature,whereeveryevent,includinghumanactions,ispredetermined.Inthisview,theideaoffreewillisanillusion(幻觉).Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded(先于)byneuralactivity.Studiesonthebrain’srewardsystemandneurotransmitters,particularlydopamine(多巴胺),furtherchallengethenatureoffreewill.Addictivebehaviors,forinstance,canbestronglyinfluencedbythebrain’sresponsetodopamine.Apersonstrugglingwithaddictionmayfeeltheylackthefreewilltoresistit,astheirbrainchemistryhasbeenalteredinawaythatforcesthemintoacting.Thescientificevidenceisnotconclusive,though.Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbeforeconsciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatisstillfreelymade.Additionally,theplexityofthehumanbrainandthefactthatmuchofitsfunctioningisstillnotfullyunderstoodleaveroomforthepossibilityoffreewill.Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblamepeoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividualsaccountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoralframeworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.31.Whichofthefollowingsituationsreflectsthepatibilists’view?A.Drivenbydopamine,Timkeepscheckinghissocialmedia.B.Lucyspeaksfirstafterbeingrandomlyselectedbysoftware.C.Exposedtoasuddenblindinglight,Lilyquicklyshutshereyes.D.Jerryshiftsbetweenpaniesofsharedbikesbasedondiscounts.32.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Thealteredbrainchemistryenhancesfreewill.BConsciousdecisionsareindependentofneuralactivities.C.Harddeterministsseefreewillvitaltomoralaccountability.D.Neuroscientists’viewsonthecausesofhumanactionsdiffer.33.Asforenceoffreewill,theauthoris________.A.neutral B.disapproving C.positive D.doubtful34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.DoesNeuroscienceThreatenFreeWill?B.WhytheArgumentsAgainstFreeWillFailC.ExplorationintotheplexityofFreeWillD.FreeWill:BridgingNeuroscienceandPhilosophy【答案】31.D32.D33.C34.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议。【31题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“patibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresandmotivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.(相容论者认为，自由意志可以与决定论共存，只要我们的行为是出于我们自己的欲望和动机。例如，出于热情而选择音乐事业，在这个框架下就被视为一种自由的选择)”可知，兼容论者认为只要我们的行为是自身欲望和动机的结果，自由意志就可以与决定论共存。D选项“Jerry根据折扣在共享单车公司之间转换”符合相容论者的观点，即行为是基于个人欲望和动机的自由选择。故选D。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded(先于)byneuralactivity.(神经科学在解码大脑方面取得了显著进展，揭示出许多行为在发生之前都会有神经活动)”和第四段的“Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbeforeconsciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatisstillfreelymade.(有些人认为，在做出有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能并非该行为的原因，而是仍为自由做出的决定所做的准备过程的一部分)”可知，神经科学表明很多行为先有神经活动，但有些人认为有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能不是行为的原因，而是自由做出决定的准备过程的一部分。这说明神经科学家对于人类行为的原因存在不同的观点。故选D。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblamepeoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividualsaccountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoralframeworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.(如果自由意志是一种幻觉，那么它就会挑战我们关于道德责任的基本观念。我们赞扬或责备他人的行为，是因为我们相信他们本可以做出不同的选择。如果他们从未真正拥有自由选择其他行为的能力，我们又如何能让个人对自己的行为负责呢？没有自由意志，我们社会的基本道德框架将会崩塌，陷入混乱与冷漠。只有当你也认为自由意志是幻觉时，它才真正是幻觉)”可知，作者认为如果自由意志是幻觉，会挑战我们的道德责任观念，没有自由意志社会的道德框架会崩溃，最后说“自由意志只有在你也是幻觉时才是幻觉”，暗示作者认为自由意志是存在的，态度是积极的。故选C。【34题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Inthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshavefascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethepowertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive(直觉的).However,acloserexaminationrevealsaplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforwardconcept.(在哲学与神经科学相交汇的领域，几乎没有哪个问题能像自由意志这一概念那样，既深深吸引着人类，又让人类感到困惑。乍一看，我们拥有做出非预定选择的能力这一想法似乎是直觉上的。然而，更深入的探究揭示了一个由哲学论点和科学发现交织而成的复杂网络，这些论点和发现挑战了这一看似简单的概念)”可知，文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议，包括相容论者与不相容论者的观点、神经科学对自由意志的挑战以及科学证据的不确定性等。C选项“对自由意志复杂性的探索”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故选C。第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。WhenIthinkofmyfriends,Iammostlyfilledwithloveandwarmth:Isimplycan’twaittoseethemagainfortheiraffectionandsupport.____35____Intherightmood,theseindividualscandeliverafunfilledevening,butatthewrongmoment,theycandrain(耗尽)allmygoodwill.Ifthissoundsfamiliar,thenyoutoohavefrenemies,whopsychologistscall“ambivalentrelationships”.Theselovehaterelationshipscouldincludeafriend,aparent,acolleagueorevenahusbandorwife.Theirambivalencecaneinmanyforms.____36____Itcouldbeapartnerlovebombingyouoneday,butfiercelycritical,leavingyouunsureabouttheirtruefeelings.____37____Attheveryleast,youwouldexpectthemtobebetterforusthanouraversive(令人厌恶的)relationships.Unfortunately,research