2026人工智能与生物多样性测量报告

MIT-IBMwatsonAILab

AIforBiodiversityMeasurement:

AdvancingNatureFinance

AGoldmanSachsandMIT-IBMWatsonAILabReport

ExecutiveSummary

Natureunderpinsover$13trillionineconomicvalue,representing12%ofglobalGDP,¹yetthenature-relateddataneeded

topricerisk,directcapital,andscalesustainablefinancedoesnotexistatthecost,quality,orspeedmarketsdemand.With

financeflowstonature-basedsolutionsatroughly$220billionin2023,²afractionofthe$1.9trilliondirectedtowardclimate,³thegapbetweenambitionandactionremainsvast,andakeychallengeismeasurement.

GoldmanSachsjoinedwiththeMIT-IBMWatsonAILab("theLab")toinvestigatehowAIcouldbedevelopedandappliedto

enhanceecologicalandbiodiversitymeasurements,combiningGoldmanSachs'deepexpertiseinsustainablefinancewiththeLab'sresearchcapabilitiesinappliedAIengineeringandecologicalscience.TheLabconductedtheresearch,whileGoldmanSachsprovidedfinancialsupportandhelpedtoidentifywhereimprovedbiodiversitymeasurementsupportsbusiness,

financial,andregulatorydecision-making,whichcouldidentifynewbusinessopportunities,supportinnovativenature-basedfinancialsolutions,andexpandriskmanagementcapabilities.

KeyFindings

TheLabconductedthreeresearch-stagepilots,⁴demonstratinghowAIcanimprovethewaysthatnatureismeasured,withpotentialimplicationsfor

capitalflows.Eachpilotaddressedcoremeasurementchallengesthatcorporatesandinvestorsfacewhenassessingnature-relatedrisksandopportunitiessuchascoarseresolution,poorreliability,anddatagaps,aswellasmorereliableinsightsintometricslikespeciesoccupancyandland-usechangewhich

supportecosystemassessmentandinvestmentdecision-making.

•DeepOccupancyModelingimprovedspeciesoccupancyestimatereliabilityby27%across16species,⁵producinghigher-confidencebaselineestimatesthatcouldpotentiallysupportsustainability-linkedfinancialproductsandmayhelpimprovemarketcredibilitywhilereducingmanualfieldworkcosts

•DistributionModelingpairedsparseon-the-grounddatawithexpertknowledgeandsatelliteimagerytomapbiodiversitywheretraditionalsurveysareinfeasible,whichcouldenableearlierinsightintonature-relatedrisksanddependenciestohelpinform

portfolioandsupplychaindecisions

•TerraMindFoundationModelachieved95%accuracyinpeatlandidentification,⁶detecting~12hectaresofpeatlandlossfroma2022wildfire,illustratinghowfoundationmodelsmaysupportscalableecosystemmonitoringtohelppromotetheintegrityofcarbonandbiodiversitymarkets

KeyTakeawaysandLookingAhead

Together,theseinsightsformaroadmapforadvancingtoolsthatcangeneratetangiblevalueforbothmarketsandnature.ThepilotsshowedhowAIcanenhancenaturedata,whilereinforcingtheimportanceofhumanexpertisetovalidateandrefineAImodels.Thesefindingshaveimplicationsformarketsandcouldbeleveragedtobuildmarketinfrastructure,drivecostreductionsandproductivityenhancementsfor

businesses,andhelpnaturefinancesolutionsscale.

Allthreemodelsareexpectedtobepeer-reviewedandopen-sourced—invitingthebroaderresearch,conservation,andfinancial

communitiestobuildonthesefoundations.Beyondinnovation,scalingnaturefinancewillalsorequireblended-financestructures,

regulatoryclarity,andstandardizeddisclosures.Eachorganizationplanstocontinuesupportingnaturemeasurementandmarketsthroughcomplementaryresearch,technology,andfinancialexpertise.

1PWC:

Managingnaturerisks:Fromunderstandingtoaction

,April2023.PWCleveragesENCOREdatatorankhighlydependentindustries.

2UNEP,

StateofFinanceforNature2026

,January2026.

3ClimatePolicyInitiative,

GlobalLandscapeofClimateFinance2025

,June2025.

4Results,interpretations,andrecommendationsaresubjecttorefinementasadditionaldataareincorporatedoranalysesmature.Scientificclaimsandmodeloutputswillundergostandardpeerreviewin

separate,formalpublications,andshouldbetreatedasprovisionaluntilthatprocessiscomplete.FutureengagementispartofanongoingresearchphaseanddoesnotimplycommercializationorintegrationintoGoldmanSachsorIBMproductsorservices.

5bioRxiv,

SeeingAboveandBelowtheCanopy:ModelingandInterpretingSpeciesOccupancywithMultimodalHabitatRepresentations

,2026.

6arXiv,

Ecologicalmappingwithgeospatialfoundationmodels

,2026.

AIFORBIODIVERSITYMEASUREMENT:ADVANCINGNATUREFINANCE3

1BloombergNEF:

BiodiversityFinanceFactbookCOP30edition

,November2025.

2UNEP,

StateofFinanceforNature2026

,January2026.

3ClimatePolicyInitiative,

GlobalLandscapeofClimateFinance2025

,June2025.

AIFORBIODIVERSITYMEASUREMENT:ADVANCINGNATUREFINANCE4

Introduction

TheEvolvingLandscapeofNatureFinance

Corporatesandinvestorsarebeginningtointegratenature

considerationsintohowtheyassessriskandopportunity.Whilethemarketremainsnascent,severalcrediblesignalspointtogrowingmomentum.Convertingthatmomentumintoscalewillrequire

translatingecologicaloutcomesintocommercialvalue.This,inturn,dependsoncredible,decision-gradeinsightsthatinformwhere

tointerveneandinvest,trackperformanceovertime,andlinkecologicalchangetobusinessandfinancialresults.

Thisshiftinfocusisdriven,inpart,bythecloseinterconnection

betweennatureandclimate.Physicalriskslikerisingtemperatures,extremeweather,andwaterstressareamplifyingecosystem

degradationandpromptingcompaniesandinvestorstobetter

understandpotentialexposuresacrosstheirsupplychains,assets,andrevenuestreams.

Atthesametime,thesepressuresaresharpeninginterestinwheretargetedinvestmentinnaturecanstrengthenoperationalresilienceandsupportlong-termvaluecreation.Nature-basedsolutions,for

example,haveemergedasafinancialmechanismtohelprestore,protect,andmanagelandandrelatedecosystemswhilegeneratingmarket-basedreturns.

Moreover,companiesrelyonnatureforaccesstobasicmaterials

includingwater,crops,andtimber,amongothers,thatarecrucial

fortheiroperationsandproduction.Tocontrolcostsandensure

reliablesupply,theyareinvestinginpracticalstepssuchastrackingsoilhealth,usingwatermoreefficiently,restoringland,and

strengtheningsupplierpractices.Forinstance,theprivatesector

spentover$29billionproducingandprocuringcertifiedsustainablecommoditiesin2024,underscoringtheopportunitytoinvestin

naturetoenhanceproductionandcreatevalue.¹

Reflectingtheseopportunities,publicandprivatefinanceflowstonature-basedsolutionstotaledapproximately$220billionin2023,²a5%increasefrom2022levels.Whilenaturefinanceisgrowing,itremainsrelativelysmallcomparedtooverallclimatefinance,whichreachedapproximately$1.9trillionin2023.³

PublicandPrivateFinanceFlowstoNature-Based

SolutionsTotaledApproximately$220Billionin2023

Publicfinance

Governmentexpenditure,governmentandsovereignbonds,OfficialDevelopmentFinance(ODF),anddebt-for-natureswaps

$197Billion

Privatefinance

Biodiversityoffsets,paymentsforecosystemservices,bondsandfunds,certifiedcommoditysupplychains,nature-basedcarboncredits,ODFprivatefinance,andphilanthropy

$23Billion

Source:UNEP,

StateofFinanceforNature2026

,January2026.

$220

Billion

5

AIFORBIODIVERSITYMEASUREMENT:ADVANCINGNATUREFINANCE

TheEvolvingLandscapeofNatureFinance(continued)

Whileasignificantportionofnature-relatedinvestmentshavenotyetachievedstandalonecommercialviabilityandoftenrequirepublicorphilanthropicsupport,severalfinancialmechanismshavebeguntoscale:

•Nature-basedcarboncreditscontinuetobealeadingareaofactivity.More

than50nature-basedofftakeagreementswererecordedinthefirsthalfof2025—overtwicethevolumeobservedinthefirsthalfof2024.¹Ninety-eightpercentofvoluntarymarketcreditsarenature-based,andmajorbuyersaresecuringmulti-yearforwardagreementstohelpmeettheir2030carbonremovaltargets²

•Nature-linkedfinancingisincreasingwithcorporates.Greenandsustainable

debtwithbiodiversity-relatedpotentialuseofproceedsgrew18%to$36billionin2024fromtheprioryear³

•Mitigationbankingisamature,regulatedfinancialmechanismforhabitat

restoration.TheUSmitigationbankingmarketwasestablishedover40yearsagothatsupportsover1,800activemitigationbanks,⁴demonstratinglong-standinginvestorinterestinbiodiversityrestoration

•Waterresilienceisemergingasacoreoperationalpriority.Recentdatashowscompaniesreported$339billioninpotentialfinancialimpactsfromwater-relatedrisksthatcouldbemitigatedthroughapproximately$59billioninexpenditures,whileidentifying$204billionincombinedopportunities,tiedtowaterefficiency,reusetechnologies,andresilientsupplychainsinhighlyexposedsectors⁵

2X

thevolumeofnature-basedofftakeagreementsrecordedin1H2025¹

growthin2024

+18%

biodiversity-relatedgreen/sustainabledebt³

$13T

ineconomicvaluefrom

agriculture,forestry,fisheries,foodandbeverage,and

constructionwherenatureunderpinsoperations⁶

Beyonddedicatednature-specificfinancialproducts,natureunderpinsthecoreoperationsofmanybusinessesacrosstherealeconomy

includingagriculture,forestry,fisheriesandaquaculture,foodandbeverage,andconstruction.Together,thesefiveindustriesgeneratedmorethan$13trillionineconomicvalue,12%ofglobalGDP,⁶highlightingthatnatureconsiderationsarerelevanttomainstreamcorporateand

investmentdecision-making.

Theocean,astheworld'slargestnaturalecosystem,underpinsover$3trillionineconomicactivity,presentingbothsignificantbusinessrisksandopportunities.⁷Corporatesandgovernmentsareincreasinglyprioritizingthe"blueeconomy,"focusingonthesustainableuseofoceanresources.Thistrendishighlightedbythegrowthofbluebonds—debtinstrumentswithsustainableocean-relateduseofproceeds—whichreachedacumulative$15billionin2025,afourfoldincreasefrom2021.⁸

Whilemacro-levelstatisticsestablishtheeconomicrelevanceofnature,theyarenotsufficienttodrivecapitalallocationoroperationaldecisions.Marketsscalewhencorporatesandinvestorscanunderstandhownature-relateddependenciesandimpactstranslateintofinanciallysignificantrisksandopportunitiesacrosstheirbusinessesandportfolios.

Regulatoryinitiatives,disclosureframeworks,andinvestorscrutinyareincreasingdemandforthisinsight,yetlimitationsinbiodiversitydataquality,reliability,andaccessibilityremainamongthemostsignificantbarriers.⁹Thisbiodiversitymeasurementshortfall—characterized

byfragmentedbaselines,inconsistentindicators,andlimitedtime-seriesdata—hasbeenwidelyrecognizedasastructuralconstrainton

effectivedecision-makingandcapitalallocation.¹⁰Asnatureisincreasinglyconsideredinriskmanagement,strategy,andfinancingdecisions,decision-makersneedrobustinformation.

ThepilotsaddressthisconstraintbydemonstratingthepotentialtoimprovetheconsistencyandscalabilityofbiodiversityinsightsusingAI,strengtheningconfidenceinunderlyingdatathatsupportsdownstreamapplicationsincreasinglyrelevanttocorporatesandinvestorsnavigatingnature-relatedrisksandopportunities.

1MSCI:

2025StateofIntegrityintheGlobalCarbon-CreditMarket

,September2025.

2CarbonDirect:

The2024StateoftheVoluntaryCarbonMarket

,October2024.

3BloombergNEF:

BiodiversityFinanceFactbookCOP30edition

,November2025.Totalgreenandsustainabledebtwithbiodiversity-relatedpotentialuseofproceedsisdividedequallybythenumberoflisteduseofproceeds.

4UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:

MitigationBanksunderCWASection404

,June2025.

5CDP:

InternalWaterPricingUnlocksResilienceandLong-termGrowth,RevealsNewCDPInsights

,September2025.

6PWC:

Managingnaturerisks:Fromunderstandingtoaction

,April2023.PWCleveragesENCOREdatatorankhighlydependentindustries.

7WorldEconomicForum,

TheOceanEconomyImperative:DefiningValue,ManagingRisk,andMobilizingInvestment,

January2026.

8TheWorldBank,

Seychelles:IntroducingtheWorld’sFirstSovereignBlueBond

,June2025.

9TaskforceonNature-relatedFinancialDisclosures(TNFD):

Discussionpaper–ALandscapeAssessmentofNature-relatedDataandAnalyticsAvailability

,March2022.

10PubMedCentral:

DevelopingBiodiversityBaselinestoDevelopandImplementFutureConservationTargets

,2023.

AIFORBIODIVERSITYMEASUREMENT:ADVANCINGNATUREFINANCE6

BridgingtheBiodiversityDataGap

Currentbiodiversitymeasurementapproachesremainlargelyinadequate,makingitchallengingforcompaniesandinvestorstoassessimpacts,trackandcommunicateprogress,andeffectivelydirectcapital.

ChallengesinBiodiversityMeasurement:

1

Fieldsurveysarecostlyandtimeconsuming

2

Satelliteorremotesensingdatalacksthecontextualrichnessofgroundobservations

Sparseandfragmenteddatamakesitdifficulttogeneratereliablebiodiversityindicators

3

Whiledatalimitationsarenottheonlybarriertoscalingnaturefinance,measurementisthefoundation.

BarrierstoscaleChallenge

HowAIandbetter

measurementcouldhelpHowthiscouldsupportfinancialmechanisms

Uncertainreturn

oninvestmentor

commercialviability

Long-datedprojects

anddifficultyindrawingcausationbetween

interventionsandimpactoutcomes

Reduceuncertaintythroughconsistent,cost-effective,verifiablemeasurement

Carbonmarkets:strengthenverificationandadditionalityclaimsandreducecostbarriers

Natureorwater-relatedbonds:reducestructuringandmonitoringcomplexity

Insufficientmarketinfrastructure

Minimalstandardized,decision-usefulmetricsgivenlocalecosystems’inherentdistinctiveness

Enabletransparencyforfinancialstructuringanddisclosure

Mitigationbanking:helpquantifyhabitatrestorationorprotectionsocreditscanbeissuedandpricedmoreconsistently

Debt-for-natureswaps:provideclearerevidencethatconservationcommitmentsarebeingmetforstructuringandmonitoringswapagreements

In-depthverification

Monitoring,reporting,andverificationiscostlyand

requiresexpertknowledgetoprovideanalysis

Supportmorecrediblebaselineassessments,monitoring,andvalidation

Nature-basedsolutionsprojectfinance:enableongoingproject-levelperformancetracking

AIFORBIODIVERSITYMEASUREMENT:ADVANCINGNATUREFINANCE7

TranslatingResearchtoApplication

Recognizingthevalueofenhancednatureandbiodiversitydataforinvestors,corporates,andotherstakeholders,GoldmanSachsandtheMIT-IBMWatsonAILabexploredhowAIcanimprovebiodiversitymeasurement.Combiningdatafromsatellites,groundsensors,andexperts,thecollaborationsoughttogeneratemoreconsistent,decision-usefulinsightsintohowecosystemsevolve—withtheaimofhelpinginvestorsandcorporatesmanagetheirnatureexposureandmeettheircommercialgoals.

Overthecourseofthiscollaboration,thepilotsdemonstratedthepotentialforAItoenhancenaturemeasurementand

interpretation.TheLabtestedthreepilotmodels,twoofwhichwereinKarukinkaNaturalPark,Chile.Thepark’svast,remote,andecologicallydiverselandscapesprovidedareal-worldtestinggroundfortheLabtostudythetypesofmeasurementchallengesthatcorporatesandinvestorsstrugglewithwhenseekingtoassessnature-relatedrisksandopportunities.

ThethreepilotsdemonstratecomplementarywaysAIcanstrengthenbiodiversitymeasurement.Thefirsttwointegratemultiplesourcesofecologicalinformationtoimprovespecies-levelinsights—oneprioritizingreliabilityandresolution,theotherexpandingcoverageefficientlyindata-sparseregions—whilethethirdappliesafoundationmodeltogeneratedeeper,scalableinsightintoecosystemchangefollowingclimate-relatedevents.

WhiletheseAImodelsareinresearchstage,theyareexpectedtobepeer-reviewedandopen-sourcedtosupportfurther

researchanduserintegration.Thissectiondescribesthepilotsandillustrateshowimprovedspeciesandland-usechangedatacouldtranslateintopracticalbusinessandfinancialapplications.

PotentialApplications

Supportingfinancialsolutionsandoperations

Baselinesandkeyperformance

indicators(KPIs)forsustainability-

linkedfinancingorenhancementstooperationalbiodiversityassessmentsinland-intensivesectorswithhigherconfidencelevelsandlowercost

Enhancingtransparencyandriskmanagement

DataforbiodiversityreportingrequirementsinjurisdictionsadoptingInternationalSustainabilityStandardsBoardstandardsandotherdisclosureframeworks,aswellasenhancedsupplychain

duediligenceforcorporatesoperatingin

biodiversity-sensitiveareaswhereimproveddatamayleadtobetteroperationalperformance

AboutKarukinkaNaturalPark

GoldmanSachspartneredwiththeWildlifeConservationSociety(WCS)topreserveKarukinkaNaturalPark,avitalpartofglobalbiodiversityinTierradelFuego,atthesoutherntipof

SouthAmerica.¹Thisuniquepartnership,establishedin2004,leveragestheprivatesector,conservationists,andlocalcommunities.GoldmanSachsacquiredthesubstantialtractoflandin2002,laterdonatingitforperpetualconservation.Thepark,spanningover735,000acres,representsoneofthemostsignificantcontributionsofprivatelandforongoing

conservation.

Karukinkaprotectsiconicspecieslikeguanacos,condors,flamingos,thehighlyendangeredCulpeofox,anddiversemarinewildlifesuchaselephantsealsandalbatrosses.Italso

contains80%ofTierradelFuego’speatlands,anaturalcarbonsinkholdingover290milliontonsofcarbondioxide.Thispristineecologicalpark,protectedforover20years,offersarichopportunityforforest-to-seaconservation.²

Scalingnature-basedopportunities

Siteselectionandverificationfor

nature-basedsolutions,infrastructuredevelopment,andcarboncredit

projectsinaconsistent,scalable,andcost-effectivemanner,increasing

credibilityinnascentmarkets

1WCSwasnotinvolvedinthedevelopmentofthesepilotsorthevalidationoftheassociateddataorfindings.

2AllimagesofKarukinkaNaturalParkarecourtesyofWCSChile.

AIFORBIODIVERSITYMEASUREMENT:ADVANCINGNATUREFINANCE8

PILOTSUMMARIES

Pilot1:DeepOccupancyModeling—EnhancingtheResolutionandReliabilityofBiodiversityMeasurement

Insights

Traditionalbiodiversitysurveysrelyonexpertsconductingfieldobservations,

whicharedetailedbutlimitedinscale.Incontrast,satelliteimageryprovidesbroadcoveragebutlackslocalprecision.Wherebothdatasourcesareavailable,theLab’sDeepOccupancyModelbridgestheseapproachesbymergingcameratrapimages(on-the-grounddata)fromacrosstheUSwithsatelliteinformationtoestimatewherespeciesarepresentacrossalandscape.¹,²

Thisintegratedapproachimprovesthereliabilityandresolutionofspecies

occupancyestimates,by27%across16differentspecies.²Speciesoccupancy

indicateswhereandunderwhichenvironmentalconditionsspeciesoccur,whichcanbeusefulforprioritizingconservationmeasuresandspeciesmanagement.Inaddition,themodelidentifieshabitatcharacteristicslinkedtospeciespresenceandecosystemhealth.TheseAI-generateddescriptionsprovidethepotentialforecologicalexpertstovalidateandfurtherrefinethemodels.

Impact

Higher-ConfidenceBaselinesandMonitoring

BytrackingspeciesacrosslandscapesusingAI,practitioners

couldmonitorbiodiversitytrendswithhigherconfidence.Bettermeasurementofwherespeciesliveandhowtheirhabitatschangemayhelpcompaniesandfinancialinstitutionsestablishcrediblebiodiversitybaselines,designmetrics,andverifyoutcomesacrosssustainability-linkedfinancialproductsandland-intensivesectors.

Theabilitytosummarizeessentialhabitatcharacteristicscanhelp

practitionersprioritizethemostimportantareasforpreservationandrestoration,hopefullyimprovingoutcomes.

PotentialApplications

Nature-LinkedFinancingInstruments

Insomesustainability-linkedbondsorloans,borrowersaimtoachievemeasurablebiodiversityorecosystemoutcomessuchasmaintainingnativespecieswithinagivenarea.Achievingthesetargetscanlowerborrowingcosts.

TheDeepOccupancyModelcouldhelpestablishcrediblebiodiversitybaselinesforKPIstructuringandprovidehigher-qualityinformationforongoing

monitoringandverification.Thiscouldimproveconfidenceforbothissuersandinvestors,potentiallysupportingmarketcredibilityandpricingtransparency.

BaselineSetting

Mapcurrentspeciespresenceacrosstheprojectareato

establishabiodiversitybaseline

DeepOccupancy

ConsumerandAgricultureSectors

Companiesmanagingagriculturalorforestryoperationsoftenconductbiodiversityassessmentstobalanceproductionwithconservation.IntegratingAI-enhancedoccupancymodelingcouldhelpthemmaphabitatsatscale,identifyoptimalareasforconservationorproduction,andmonitor

biodiversityimpacts,whichcouldultimatelyreducethefrequencyorcostofmanualfieldwork,improvecommodityproduction,andprotectlong-termassetvalue.

KPIStructuring

Identifyspecific,measurablebiodiversityindicators(e.g.,

thepresenceofnativespeciesacrosssomepercentageof

projectareas)thatcanbemonitoredovertime

Verification

Providedataforinvestorsandthird-partyreviewersprovingoutcomes

Monitoring

UsesatelliteandcameratrapdatatotrackprogresstowardKPIs

DeepOccupancy

1CameratrapdatawassourcedfromWildlifeInsights.Satellitedatawasaggregatedacrossseveraldifferentsources,includingIBMsatellitedata.

2bioRxiv,

SeeingAboveandBelowtheCanopy:ModelingandInterpretingSpeciesOccupancywithMultimodalHabitatRepresentations

,2026.

AIFORBIODIVERSITYMEASUREMENT:ADVANCINGNATUREFINANCE9

PILOTSUMMARIES

Pilot2:DistributionModeling—Scaling

CoverageinData-SparseRegionswithExpertKnowledge

Insights

Manyregionslackdetailedecologicaldatabecausesitesarehardtoaccessorfieldsurveysareunder-resourced.ThispilotpairsAImodelswithexpertknowledge

ofspecies-habitatrelationshipstoextendbiodiversityinsightsacrossdata-

sparselandscapes.Itfuseslimitedspeciessightingsanchoringanalysesinreal

observations,satelliteimageryforconsistentcoveragebetweensparsepoints,andexpertecologicaldescriptionslinkinghabitatfeaturestospecies.TheAIproducesspeciesdistributionmapspredictinglikelyspeciesoccurrenceandsuitable

conditions,highlightingpatternsofhabitatsuitability,ecologicalconnectivity,andconservationprioritiesorrisks.Ecologistswillthenreviewandadjustpredictions,correctingerrorsandaddingon-the-groundcontext.Thishuman-AIloopcouldstreamlineaccuratemapcreationandguidetargetedfieldsurveys.

AtKarukinka,thiswillbeappliedtospecieslikeguanacosandinvasivebeavers.

Withlimitedconfirmedfielddata,expertswillannotatemapsforrigorous

evaluationthatwouldotherwisebemissing,buildingtrustandsupportingpracticaladoptionofAItoolsforconservationindata-sparsecontexts.

Impact

FillingCoverageGapstoImproveCostandResourceEfficiency

Thisapproachfillscoveragegapswheretraditionalsurveysareinfeasibleortoocostly.Ratherthanreplacingfieldwork,hybridhuman-AImodelsturnlimiteddataintodecision-readymaps

thatcouldfocussurveys,conservationactions,andmonitoringwheretheymattermost.Beyondimprovingaccuracy,the

human-AIworkflowincreasesinterpretability,strengthens

trust,andensuresmapsreflectecologicalrealitiesmissingfromsparsetrainingdata.Forcompaniesandinvestors,earlierinsightintorisksanddependenciescouldhelpinformportfolioand

supplychaindecisionsbeforecapitalallocationorsiteselection,especiallywheredataaremissingoroutdated.

ProcessofHuman–AISpeciesMapping

Sparsespeciesdata,ecologicaldescriptions,andsatelliteimageryarecombinedinamultimodalmodeltogenerateaninitialmappredictingwherespeciesarelikelytobefound.Humanexpertsthenreviewthesepredictionsonthemap,refiningspeciespresence/absencelikelihoodbyupdatingthemap'sshading.Thisiterative

feedbackloopproducesmoreaccurate,locally-groundedspeciesdistributionmapsinadata-limitedregion.

SparseSpeciesPresenceData

EcologicalDescriptions

SatelliteImagery

Expertfeedback

MultimodalModel

InitialMap

PotentialApplications

Portfolio-LevelRiskAssessment

FinancialinstitutionsaligningwiththeTaskforceonNature-relatedFinancialDisclosures

areseekingtomaptheirportfolioexposuretonature-relatedrisk,buttheymayexperiencega