大气科学专业英语复习

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一.专业词汇

1.Thestruemreoftheatmosphere44.Marinelife海洋生物

2.inhomogeneous"不均匀的45.Photochemicalreaction光化学反应

3.Verticalinhomogeneityn.垂直非均匀性46.Watervapor水蒸气

4.Horizontalinhomogeneityn.水平非均匀性47.Relativehumidity相对湿度

5.Verticalandhorizontaldirections垂直和水平方向48.Specifichumidity比湿

6.Verticaltemperatureprofile垂直温度廓线49.Aerosol气溶胶

7.Meteorologicalliterature气象文献50.Oxygenmolecule氧分子

8.Norwegianmeteorologist挪威气象学家51.Earth'salbedo地表反照率

9.WorldMeterologicalOrganization世界气象组织52.FRONT锋面

10.Meteorologicalparameters气象参数53.Airmass气团

11.Troposphere对流层54.Airmassinterface气田表面

12.Stratosphere平流层55.ModifiedcoldAir变性冷空气

13.Mesosphere中间层56.Leadingedgp强盛部分

14.Thermosphere热成层57.Frontalwaves锋面波动

15.Exosphere外逸层58.Frontalwavecyclone锋面波气旋

16.Interplanetaryspace星际空间59.Frontalwavedepression锋面气旋低压

17.Transitionregion过渡带60.Warmfront暖锋

18.Intermediatelayer中间层61.Coldfront冷锋

19.Tropopause对流层顶62.Warmsector暖池

20.Stratopause平流层顶63.Warmocclusion暖式锢囚

21.Mesopause中间层顶64.Coldocclusion冷式锢囚

22.Thermopause热成层顶65.(Conveyorbelt输送带

23.Earth'ssurface地表66.Frontalzone锋区

24.Boundarylayer边界层67.Frontogenesis4聿生

25.Fricrionlayer摩擦层68.Frontolysis蜂消

26.I-recatmosphere自由大气69.Cirrus卷云

27.GreenhouseEffect温室效应70.Cirrostratus卷层云

28.Greenhousegases温.室气体71.Altostratus高层云

29.Globalwarming全球变暖72.Nimbostratus雨层云

30.Climatechange气候变化73.Stratus层云

31.Sealevelrise海平面上升74.Stratocumulus层积云

32.Humanactivities人类活动75.Cumjlonimbus积雨云

33.I-'ossilfuels化石燃料76.Mediumandhigh-levelclouds中高层云

34.Highconcentration高浓度77.Alow-leveljet低空急流

35.CarbondioxideCO278.Verticalmotion垂直运动

36.Solarradiation太阳辐射79.Alow-levelpolartrough低空槽

37.Longwaveradiation长波辐射80.Middleandhighlatitudes中高纬度

38.Infraredradiation红外辐射81.Polarandmiddlelatitudes极地和中纬度

39.Solarpower太阳能82.Mid-'atitudeweathervariation中纬度天气变化

40.Ozonemolecule臭氧分子83.Temperatelatitudecyclone温带气旋

41.Ozonelayer臭氧层84.Tropics热带

42.Shornvaveradiation短波辐射85.Subtropicalcontinent副热带大陆

43.Ultravioletradiation紫外辐射86.SevereStonns

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87.Multicellthunderstorms多单体风暴133.Breakphaseofthemonsoon季风中断期

88.Supcrccllthunderstorms超级单体风暴134.Monsoonbreaks季风中断

89.Hailstorm雹暴135.Monsoononset季风建立

90.Hailstone冰雹136.o

91.Tornado龙卷风137.TheIndianOcean印度洋

92.Waterspout水龙卷138.TheAtlanticOcean大西洋

93.Squallline旗线139.ThewesternNorthPacific西北太平洋

94.Hurricane台风140.TheArabianSea阿拉伯海

95.Tropicalcyclone热带风暴141.Seasonalreversal季节性翻转

96.Typhoon台风142.Dominantchjiracteristic主要特征

97.Updraft上升气流143.Significantvariation显著变化

98.Downdraft下沉气流144.Annualcycle年周期

99.Downburst下击暴流145.Soilmoisture土壤湿.度

100.Convectioncloudband对流云带146.Orographicbarrier地形障碍

101.Anvilcloud云砧147.Snowcover雪盖

102.Waterdroplets水滴148.Volcaniceruption火山爆发

103.Drizzle毛毛雨149.Seasurfacetemperature海表面温度

104.Heavydownpour倾盆大雨150.Theocean-atmospheresystems海气系统

105.Strongblast强风151.Boundarycondition边界条件

106.Freezingrain冻雨152.NumericalWeatherPredication数值天气预报

107.Stormsurge风暴潮153.Numericalmodel数值模式

108.Suctionvortices虹吸涡旋154.Fundamentalequations基本方程

109.Radarecho雷达回波155.Partialdifferentialequations偏微分方程

110.Dopplerradar多普勒雷达156.Vorticityequation涡度方程

111.Large-scaleatmosphericphenomena大尺度天气现象157.Primitiveequationmodels原始方程模式

112.Meso-scalemodels中尺度模式158.Numericalsolution计算方法

113.Small-scaleconvectioncells小尺度对流单体159.Numericalintegration数值积分

114.Synopticscale天气尺度160.Sigmacoordinatesystemsigma坐标系

115.Long-termrecord长期记录161.Correlationcoefficient相关系数

116.I.（）ng-rangeforecasting长期预报162.Areaweightedaverage区域权重平均

117.Extendedrangeprediction延伸期预报163.Finitedifference有限差分

118.I^）ng-termvariation长期变化164.Centraldifference中央差分

119.Short-termvariation短期变化165.Physicalprocess物理过程

120.Day-to-daychange日变化166.Geostrophicapproximation地转近似

121.I-ow-frcqucncychange低频变化167.Geostrophicwind地转风

122.MONSOON168.Divergenceofthegeostrophicwind地转风辐散量

123.Summermonsoon夏季风169.Momentumtransfer动量输送

124.Wintermonsoon冬季风170.Operationalforecasting业务预报

125.Monsoonsystem季风系统171.PhysicalquantityinMeteorology气象学中的物理量

126.Monsoonregion季风区172.Westerlywind西风

127.Indianmonsoon印度季风173.Easterlywind东风

128.Indianmonsoonrainfall印度季风降水174.Verticalvelocity垂直涡度

129.Summermonsoonrainfall夏季风降水175.Amiosphcricpressure气压

130.ThewholeIndianmonsoonrainfall全印度季风降水176.Pressuredifference气压差

131.Rainyseason雨季177.Lapserate递减率

132.Break-monsoon季风中断178.Airdensity空气密度

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179.Eddy-viscosit)rforces湍流粘性力223.Emissioncontrol控制排放

180.pressuregradient-force气压梯度力224.碳排放carbonemission

181.Geostroohicdeflectingforce(coriolisforce)地转偏向力225.Visiblelight可见光

182.Streamfunction流函数226.Barotrophicforecast正压预才艮

183.Absolutevorticity绝对涡度227.无辐散层non-divergentlevel

184.Heatsource热源228.正反馈positivefeedback

185.Non-adiabaticheating非绝热加热229.计算稳定性computationalstabilin-

186.Latentheatofcondensation凝结潜热230.Aerologicalcommission高空气象委员会

187.Horizontalandverticalgradientoftemperature水平和垂直231.Seasonalevaporation季节性蒸发

温度梯度232.呼吸系统Respiratorysystem

188.ElNinoandSouthernOscillation厄尔尼诺和南方涛动233.风成沙丘Aeoliandunes

189.Walkercirculation沃克环流234.独立变量Independentvariables

190.Hadleycirculation哈得来环流235.水汽辐合watervapourconvergence

191.Atmosphericblocking大气阻塞236.红夕卜辐射Theinfraredradiation

192.Gravitywave重力波237.Atmosphericcompositionandstructure

193.Quasi-biennialoscillation准两年振荡大气成分与结构

194.Baroclinicatmosphere斜压大气238.垂直速度verticalspeed

195.Barotropicannosphere正压大气

196.Temperatureinversion逆温层

197.Subsidenceinversion下沉逆温

198.Convectiveinstability对流性不稳定

199.Dynamicalinstability-动力不稳定

200.Isothermaltemperaturedistribution等温线分布

201.Isobaricpattern等压模式

202.Weathermap天气图

203.Weatherdisturbances天气扰动

204.Extremeweather极端天气

205.Synopticmeteorology天气学

206.Dynamicalmeteorology动力气象

207.Ground-basedinstrument2也面d义器

208.Freezinglevel凝结高度

209.Prevailingcurrent盛行气流

210.Steeringcurrent引导气流

211.Windshear风切变

212.Summerhemisphere夏半球

213.Winterhemisphere冬半球

214.NorrhernHemisphered匕半球

215.SouthernHemisphere南半球

216.Horizontalresolution水平分辨率

217.Generalcirculation大气环流

218.Mooredbuoys泊浮标

219.Anthropogeniccontributions人为贡献

220.intergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange政府间气候变

化专门委员会

221.Thermodynamiceffect热力学效应

222.WithdrawalofMonsoon季风撤退

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二.长难句6.Anincreaseinsurfacetemperatureswouldmeltsnowonland

andfloatingiceandtherebyallowtheearthtoabsorbenergythat

1.Variouscriteriahavebeendevisedfordividingtheatmospherewouldotherwisebereflectedbackintospace.

intolayers.Thisdivisioncanbebasedonthenatureofthevertical地表温度的升高会融化陆地上的积雪和浮冰，从而使地球吸

temperatureprofile,onthegaseouscompositionoftheairat收原本会反射回太空的那部分能量。

differentaltitudes,andtheeffectoftheatmosphereonaircraftat7.Thcworld，sclimatedependslargelyoncirculationpatternsby

differentaltitudes,ere.whichthearmosphereandtheoceanstransportheatfromwarm

人们制定了各种标准来把大气分成不同的层。这种划分可以tocoldregions.Asaresult,anysignificantchangeinthe

根据垂直温度廊线的性质、不同高度空气的气体组成以及大differencebetweenequatorialandpolartemperaturescould

气对不同高位飞机的影响等Cdramaticallyaffectclimaticpatterns.

2.TheoceanstakeuplargeamountsofCO2,abouthalfthe全球气候在很大程度上取决于大气和海洋将热量从温暖地

amountreleasedbyfossilfuelcombustion.Itisexpectedthatthis区输送到寒冷地区的环流模式。因此，极赤温差的任何显著

fractionwilldiminishwiththepassingdecadeswhereasthetotal变化都可能极大地影响气候模式。

massofCO2releasedwillincrease,atleastthroughtheearlyparr8.Amoreimmediateconcernisthatrheprojectedglobalwarming

ofthenextccntun,.couldraisetheseaasmuchasonemeterinthenextcenturyby

海洋吸收了大量的二氧化碳，大约是化石燃料燃烧释放量的heatingoceanwater,whichwouldthenexpand,andbycausing

一半。预计这一比例将在几十年内减少，石释放的二氧化碳mountainglaciersandpartsoficesheetsinWestAntarctica,East

的总质量至少在下个世纪的初期会持续增加。Antarctica,andGreenlandtomeltorslideintotheoceans.

3.Ozone(03),anotherimportant,h钞lyvariablegas,occurs内务之急是，预计全球变暖可能通过加热海水使海平面在下

mostlyatupperaltitudes,butitisalsofoundinurbanlocalities个世纪抬高1米左右，然后将加剧全球变暖，并导致高山冰川

havingagreatdealofindustryandautomotivetrafficanda和南极洲西部和东部的部分地区，和格陵兰岛的冰盖融化或

generoussupplyofsunshine.滑入海洋。

臭氧(03),另一种重要的，高度变化的气体，主要产生在高9.Thctermumonsoon*ismostoftenappliedtotheseasonal

空。但在有大量的工场，汽车和充足的阳光供应城市地区也reversalsofwinddirectionalongtheshoresoftheIndianOcean,

可以发现臭氧。especiallyintheArabianSea,thatblowfromthesouthwest

4.Manisreversingmillionsofyearsofnaturalevolutionbyduringonehalfoftheyearandfromthenortheastduringthe

puttingintotheatmospherecarbonthathadbeensequesteredoverother.

rheagesasfossilfuels.“季风”这一术语戢常用于印度洋沿岸，特别是阿拉伯海沿

人类通过招多年来作为化石燃料封存起来的碳排放到大气岸的风向的季节性逆转，在一年的半年里风从西南方向吹

中，正在逆特持续了数百万年的自然进化。来，另一个半年里从东北方向吹来。

5.Moreofthesun，sradiationisvisiblelight,whichpasses10.Whilethemonsoonappearstohaveawell-definedannual

throughtheatmospherelargelyundeterred.Whentheradiationcycle,closerinspectionshowsthatthemonsoonvaries

strikestheearth,itwarmsthesurface,whichthenradiatestheheatsubstantiallyandthatwithinthecyclesasignificantsubstructure

asinfraredradiation.However,atmosphericCO2,watervapor,existsth?.tbecomesevidentastheintensityofthemonsoonrains

andsomeothergasesabsorbtheinfraredradiationratherthanwaxandwanethroughrhewetseason.

allowittopassundctcrrcdlythroughtheatmospheretospace.虽然季风似乎有一个明确的年循环，但更细致的研究表明，

Becausetheatmospheretrapstheheatandwarmstheearthina季风变化很大，而且在循环中存在一个显著的子结构，随着

mannersomewhatanalogoustotheglasspanelsofagreenhouse,雨季季风降雨强度的增加和减弱而变得明显。

thisphenomenonisgenerallyknownasthe“greenhouseeffect”.1l.Avariableofthemonsoonsystemofconsiderableimportance

太阳辐射的主要成分是可见光，这些光线在很大程度上可以isthetimingofthecommencementoftheset.This,theso-called

不受影响地穿过大气层。当辐射到达地表时，通过加热地表，onsetofthemonsoon,isusuallysuddenwiththeweather

然后以红外辐射的形式放出热量。然而，大气中的二氧化碳、changingabruptlyfromthepremonsoonheat,totheweather

水蒸气和其，也一些气体吸收了红外辐射，而不是让它毫无阻disturbances,storms,andintenserainfallo:anactiveperiod.

碍地穿过大气层进入太空。由于大气捕获热量并使地球变暖季风系统中一个相当重要的变量是季风建立开始的时间。这

的方式有点类似于温室的玻璃，这种现象通常被称为“温室就是所谓的季风建立，通常是伴随着天气的突然变化，从季

效应”。风前的炎热，突然变为天气扰动、风暴和强降雨的一个活跃

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期。predictingpressure,temperature,horizontalandverticalvelocity

12.RelationshipsbetweentheIndianmonsoonrainfallandtheandmoisturetakingintoaccountradiation,theeffectsofcloud,

SouthernOscillationwereestablishedbyWalkerinthebeginningandprecipitation,eddymotion,friction,topographyand

ofthiscentun-andversionsofthemhavebeenusedsinceforexchangesofenergybetweenthegroundandtheatmosphere

operationalforecastingofmonsoonrainfall.whichevenincludedvariationsduetovegetationandstateof

沃克在本世纪初建立了印度季风降水和南方涛动之间的关ground.

系，从那以后，它们的不同版本被用于季风降水的业务预才艮。理查森开发了一套预测气压、温度、水平和垂直速度和湿度

13.Thesummermonsoonrainfalldatausedinthisstudyisthearea的偏微分方程，考虑了辐射、云的影响、降水、涡动、摩擦、

weightedaverageofthepercentagedepartureforeachofthe31地形和地面与大气之间的能量交换甚至包括因植被和地面

subdivisionsofIndia,andisreferredrofisthewholeIndian状态产生的变化°

monsoonrairfallanomaly.19.Hismodelcontained5layersandthehorizontalgridwas

本研究使用的夏季季风降水数据是印度31个分区中每个分about200kmalthoughpressure,temperatureandhumidity

区百分比偏差的区域加权平均值，称为整个印度季风降水异alternatedwithmomentuminthehorizontal,makinganeffective

常。gridlengdiof400km.

14.ThemostremarkableofWalker'sresultswashisdiscoveryof他的模型包含5层，水平网格距为200公里，而由于气压、

thecontrolthattheSouthernOscillationseeminglyexertedupon温度和湿度在水平方向上与动量相互作用，使有效网格长度

subsequenteventsandinparticularofthefac:thattheindexfor为400公里。

theSouthernOscillationasawholefortl:esummerquarter20.Theconceptofanon-divergentlevelinmidtropospherewhere

JuncAugust,hadacorrelationcoefficientof0.8withthesametheabsolutevorticitywouldbeconserved,togetherwiththe

indexforthefollowingwinter-quarter,thoughonlyof-0.2withfilteringoutoftroublesomegravitywavesfromthevorticity

thepreviouswinterquarter.equationsbythegeostrophicapproximation,ledtorhe

沃克的研究结果中最引人注目的是他发现了南北极涛动对后computationofthefirstbarotropicforecast.

续事件的影响尤其是南北极涛动在夏季6月到8月的指数，非辐散层，即对流层中层绝对涡度守恒的概念的提出，以及

与下一个冬季季度相关指数为0.8,但与上一个冬季季度的相通过地转近似从涡度方程中过滤出高频的重力波，导致了第

关系数仅为O2。一次正压预报的成功计算。

15.Tropicalandmonsoonflowsaredominatedbythethermally21.Baroclinicitywasintroducedbytwodifferentapproaches;the

forcedplanetaryscaleHadleyandWalkertypecirculationsforsuperimpositionofseveralbarotropiclayersontheonehandand

whichtheprimaryenergysourceis(helatentheatofcondensationrheadapiationofdevelopment(heor\'ontheother.

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