Unit4SpaceExplorationDiscoveringUsefulStructures课件高中英语人教版

BOOK3UNIT4SpaceExplorationinfinitive不定式1.Toknowthebasicrulesoftheinfinitive2.Touseitflexiblyindifferentcontexts观察下列句子，总结动词不定式的功能Tolearnaforeignlanguagetakestime.Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Sherefusedtoanswerthequestion.Theteachertoldustobequiet.Iwenttotheshoptobuysomebread.Heisthefirstperson

toarrive.主语表语宾语宾补状语定语核心规则：不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语；todo具有名词、形容词、副词的特征总结动词不定式的形式，注意时态和语态Ihopetoseeyousoon.Ihopenottoseehimagain.Theworkneedstobefinishedtoday.Theworkneedsnottobefinishedtoday.Heseemstobesleeping.Heseemsnottobesleeping.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Iamsorrynottohavekeptmypromise.Heissaidtohavebeensentabroad.Heissaidnottohavebeensentabroad.Heappearstohavebeenworkinghard.Heappearsnottohavebeenworkinghard.时态：与谓语动作发生的先后关系语态：主动？被动？在谓语之后，未完成主动：todo;被动：tobedone与谓语同时发生主动：tobedoing在谓语之前就发生了主动：tohavedone被动：tohavebeendone在谓语之前就发生了并持续主动：tohavebeendoing笔记要点一：动词不定式的形式（时态和语态）

语态时态

主动形式被动形式一般式(未完成)todotobedone进行式(同时发生)tobedoing—完成式(已完成)tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式(先于谓语并持续)tohavebeendoing—否定形式在to前加not在to前加not【当堂训练】①Iamhonoured__________(deliver)aspeechattheopeningceremonyonbehalfof代表ourschool．②Thequestion______________(discuss)tomorrowisaboutthepollution.③Thebookissaidto

___________________(translate)intofourlanguagessofar．④Thelittleboypretended___________(read)thebookwhenhisteacherenteredtheclassroom．todelivertobediscussedhavebeentranslatedtobereadingbeadj.+todosth:behonoredtodo很荣幸做某事

besaidtodosth据说做某事pretendtodosth假装做某事Wehavemuchhomeworkto

dotonight.Wemustfindapersonto

dothejob．Thisisthemostinterestingbooktoread.Heisthefirstperson

tothinkoftheidea.Sheneedssomeonetohelpher.Everyonehastheright

tochoose.Hehastheabilitytosolvedifficultproblems.Youarethelastone

toleave.Heisthenextstudent

toanswer.Sheistheonlygirltopasstheexam.分析动词不定式的位置/表示的动作/修饰的对象有什么特点？笔记要点二：动词不定式作后置定语表示未完成的动作最高级、序数词不定代词抽象名词the+特定修饰：next/last/only/very【当堂训练】①InmanyhomesintheUK,the

firstperson_______(wake)uphastomaketeaforthefamily．②Theairport______________(complete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourism旅游业inthisarea．③Thebestway

__________(improve)yourEnglishistojoinanEnglishclub．④Carolwashappythatshehadthechance

_____________(experience)thelifeinthecity．⑤Thesecoursesofferus

opportunities__________(improve)ourabilitiestoappreciateart．towaketobecompletedtoimprovetoexperiencetoimprove笔记要点三：动词不定式：主动表被动Thebookiseasytoread.（书被读）Heisthebestpersontoask.（最适合被问的人）Ineedapentowritewith.我需要一支笔写字。（笔被用）Hewantsachairtositon.（椅子被做）Shehasmanyclothestowash.她有很多衣服要洗。（衣服被洗）Thereisnothingtoworryabout.（没什么可被担心的）Thereisalotofworktodo.（有很多工作要被做）分析下列动词不定式与被修饰的对象之间的语态？核心规则：1.be+adj+todo2.the+first/last/only/最高级+名词+todo3.不及物动词没有被动语态，vi+介词(或表工具/方位)4.句子主语是不定式动作的执行者:主语+have/need/want+名词+todo5.Therebe句式：Therebesthtodo./withsthtodo有要做的某事Ineedtowritewithapen.(with表工具)Hewantstositonachair.(on表方位)Shewashesmanyclothes.Ihavesomeclothes

.(wash)我有一些衣服要洗。（我自己洗）Ihavesomeclothes

.(wash)我有一些衣服要（让人）洗。（送洗衣店/别人洗）Wehavelotsofwork

.(do)我们有很多工作要做。（自己做）Wehavelotsofwork

.(do)我们有很多工作要（被）完成。（侧重任务本身）动词不定式：主动表被动v.s真正的被动核心规则：主语自己做

→

用todo（主动表被动）让别人做/只强调动作被执行

→

用tobedonetowashtobewashedtodotobedone[即时训练1]单句语法填空①Withtheirability

(see)ahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem.②Thecouplehaveanunusualway

(make)theirtravelaffordable.③Hehasnopentowrite

.④TheChinesegovernmentrecentlyfinalizedaplan

(set)upaGiantPandaNationalPark.⑤Heisthemostsuitableperson

(do)thejob.⑥BobcameoutofhospitallastFriday.Haveyougotachance________(visit)him?toseetomakewithtosettodotovisitTofinishthetaskontime,wemustworkhard.=Inordertofinishthetaskontime,wemustworkhard.=Wemustworkhard，soastofinishthetaskontime.=Wemustworkhardinorderthatwecanfinishthetaskontime.Hespokequietlynottowakethebaby.=Hespokequietlyinordernottowakethebaby.=Hespokequietlysoasnottowakethebaby.核心规则：不定式作目的状语,“以便，为了”逻辑主语是主句主语句首/句末：(not)todo=inorder(not)todo;句末：soas(not)todo可转换成状语从句:inorderthat+从句/sothat+从句

分析下列动词不定式的作用和语义笔记要点四：动词不定式作目的状语注意观察下列不定式作目的状语的逻辑主语Icameearly

foryou

toreadmyreportbeforethemeeting.＝Icameearlyinorderthatyoumightreadmyreportbeforethemeeting.我早点来是为了你在会前可以看我的报告。Hespokeslowlyforus

tounderstandhim.＝Hespokeslowlysothatwecanunderstandhim.他说得很慢，以便我们听得懂。核心规则：不定式作目的状语,“以便/为了某人做某事”结构：“for+逻主+todosth”逻辑主语：与主句主语不同【当堂训练】Sheboughtsomebread____________(make)asandwich.Sheboughtsomebread____________________(herson,make)asandwich.Wemustdosomething____________(save)theanimals.Wemustdosomething________________(theanimals,live)safely.Tomranfast____________(notbe)late.Tomspokeslowly________________(we,follow)him.tomakeforhersontomaketosaveforanimalstolivenottobeforustofollow【当堂训练】我努力学习是为了通过考试。Istudyhardtopasstheexam.我努力学习是为了让我妹妹也能学好英语。IstudyhardformysistertolearnEnglishwell.妈妈买了很多书，为了自己阅读。Momboughtmanybookstoread.妈妈买了很多书，为了给我读。Momboughtmanybooksformetoread.Iamhappytoseeyou.→IamhappybecauseIseeyou.Sheisgladtohearthenews.→Sheisgladbecauseshehearsthenews.Wearesorrytobelate.→Wearesorrybecausewearelate.核心规则：不定式作原因状语1.结构：主语+be+情感adj.+todosth.=主语+be+情感adj.+because从句2.常见形容词：glad/sad/sorry/surprised/disappointed/pleased等分析下列动词不定式的作用和语义笔记要点五：动词不定式作原因状语1.Heistooyoungtogotoschool.→Heissoyoungthathecan’tgotoschool.2.Heisoldenoughtolookafterhimself.→Heissooldthathecanlookafterhimself.3.Heissocleverastoanswerallthequestions.→Heissocleverthathecananswerallthequestions.4.Itissuchagoodchanceastobeseized.→Itissuchagoodchancethatitshouldbeseized.核心规则：不定式作结果状语1.too…todo…太......而不能→so…that…(否定)2.…enoughtodo…足够......以至于→…sothat…(肯定)3.so/such…astodo…如此......以至于

→so/such…that…分析下列动词不定式的作用和语义笔记要点六：动词不定式作结果状语Hedroppedthecup,breaking

it.他把杯子弄掉了，结果打碎了。（顺理成章）Hedroppedthecup,onlytofinditwasnotbroken.他把杯子弄掉了，结果却发现没碎。（意外）Heopenedthedoor,seeingafriend.他打开门，看到了一位朋友。（自然）Heopenedthedoor,onlytoseeastranger.他打开门，结果却看到一个陌生人。（意外）对比分析v-ing和todo作结果状语核心规则：1.todo（onlytodo）：意料之外的结果（没想到、反而、却……）2.doing：自然而然、顺理成章的结果（因此、从而……）【当堂训练】①________(learn)moreaboutChineseculture,JackhasdecidedtotakeChinesefolkmusic中国民乐asanelectivecourse选修课．②WetravelonDay2tonorthernFrance_______(visit)theWorldWarⅠ

battlefields战场．③Whenthegorillas大猩猩andIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustglad______(find)themalive．④Wouldyoubesokindas________(spare)sometimetocomeandjoinus?Tolearntovisittofindtospare目的状语原因状语结果状语[即时训练2]单句语法填空①Baileytookherarm

(see)ifshecouldwalkforwardwithaid.②

(serve)itsfunction，abookmustbeactivatedbyauser.③Theroomiscomfortable

(live)in.④Heisoldenough

(study)independently.⑤Iamsurprised

(find)thathehasmadesuchafoolishmistake.⑥Footballisplayedin80countries，

(make)itthemostpopularsportallovertheworld.toseeToservetolivetostudytofindmaking笔记要点七：动词不定式作插入语（独立成分）tobehonest老实说，说实话tosumup总之，概括地说tobefrank坦率地说tobeexact确切地说totellthetruth说实话，老实说tomakemattersworse更糟糕的是tobefair公平地说toputitsimply简单地说tobeginwith首先，第一needlesstosay不用说tostartwith首先tobesure诚然，的确动词不定式作定语和状语完成句子1.中国已成为第一个将探测器着陆在月球背面的国家。Chinahasbecome

aprobeonthefarsideofthemoon.2.我们度假后回到家，却发现我们的花园既干净又整洁。Wecamehomeafterourholiday，

.3.有机会在这里发表演讲，我感到万分荣幸。Ifeelgreatlyhonoured

.达标检测thefirstcountrytolandonlytofindourgardenneatandtidytohavethechancetodeliveraspeechheretodo作后置定语，修饰含序数词的名词onlytodo作结果状语be+情感adj.+todo作原因状语todo作后置定语，修饰抽象名词：havethechancetodo4.没有什么语言足以表达我的感激之情。Nowords

howgratefulIam.5.每次我准备重要考试时，我都会焦虑得睡不着。EverytimeIprepareforanimportantexamination，________________

.6.我当了四年班长，能轻松处理突发事件。Ihavebeenmonitorforfouryears，_____________________________

.arestrongenoughtoexpressIwillbetooanxioustofallasleepenablingmetodealwithunexpectedmatterseasilyadj./adv.enoughtodo作结果状语too+adj./adv.+todo作结果状语enablesbtodo作宾补笔记要点八：动词不定式作主语todo与动名词（doing）作主语&it形式主语

核心区别总结TolearnEnglishwell

isimportant.LearningEnglishwell

isimportant.区别：①

todo

作主语，常表示：要去做某事侧重：具体、一次性、将来做、还未做、目的计划②

doing作主语，常表示：做某事这件事侧重：泛指、习惯做、经常做、已发生

、抽象概念it作形式主语（必考句型）：Itis+adj./n.+(for/ofsb.)+todosth.Itisnouse/nogood/useless/awasteofsth+doing(只有少数adj./n.)笔记要点九：动词不定式作表语todo与动名词（doing）作表语

核心区别总结Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.Mydreamis

tobecomeadoctor.区别：①todo作表语表：愿望、计划、目的、将来要做主语常是抽象名词：wish,dream,aim,goal,plan,job,task等②doing作表语表：身份、内容、常态、性质主语常是：hobby,habit,pleasure,trouble,fun等笔记要点十：动词不定式作宾语只接todo想要/计划want,wouldlike,plan,decide,determine希望/期望hope,wish,expect,long,demand主动/许诺offer,promise,refuse,afford学习/设法learn,manage,fail,prepare假装/选择pretend,choose,dare只接doing享受/喜欢enjoy,appreciate,admit完成/实践finish,complete,practice介意/放弃mind,miss,avoid,giveup建议/想象suggest,advise,imagine 考虑/原谅consider,risk,keep,forgive固定短语feellike,can’thelp,beusedto可接doing/todolike,love,prefer,hate,begin,start,continue动词todo（含义）doing（含义）remember记得要去做（未做）记得做过（已做）forget忘记要去做（未做）忘记做过（已做）regret遗憾要去说/做后悔做过try努力去做尝试做一下mean打算/意味着要去做意味着stop停下来去做另一件事停止正在做的事goon（中断后）继续去做另一件事继续做同一件事笔记要点十：动词不定式作宾语it作形式宾语（必考句型）：主语+think/find/feel/make/consider+it+adj./n.+todosth.主语+vt.+it+宾补(nogood/nouse/useless)+doingsth.【仅限固定搭配】★感官/使役v+宾+宾补

do：主动省to；被动不省to。★动词vt+宾补+todo:接todo不能省to

要求、允许、提议(ask,allow/permit,advise)，期望、邀请、鼓励(expect,suppose,invite,encourage)，教导、告诉、想要(teach,tell,want)，等待、希望、愿意(waitfor,wish,wouldlike/love)提醒、警告、强迫、命令、禁止(remind,warn,force,order,forbid)★helpsb(to)dosth帮助某人做:to可省可不省笔记要点十一：动词不定式作宾补(感官vt)seesbdo→sbbeseentodo(使役vt)makesbdo→sbbemadetodo不定式todo具有名词、形容词、副词的特征名词特征：作主语/表语，宾语（固定搭配）形容词特征：作定语副词特征：作状语不定式todo具体、一次性、将来做、还未做、目的计划动名词doing泛指、习惯做、经常做、已发生

、抽象概念不定式todo未完成，作后置定语修饰的名词最高序、不定代、抽象表强调目的状语todo=inordertodo=soastodo原因状语be+情感adj.+todo结果状语too...todo...;...enoughtodo...;so+adj/adv.+asto...;such+n+astoonlytodo...1.ln

2003YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstpersonwhogotmarriedinspace.→In2003YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstpersontogetmarried

inspace.2.Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywatersothatitcanberecycledforlateruse.→Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywatersoastorecycleitforlateruse.TBP42Rewritethesentencesusinginfinitivesor“inorderto/soasto+do”.

Changetheitalicised

partsaccordingly.

用不定式或“inorderto/soasto+do”改写句子。相应修改斜体部分。定语从句→非谓语作后置定语结果状语从句→非谓语作结果状语3.Mankindhasalwaysbeencuriousabouttheuniverseandmanypeoplehavedreamtthat

onedaytheywouldflyintospace.4.Astronauts’bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity,so

theyneedtoexerciseeveryday,whichwillhelpthemstayhealthy.5.Astronautshavetousetapetostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspacebecause

everythingwouldfloatoffotherwise.6.Duringaspacewalk,astronautshavetomoveslowlysothattheycankeeptheirbodies

undercontrol.宾语从句→动名词作宾语：havedreamtof

flyingintospace

oneday非限制性从句→非谓语作结果/目的状语：soasto/inorderto/to

helpthemstayhealthy.原因状语从句→非谓语作目的状语：soastopreventitfromfloatingoff.结果状语从句→非谓语作目的状语：tokeeptheirbodies

undercontrol.Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.用括号中动词的正确形式完成短文。

Sendingpeopletootherplanetsorevenbeyondthesolarsystemisnotaneasygoal

(achieve).Oneoftheproblemsisthatthetripwouldtakeaverylongtime.

Forexample,

(use)currenttechnology,itwouldtakeovertwoyears

(get)totheclosestplanet,Mars,andback.Althoughlightisthefastestthing

(know)intheuniverse,itcouldtakemorethanfouryearstoreachtheneareststarsystem.Willscientistsfigureoutaway

(store)sufficientfoodandwaterforthelongjourney?Isitpossibletotravelfasterthanlight?Nooneknowstheanswersyet.

However,spacescientistsnevergiveup.Theyareexperimentingwithgrowingcropsinspacesoas

(help)astronautsgetenoughfoodonlongerjourneysthroughspace.toachieveusingtogetknowntostoretohelptodo作抽象n的后置定语：agoal/waytodoving作方式状语=throughusingtodo作主语：Ittakes/took+sb+时间+todoved作后置定语soastodo作目的状语=inordertodo/todo疑问词/whether+todo/tobedone分析下列句中，【wh-/whethertodo】结构的作用1.Idon’tknowwhattodo.→Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddo.2.Howtosolvetheproblemisimportant.→

Howwecansolvetheproblemisimportant.→Itisimportanthowwecansolvetheproblem.3.Thequestioniswhentostart.→Thequestioniswhenwewillstart.4.Wehavenoideawheretogo.→Wehavenoideawhereweshouldgo.5.Hehasn’tdecidedwhe