《揭穿虚假信息-通过媒体和信息素养建立韧性》（节选）英汉翻译实践报告

TOC\o"1-4"\h\uIntroduction1.1BackgroundoftheStudyDuringtheageofdigitization,informationspreadsfarandwide.Misinformation,however,hasalsospreadphenomenallyfar.Misinformationisintentionallydesignedtoconfuseandmisleadthepublic.Itimpedespeople'saccesstocorrectinformation,ruinscitizens'trustinsociety,andimposestremendousdamagetopolitics,amongmanyothers,andpublichealth.Forinstance,itcanunderminetheintegrityofelectionsandimpedeepidemiccontrolandprevention.Thisbookisinterestedinthepotentialwagerinthebattleagainstdisinformation,fromthedevelopmentandpopularizationofsmarttools.ItisalsointerestedinthetheoryandpracticeofMediaandInformationLiteracy(MIL)intheageoftheinternet,specificallyfromthedigitalvisualliteracyperspective.Itisofhighvaluetostudents,researchers,andinstructorsincognatefields.ThistranslationpracticeisbasedonPeterNewmark’sCommunicativeTranslationTheory.Onthisbasis,itaimsatlettingreadersofthetranslatedpieceenjoythesametypeofreadingastheoriginal-textreaders.Itcallsfortakingthetarget-languagereadersbackground,habits,etc.intoconsiderationandmatchingtheoriginaltosuitthem.ImplementingthistheorywhentranslatingthisbookwillbecapableofaccuratelyconveyingtheinformationandmakingitconvenientlyunderstandableandacceptabletoChinesereaders.1.2PurposeandSignificanceoftheStudyTheproliferationofdisinformationanditscountermeasuresareissuesofglobalconcern.Thisbookfocusesoncombatingdisinformationthroughmediaandinformationliteracy,anditholdsgreattheoreticalandpracticalvalue.Intheselectedexcerptsofthisbook,thetranslatorcanencounteralargenumberofprofessionaltermsandcomplexsentences.Byanalyzingtheprofessionalterms,complexsentencestructures,andlogicalframeworksinthetext,andapplyingthemethodsandstrategiesoftheCommunicativeTranslationTheorytotranslate,thetranslatorcanenhancetheirskillsandcapabilitiesinprofessionaltexttranslation.PeterNewmark’sCommunicativeTranslationTheoryemphasizesatarget-languagereader-orientedapproach,focusingonthetranslatedtextachievingacommunicativeeffectsimilartothatoftheoriginaltextinthetarget-languageculturalandlinguisticcontext.Theoreticalguidancepromptssuchtranslationpracticeinordertotestitsusefulnessandapplicabilityinprofessionaltranslation.1.3StructureofthePaperThisreportiscomposedoffiveparts,systematicallyexploringtheEnglish-ChinesetranslationpracticegroundedinPeterNewmark’sCommunicativeTranslationTheory.TheIntroduction,initiallyrevealstheextensiveprevalenceofdisinformationintheperiodofthedigitalage.ItreferstothesignificanceoftranslatingthisbookforChina’sfightagainstdisinformationandisconcernedwiththeimplementationofhowtheCommunicativeTranslationTheoryisappliedinsimilartexttranslations.Withregardstothepre-translationpreparationcoverstextanalysis,knowledgecollection,theorydetermination,andstrategyformulation.Theexplanationofthetranslationprocesspresentsfittingtranslationtheories,describestheapplicabilityofcommunicativetranslationtheory,andillustratesthefeedbacksessionsofinitialtranslation,revisionandoptimization,andfinalization.IntheCaseAnalysis,atvocabulary,syntax,andtextlevels,methodslikesemanticextension,part-of-speechconversion,andsentencepartitioningareappliedtoillustratehowthetheoryisputintopracticeinrealtranslations.Finally,theConclusionsummarizestheworkingoutcomesanddiscussesthepresentweaknesses.Pre-translationpreparationAnalyzingSourceTextTheoriginaltextisinformativetext.Itssubjectistotakenoteofthesocialandeducationalissuescausedbydisinformationandhowseriousgamescanaddresstheseissues.Itishighlytimelyandapplicable.Thepieceofwritingevaluatesthenatureandinfluenceofdisinformationfromnumerousperspectivesandexplorestheprospectofadvancingprivateliteracywithassistancefromgamification.Thereareplentyofprofessionalterms,whichpreciselyidentifysomeideasanddisplaytheprofessionalismlevelofthearticle.Fromthesyntacticalperspective,extendedcomplexsentencesmostlyconsistofmodifiersandclauses,whichshowsthestrictnessoflogic.Itstartsbycallingattentiontoharmscausedbydisinformationandbuildingcriticalthinkingandmediaandinformationliteracy(MIL)interventions.Infact,itillustratestheapplicationofseriousgamedesign,basicprinciples,andcopingmethodswiththem,i.e.,the“inoculation”theory.Lastly,thearticleDescribesseriousplay’sroleinMILinterventionsand,again,reiteratestheneedtomasterskillstobeapplied.Alltheelementsarenaturalandsmooth,stepbystep,sothereadercan,stepbystep,learntheauthor’sresearchphilosophyandbasicpositions.Intranslation,whenencounteringtechnicalterms,itisnecessarytotakeintoaccountthereader’sexistingknowledgeofthetargetlanguage,usesimplelanguage,andaddannotationsifnecessary.Whentranslatinglongcomplexsentences,theoriginalsentencestructurecanbefreelybrokenandreconstructedaccordingtotheChinesetradition.Second,thereneedstobecompliancewiththereader-centeredprinciple,screeningandorganizingtheinformation,highlightingthekeypoints,soreaderscanaccessthemaincontentdirectly,andexertacommunicativeimpactsimilartotheoriginaldocument.CollectionofBackgroundKnowledgeBeforetheformaltranslationwork,itiscrucialtocollectsufficientbackgroundknowledge,whichshouldbestartedfromtheaspectsoftextpositioning,theoreticalresearch,paralleltextcomparison,andterminologyquery.Thesourcetextisanalyzedfirst,andsubsequently,thedirectionofthecollectionisdetermineddependingonthetheme,type,structure,andlanguagecharacteristics.Fortheinformativetextabouttheuseofseriousgamestocombatfalseinformation,thedefinitionsoftermsandthemannerofprocessingcomplexsentencesshouldbeaimedatbecauseofthelargenumberofprofessionalterms,thecomplexityoflonganddifficultsentences,andtheclearstructure.Thereafter,itundertakestheoreticalresearch,separatestranslation-relatedtheories,andexplainsbasicconcepts,applicablerange,andapplicationinsimilartexttranslation.Collectpertinentparalleltexts,comparethemtoeachother,findtextswhosethemeandcategoryareidentical,andstudytheirwordingexpression,wordusage,andstructuralorder.Forexample,whentranslatingthisreport,youcanapplytheexamplesoftranslationofnewsandresearchpapers,andpracticalexperiencefromtranslationresearchliteratureandinternetforums;Professionaldictionaries,industrialstandarddocuments,researchworksandpaperscanbeusedtoreapprofessionalterminologiesandexpertiseforassuredprecisionintranslation.SettingtheTheoreticalBasisThecorepurposeofinformationaltextistoconveyinformationaccuratelyandclearly.Thecommunicativetranslationtheoryemphasizesareader-centeredapproach,enablingtargetlanguagereaderstounderstandtheinformationmostnaturally,andtranslatingproducesasimilareffecttotheoriginaltext.Whenthistheoryisappliedtothetranslationofinformationaltexts,thelanguagestylecanbeadjustedandtheinformationreorganizedaccordingtothecharacteristicsofthetargetlanguagereaders,effectivelyimprovingtheefficiencyofinformationtransmission,helpingreaderseasilyunderstandthetextcontent,avoidingunderstandingobstaclescausedbyfactorssuchasculturaldifferences,andmakingtheinformationdisseminationsmoother.PeterNewmark,arenownedtranslatorandtranslationtheoristintheUK,isoneofthemaintranslationtheoristsofthecommunicationtheoryschool.Inhisbook“ApproachestoTranslation”in1981,hesummarizedtranslationtheoryintotwostrategies:semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation(Newmark,2001b:38).Semantictranslationreferstothefactthatthetranslatorshouldusethetargetlanguagetoexpressthemeaningofthesourcelanguagetothegreatestextent,strivetobeclosetothesourcelanguageandconformtothecultureofthesourcelanguage.Communicativetranslationreferstoexpressingthesameeffectasthesourcelanguageinthecontextofthetargetlanguageandfacilitatingtheunderstandingofthetargetlanguagereaders.Thetranslatorcanmakeappropriatemodificationswithinthescopepermittedbysyntacticstructureandsemantics.Yuan(2003:1-2)emphasizesthatincommunicativetranslation,moreattentionshouldbepaidtotheeffectofthetranslationinthetargetlanguagereadersbeingsimilartothatintheoriginallanguagereaders,andattentionshouldbepaidtothelinguistic,culturalandpragmaticfactorsofthetargetlanguage.Undertheguidanceofthistranslationtheory,thetranslationwillbemorefluentandmoreinlinewiththeunderstandinghabitsofthetargetlanguagereaders,therebyachievingmoreeffectivecross-languagecommunication.2.4DeterminingTranslationStrategiesDuringthepractice,thewriteranalyzedthetranslationstrategiesandmethodsoftheselectedpassagesfromthreeaspects:vocabulary,syntax,andtext,andillustratedthemwithexamples.Atthevocabularylevel,techniquessuchasextendedwordmeaning,part-of-speechconversion,andadditiontranslationwereusedtoaccuratelyconveythemeaningofwords.Atthesyntacticlevel,thesplittingtranslationmethodwasadoptedtodealwithlongandcomplexsentences,andthepassivevoicewasflexiblytransformedtotranslateandconformtoChineseexpressionhabits.Atthetextlevel,thecohesionandcoherenceofthediscoursewerestrengthenedtoensureaclearlogic..ProcessDescription3.1TheoreticalOverviewSemantictranslationtheoryandcommunicativetranslationtheoryaretwobasictranslationtheoriesputforwardbyPeterNewmarkin1981Communicativetranslationrequiresthetranslatortousethetargettexttoexpressthesameeffectasthesourcelanguage.Insemantictranslation,thetranslatorexpressesthetruecontextualmeaningofthesourcelanguagewithinthescopepermittedbythesyntacticstructureandsemanticsofthetargettext(Newmark,2001a,49).Semantictranslationfocusesonreproducingthemeaningandformoftheoriginaltextasaccuratelyaspossiblewithinthesyntacticandsemanticframeworkofthetargetlanguage.Communicativetranslation,ontheotherhand,focusesmoreonproducingasimilareffectintargetlanguagereadersasinoriginallanguagereaders.Itpaysattentiontothelanguage,culture,andpragmaticfactorsofthetargetlanguage.Inthetranslationprocess,translatorsneedtofullyconsiderthelanguage,culture,andpragmaticpatternsofthetargetlanguage.Inotherwords,thefocusofcommunicativetranslationistoconveyinformationinlinewiththelanguage,culture,andpragmaticpatternsofthetargetlanguage,insteadofmechanicallycopyingtheoriginaltext.Translatorsenjoygreaterfreedomincommunicativetranslationtointerpretandadjusttheoriginaltext,removeambiguities,andevencorrectmistakesmadebytheoriginalauthor.Asthetranslatorintendstoachievethecommunicativepurposeandpayattentiontotheunderstandingandreactionofthetarget-languagereaders,thetranslationwillinevitablytranscendtheconstraintsofthesource-languagetext,andthetranslationwillbemorefluentthansemantictranslation.ThetexttypetheorywasalsoproposedbyPeterNewmark.Hedividedtextsintothreemaintypes:expressivetext,informativetext,andvocativetext.Expressivetextsemphasizetheauthor’spersonalemotionsandstyle,suchasliteraryworks.Informativetextsaremainlyusedtoconveyobjectiveinformation,likenewsreportsandacademicpapers.Vocativetexts,ontheotherhand,focusonappealingtoreaderstotakeaction,forexample,advertisements,brochures,etc.Differenttypesoftextsrequiredifferenttranslationstrategiesaccordingtotheirfunctions.Forexpressivetexts,attentionmustbepaidtopreservingtheoriginalstyleandemotions.Forinformativetexts,attentionmustbepaidtoexpresstheinformationcorrectly.Andforvocativetexts,attentionmustbepaidtohowtogettheresponseofthetargetlanguagereadersandencouragethemtoact.3.2ApplicabilityofCommunicativeTranslationTheoryPeterNewmark’scommunicativetranslationtheoryhasemergedasasignificantframeworkwithinthefieldoftranslationstudies.Thisstatesthattheprimeaimoftranslationistoachieveanequivalentcommunicativeeffectonthetarget-languagereadersasthesource-languagetexthasonitsoriginalaudience.Thistheoryhasfar-reachingimplications,especiallywhenitcomestothetranslationofinformativetexts.Informativetexts,whichencompassawiderangeofwrittenmaterialssuchasnewsreports,academicpapers,technicalmanuals,businessdocuments,andscientificresearchfindings,arededicatedtotheaccurateandclearconveyanceoffactualinformation.Theapplicabilityofcommunicativetranslationtheorytothesetextsisnotonlyamatteroflinguistictransferbutalsoacrucialaspectofcross-culturalcommunicationandknowledgedissemination.Inforeignstudies,Communicativetranslationoccupiesakeypositionintranslationresearchandisextremelysignificant,Shi(2014:1214)statesthatthistheoryempowerstranslatorstoadaptadcontentbasedontarget-languagecultureandconsumerpsychology.Forinstance,inadvertisementsofcars,ithelpshighlightproductfeatures,makingadvertisementsmoreappealing.Asfornewstranslation,Lijun&Ying(2020:356-360)suggestthatthetheoryguidestranslatorstorestructurecomplexsentencesanddealwithculturalandtechnicalterms.Whenitcomestovocabularytranslationapproaches,wecanlearnfromfilmtitletranslation.Chen(2020:120)foundthatinfilmtitletranslation,itisnecessarytoaccuratelygrasptheculturalconnotationdifferencesofvocabularyinthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageandchoosethevocabularythatbestconformstotheunderstandinghabitsofthetargetlanguageaudience.Thisensuresnewsinformationisaccuratelyandpromptlydeliveredforbettertargetlanguagereaderunderstanding.Inliterarytranslation,Ailan(2016:32-37)foundthatwhentranslatingfilmtitles,thetheoryallowsconsiderationofthetarget-languageaudience’sculturalbackgroundandaestheticpreferences.Hidayati(2020:94-114)showsthatchildren’sstorybooktranslationenablestheuseofsimplelanguagesuitableforyoungreaders.Foracademicandothertexts,Hu&Chai(2020:43-49)demonstratethatthetheoryhelpsmaintainacademicaccuracywhileadaptingtotarget-languageacademicnorms.InChina,thetheoryofcommunicativetranslationisanimportantcomponentoftheresearchontranslationtheories.Manyscholarshaveconductedresearchonthecommunicativetranslationtheory,achievingfruitfulresults.Taking"Educated"asanexample,Guo(2024:88-90)analyzeditsapplicationinEnglishnoveltranslation,emphasizingtheneedtobalancetheoriginalintentionandreaderacceptance.“TheMysteriousAffairatStyles’’,Chen&Zhou(2024:51-55)expoundedonthekeypointsofmaintainingthesuspenseatmosphereandplotcoherenceindetectivenoveltranslation.Wu(2015:26)comparedcommunicativetranslationandsemantictranslation,providingareferencefortranslatorstochoosemethods.ZhangYing(2024:7-10)studiedmoviesubtitletranslation,highlightingitsrequirementssuchascolloquialism.ZhangRuiming(2024:3-4),byanalyzingthecharacteristicsoftextsinthefieldofscienceandtechnologyandgenderstudies,foundthatthecommunicativetranslationtheoryhasimportantguidingsignificancefortheEnglish-Chinesetranslationofinformationtexts.Choosingtranslationtechniquesbasedonthecommunicativefunctionofthetextcanimprovethereadabilityandpracticabilityofthetranslationonthebasisofensuringtheaccurateexpressionofinformation.3.3PreliminaryTranslationStageDuringtheprocessoftranslation,undertheguidanceofcommunicationtheory,appropriatetranslationmethodsareemployedtomaintaintheaccurateandnaturaltransmissionoftextinformationinthetargetlanguage.Afteracarefulrevisionoftheoriginalcontentandidentifyingchallengingparts,translatorscanutilizeexperienceddictionaries,onlinetranslationsoftware,andparalleltextsasreferenceaids.Thismethodoffersnumeroustranslationexamplesthatareappropriateforthetopic.Theseexamplesshowcommontranslationtechniquesincomparablecontextsandprovidedomain-specificterms,ultimatelygeneratingtranslationsthataremoreinlinewiththetargetlanguageintermsofterminologyandstyleexpression.Atthelexicallevel,theseresourcesensureterminologicalaccuracy.Technicaltermsareverifiedagainstauthoritativereferencesandparalleltextstoconfirmstandardizedtranslations,whilecommonvocabularyiscontextualizedthroughthesetoolsforoptimalmeaningselection.Inthecaseofsyntacticallycomplicatedsentences,grammaranalysissoftware(includingonlinegrammarcheckers)aidsinbreakingdownsentencestructureandlogicalflowsothatlinguisticallycorrectreformulationispossibleinthetargetlanguage.Atthediscourselevel,paralleltextsinformstructuralandstylisticdecisions,ensuringsource-textfidelityincontentandformatandtarget-textcoherenceandlogicalflow.Afirstgeneralreadingintheformaltranslationprocessisoftheutmostimportance.Bydoingthisinitialstep,onecanachieveoveralltextunderstanding,anticipatedifficulty,andstrategizeforsubsequenttranslationwork.Withthehelpofcomputer-assistedtranslationsoftwareandparalleltexts,translatorsareabletosystematicallyimprovequalityonthelexical,syntactic,andtextuallevels,withtarget-languageoutputthatadherestoprescribedlinguisticexpectationsandstandards.3.4RevisionOptimizationAfterthefirstdrafthasbeencompleted,thetranslatorwillcarryoutadetailedandmeticulousrevisionandreviewofthecompletedtranslationbyacollectiveeffortofself-proofreading,proofreadingfromteachers,andproofreadingfromfriendstoensurewhetherthetranslationcaneffectivelycommunicatetheinformationoftheoriginaltextornot.3.4.1Self-proofreadingAfterfinishingtheinitialdraft,thetranslator'sfirsttaskisself-review.Withadeepgraspofboththetranslationprocessandsourcematerial,thetranslatorappliesprofessionalknowledgeandhands-onexperiencetoscrutinizethetextforgrammar,wordchoice,andstylisticconsistency.Thisallowsforquickdetectionandcorrectionofobviouserrors,elevatingthequalityofexpression.Thatsaid,someissuesmayescapenoticeduetoinherentcognitiveblindspots3.4.2Peer-proofreadingPeerreviewgivesanobjectiveopinion.Sincepeersarenottranslationspecialists,theyviewthetextasnon-specialistreaders,anditiseasiertoseeadeviationfromtheuseofnaturallanguageorpotentialbarrierstounderstanding.Peers’feedbackhelpsthetranslatorstreamlineformalwordingandenhancetextflowandreadability.3.4.3Supervisor-proofreadingAfterthefirsttworoundsofproofreading,thetranslationwillenteramoreformalandrigoroussupervisor-proofreadingprocess.Thesupervisorwillprovideprecisesuggestionsonaspectssuchastheintegrityofcontent,accuracy,andwritingstyleofthetranslationtoensurethehighestlevelofconfidencethatthetranslationproperlyandaccuratelyrepresentsthemeaningandwritingstyleoftheoriginaltextalongwiththehighestlevelsoftranslationquality.3.5FinalizationandfeedbackAftercompletingtheinitialdraftofthetranslation,self-revision,peerreview,andinstructorfeedbackrevealedissuesinvocabulary,syntax,anddiscourse,includingspellingerrors,inconsistentterminologytranslation,improperwordorder,chaoticsentencestructures,incoherentlogic,andmisuseofcohesivedevices.Qualitywasachievedthroughinterventionsuchasspell-checking,selectionofwordmeaningfromcontext,standardizationofvocabulary,re-arrangingwords,splittingormerginglongsentences,makingreasoningmoreobvious,andsubstitutingcohesiondevices.TheoutputadheredtoPeterNewmark’scommunicativetranslationtheorybyemphasizingtarget-readerinterestsinlexical,syntactic,anddiscourse-leveldecisionstoensurethatconsistencyismaintainedwiththesourcetextbothinmeaningandstyle.Thefinaltranslationadoptedtheside-by-sidesource-targetformwithcommentsontechnicalvocabularyandculture-drenchedwordstohelpreadersfollowtranslationrationaleandspecialprovisions.Inpracticetranslation,self-evaluationandreflectiondemonstratedissueslikeprofessionalknowledgeconstraintsthataffectedtheaccuracyintranslatingterminology,insufficientabilitytoworkwithcomplexsyntacticstructures,andunclearperceptionoftheoriginaltextstyle.Measurestoimproveincludestrengtheningthelearningofprofessionalknowledge,increasingpracticeintranslation,andresearchingthoroughlyintothestylisticfeaturesoftheoriginaltext.Paralleltothis,thefeedbackofproofreaderssuchasteachersandpeerswillbesystematicallystreamlined,ordered,andsynthesizedatvocabulary,syntax,anddiscourselevels.Forinstance,peersfocusonthereadabilityofthetranslation,whileteachersfocusonthestandardizationoftechnicalvocabulary,grammaticalaccuracy,andcoherence.Finally,eachcriticismtreatmentwillbeexplainedindepth.Implementedrecommendationswillbeshownintheoptimizationofthetranslation,showingaseriousandlogicalattitudetowardssuggestions.Ⅳ.CaseAnalysis4.1TheLexicalLevelIninformationtexts,theaccuratetranslationoflexicalmeaningsisfundamental.Communicativetranslationtheoryemphasizesthatthetranslationshouldhavethesameeffectontargetlanguagereadersastheoriginaltexthasonsourcelanguagereaders.Intheprocessoftranslation,translatorsneedtotakeintoaccounttheknowledgebackgroundsandlanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguagereaderswhenchoosingthemeaningsofwords.Inthispart,undertheguidanceofthetheoryofcommunicativetranslation,translationmethodssuchasfreetranslation,conversion,andamplificationareadopted.4.1.1FreeTranslationFreetranslationreferstoatranslationmethodortranslatedtextthatretainsonlythecontentoftheoriginaltextwhiledisregardingitsform.Duringthetranslationprocessoftheselectedtext,guidedbyNewmark’scommunicativetranslationtheory,freetranslationwasemployedforcertainverbphrases.Theformwasomitted,andonlythecontentwasretained,withanemphasisonconveyinginformationandconformingtotheexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguageasmuchaspossible.Example1：ST:Theindividualhascriticalandanalyticalcompetences,shewillassessthattheinformationisfabricated,andshewillmoveon.（Appendix:p38）TT:当个人具备批判性和分析能力时，她就会判断出这则信息是编造的，然后便不再理会它。（Appendix:p38）Analysis:Analyzingtheoriginalsentence,thetranslatorcanfindthatthesentenceisacompoundsentence,includingthreeclauses,connectedbycommas,andimpliedlogicalrelations.Inordertoensurethatthetranslationissmooth,logical,andconvenientforChinesereaderstounderstandthecausalrelationship,itisnecessarytoaddtheconjunctive“当...时”tothetranslation.Toclarifythewritinglogicandavoidambiguity.Intermsoflexicaltransformation,“moveon”isnottranslatedliterallyas“继续前进”，butaccordingtothecontext,translatedas“不再理会它”.Intheinformationprocessingsituationdescribedbythissentence,“继续前进”cannotaccuratelyconveyitsmeaning,while“不再理会它”makesitclearthatafterjudgingtheinformationtobefabricated,thesubject’ssubsequentbehavioristostoppayingattentiontotheinformationandbetterfitthesemanticsoftheoriginaltext.Undertheguidanceofthecommunicativetranslationtheory,theauthorusesfreetranslationandadditionaltranslationtechniquestoconveythecommunicativeintentionoftheoriginaltextandachievetheequivalenceoftheoriginaltextincommunicativeeffect.Example2:ST:These“social-impactgames”puttheuserintheshoesofafakenewscreator/fact-checker/trolltocreatearelevantcontextinwhichtheplayerhastheagencytochoosewhatactionsshewantstotake.（Appendix:p43）TT:这些“社会影响力游戏”让玩家化身为假新闻制造者/事实核查员/网络喷子，构建一个相关的情境，使玩家能够自主选择想要采取的行动。（Appendix:p43）Analysis:Analysisoftheoriginaltext,thissentenceisasimplesentence,composedofthemainsentence+adverbialofpurpose+attributiveclause,“inwhich”theguidingattributiveclausemodifiestheantecedent“context”.AccordingtoNewmark’scommunicativetranslationtheory,thetargetlanguagereadersarethecenter,andthetranslationtriestomakethemeaning,style,andcommunicativefunctionequaltotheoriginaltext.ItisnecessarytoconvertthedelimitedpartoftheoriginaltextintothecommontranslationofChineseverbs,thatis,“puttheuserintheshoesof...”,whichtranslatesas“让玩家化身为……”.Ifitisaliteraltranslation,itisdifficultforChinesereaderstounderstanditsmeaninginthegamecontext,anditisnotinlinewithChineseexpressionhabits.Afterfreetranslation,itcanmoreaccuratelyconveythemeaningoftheoriginaltextandfacilitatereaders’understanding.“troll”originallyreferstoatrollinScandinavianmythology.InthedevelopmentofInternetculture,atrollisusedtodescribesomeonewhointentionallypostsprovocative,inflammatory,orfalseremarksontheInternetinordertoattractothers’attentionorprovokedisputes.Therefore,accordingtothecontext,“troll”isfreelytranslatedas“网络喷子”.Undertheguidanceofcommunicativetranslationtheory,idiomsandwordswithspecificculturalconnotationsintheoriginaltextcanbeaccuratelyconveyed.4.1.2ConversionThemethodofconversionreferstotheconversionofpartsofspeechduringthetranslationprocessaccordingtothelanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguage.Thatis,awordbelongingtoacertainpartofspeechintheoriginaltextisconvertedintoanotherpartofspeechinthetranslatedtext,soastomakethetransl