功能对等论角度下字幕翻译研究-以舌尖上的中国为例

IntroductionWiththeadvancementofglobalization,cross-culturalcommunicationisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantbetweencountries.Peoplearehungryforadeeperunderstandingofothercountries'cultures,valuesandwaysofthinking.Therapiddevelopmentofmultimediatechnologyhasmadeliteraryworks,movies,TVshowsandsongswidelydisseminatedbetweenChinaandtherestoftheworldthroughavarietyoftransnationalchannels.Asoneofthemostpopularmassmedia,TVdocumentariesplayanimportantroleinspreadingChineseculturetoallpartsoftheworld.Comparedwithfilmandmusic,documentaryasaformofculturalexpressionismoredirectandeasytobeacceptedbyaudienceswithdifferenteducationalbackgrounds.However,thehugelinguisticandculturaldifferencesmakeforeignaudienceslargelydependentontranslationtounderstandthecontentoforiginalprograms.Therefore,thetranslationqualityofTVdocumentariesisveryimportantforthedisseminationofChineseculture.Withtheincreasingdemandforhigh-qualitytranslation,howtoaccuratelyconveythemeaningandcultureofsourceprogramshasbecomeanurgentproblemtobesolved.Chinese-Englishsubtitletranslationhasbeenwidelydiscussedbylinguists,andthetranslationofChinesefoodculturehasalsoattractedtheattentionofdomesticscholars.Foodculture,asadistinctsymbolofeachnationalculture,containsaveryrichandprofoundconnotationfromtheselectionoffoodingredients,cookingskills,tablemanners,andfoodconcepts.Ifwecanfurtherstudyandskillfullyapplythefunctionalequivalencetheory,itmeansthatwhensubtitlingfoodculture,translatorswillbeabletoaccuratelycaptureeveryculturaldetail,whetheritistheancientlegendbehindatraditionaldishortheregionalcharacteristicsreflectedinauniquecookingstyle.Theycanbepresentedinthetargetlanguageinawaythatisclosesttotheculturalconnotationofthesourcelanguage.ThisnotonlyallowsforeignaudiencestotrulyappreciatethebroadandprofoundChinesefoodculturewhentheyenjoyfooddocumentariesandcateringprograms,butalsoenablesthemtopeekintothewisdomandspiritualoutlookinheritedbytheChinesenationforthousandsofyearsthroughthewindowoffood.Thisthesiscanbedividedintothefollowingparts.ChapterOneisliteraturereview,whichgivesbriefdiscussestheresearchstatusoffunctionalequivalencetheoryathomeandabroad.ChapterTwoistheoreticalframework,whichintroducesthelifeofEugeneNidaandhiscontributionstothefieldoftranslationstudies,withemphasisonhistheoryoffunctionalequivalence.ChapterThreeistranslationofABiteofChinafromfunctionalequivalenceperspectivefocusesonthepracticalapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetheory,thatis,tostudythesubtitletranslationofABiteofChinafromtheperspectiveoffunctionalequivalencetheory.Theforthpartisconclusion,themaincontentistointroducethemainfindingsofthispaperaswellasthefurthersuggestionsofthisresearchforthefield.ChapterOneLiteratureReviewThischaptermainlydiscussestheresearchstatusoffunctionalequivalencetheoryathomeandabroad.TheapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetheorytosubtitletranslationoriginatedfromEnglish-Chinesetranslation.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofthefilmindustry,theimportanceofChinese-Englishsubtitletranslationisincreasing.Inrecentyears,scholarsathomeandabroadhaveincreasinglyin-depthresearchinthefieldofsubtitletranslation,focusingonhowtofullyexpressthesourcelanguageinformationintothetargetlanguage.Domesticresearchonsubtitletranslationmainlyfocusesonsubtitletranslationtheory,subtitletranslationtechnology,subtitletranslationtechniquessuchaslanguageconversion,culturalequivalenceandqualityassessment.StudiesatHomeThroughtheresearchonthedataofCNKIfull-textperiodicaldatabaseunderthekeyword"functionalequivalentsubtitletranslation",itcanbefoundthatsubtitletranslationhasbecomeahottopicinthefieldoftranslationinthepasttenyears,withanaverageofmorethan300articlesperyear.However,onthewhole,thenumberofpublisheddocumentsshowsagradualdecline,andsubtitletranslationinthefieldofTVdocumentarieshasbeenunderestimatedandignored.Onthewhole,theresearchofdomesticscholarsfocusesonthefollowingaspects:Althoughthereisstillalongwaytogointhissubject,domesticresearchonsubtitletranslationhasalsomadesomeachievements.Mr.QianShaochang（钱绍昌2000）,professorofShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,asaleadingfigureinthetranslationoffilmandtelevisionprogramsinChina,worksinthefrontlineoffilmandtelevisionsubtitletranslation,andhaslongcalledforpeople'sattentiontothesubtitletranslationoffilmandtelevisionprograms.Hebelievesthatthemostimportantthingintranslation,especiallysubtitletranslation,istopayattentiontofaith,eleganceandelegance.LiYunxing（李运兴2001）,aprofessoratTianjinNormalUniversity,pointedoutthatsubtitletranslationshouldbeaccurateandconcisesothatviewerscanquicklygraspthemeaningbeforethesubtitlesdisappear.MengXiangchun（孟祥春2011）putforwardthreetranslationstrategies:literaltranslation,literaltranslationandinterpretation,andinterpretivetranslation.Hebelievesthatthereareneitherabsoluteadvantagesnorabsolutedisadvantagesintranslationstrategies,andtheadoptionoftranslationstrategiesshouldbedeterminedbymanyfactorssuchascontext,styleandpurpose."Languageisthecarrierofculture,andcultureistheglimpseoflanguage,"WangBingqin（王秉钦1994）said.Hebelievesthatlanguageandcultureareinseparable,anddoingtranslationisnotonlytranslatinglanguage,butalsodisseminatingculture.Itcanbeseenthatsubtitletranslationshouldnotonlypayattentiontofaithfulness,expressivenessandelegancebutalsopayattentiontowhethertheculturalconnotationisaccuratelyandeffectivelyconveyedbehindthetranslation.Tostudyhowtobetterconveytheculturalconnotationbehindtranslation,itisnecessarytostudythesubtitletranslationskills.Thisincludestheskillsofshortening,addinganddeletinginsubtitletranslation,fromwhichresearchershavestudiedandanalyzedmanyfilmandtelevisionworks.BasedonmoviesorTVplays,theresearchonChinese-Englishsubtitlesisanalyzedundertheguidanceoffunctionalequivalence.Thesescholarsallbelievethatcultureistherootofsubtitletranslation,andtograsptheculture-loadedwordsinsubtitletranslation,wemustaccuratelygrasptheculturalconnotationbehindthetranslationbyreducingandaddingmethods.ZhangTianshuo（张天硕2022）pointedoutthatsubtitletextiscomprehensive,ephemeralandpopular,whichwillmakeitdifficulttotransmitinformationeffectivelyandeasytounderstand.Therefore,annotation,reduction,domesticationandforeignizationmethodsshouldbeadoptedtoassisttranslation.ChenXiuli（陈秀丽2022）explainsthataccordingtotheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,foureffectivetranslationstrategiesshouldbechosenintheprocessofdocumentarytranslation:addingtranslation,subtractingtranslation,recombinationandconversion.Throughthetranslationstrategytoadjustthestyleandcontentofthetranslation,soastobettermeettherequirementsandfeelingsofthetargetlanguageaudience.Theseresearchresultsarehelpfultoimprovethecross-culturalcommunicationeffectoffilmandtelevisionworksandpromotetheinternationaldevelopmentofdomesticfilmandtelevisionindustry.Itcanbeseenthatwiththedevelopmentofthedomesticfilmandtelevisionindustry,ChineseandEnglishsubtitlesareincreasinglyvaluedbyscholarsandbecomeanirresistibletrend.Althoughmostscholarshavedifferentstudies,infact,therearestillsomeproblemsthatremainunsolved.Firstofall,thetheoreticalresearchofsubtitletranslationhasnotyetgoneintodepth.LiangHaifei（梁海飞2014）describesthethreemajordefectsofdocumentarysubtitletranslation:insufficienttheoreticalsupport,theneedtoimprovethepracticalabilityoftranslationandthelackofprofessionaltranslators.Forthesubtitletranslationoftraditionalculturaldocumentaries,takingABiteofChinaasanexample,domesticscholarsmostlybasetheirresearchonskopotheryanddomesticationtheory,insteadofusingvarioustheoriestosupportsubtitletranslation,andtheirresearchmainlyfocusesontranslationskills,translationstrategiesandculturaltransmission.ThroughthecomparisonofEnglishandChinesesubtitletranslation,scholarshaveexploredthelanguagecharacteristicsandtranslationskillsoffilmandtelevisionsubtitletranslation.However,thetranslator'spracticalabilitytousepracticalskillsintranslationneedstobeimproved.Secondly,scholars'researchonsubtitletranslationofdomesticdocumentariesisfarlessthanthatoffilmandtelevisionworks,especiallythesubtitletranslationoffoodculturedocumentaries,whichisrarelymentionedbyscholars.Therefore,althoughthecurrentdomesticresearchonsubtitletranslationiscomplicated,itisnotcomprehensiveenoughandlackssystematicresearch,whichneedstobedeepenedandexpanded.StudiesAbroadForeignscholarsshouldstarttostudythisfieldearlier.Theyhavedonealotofresearchandpracticeonsubtitle,andputforwardsomepracticalsubtitletranslationstrategiesandprinciples.Withthedevelopmentoffilmintheearly20thcentury,theconceptofsubtitlescameintobeinganddeveloped.Asearlyas1974,DollerupCaystudiedSubtitlesforthefirsttimeinhisarticleOnSubtitlesinTelevisionProgrammes.Asalandmarkfigureinthisfield,IstvanFodor'sresearchisregardedasthecornerstoneofthestudyofWesternfilmandtelevisionprogramtranslationtheory.Hestudiesdubbingfrommanyaspects,suchassemiotics,linguistics,psychology,aesthetics,etc.Hebelievesthateverylanguageandculturehasitsownspecialandirreplaceable,andcannotkeeppaceinallaspects.Thetheoreticalstudyoftranslatologyisstillprogressing.AnnieBrisset,aprofessorattheUniversityofOttawa,workstodeveloptranslationstudiesusingtheoriesfromsociology.InherarticleCulturalperspectivesontranslation(2010),hercriticismoftranslationpracticefromananthropologicalperspectiverevealsthedominantrelationshipbetweenthetranslatedcultureandtheculturetobetranslated.Shethendrawsonthemodelofsociologytostudytranslationstudies,andbelievesthatcommunicationsociologymakesitpossibletoreintegratethediscoursecomponentsoftranslation.YanLi,inherarticleNida'sTranslationTheoryof"FunctionalEquivalence"andItsApplicationinChineseHerbalMedicineTranslation(2010),trytoachievethebestfunctionalequivalencefromfouraspects:thecommunicationoflanguageinformation,thetransmissionofspiritualstyle,thecommunicationoflanguagehabitsandthesimilarreactionofreaders.InhisbookExploringTranslationTheories(2023),ProfessorAnthonyPymfromtheUniversityofRovirainSpaincoverskeytheoriessuchasequivalencetheory,automationtheory,andculturaltranslationtheory,focusingonChineseexamples.Itishopedthatthroughcomparativeliteratureandappliedlinguistics,translationcanbeusedasamodeinpostmodernculturalstudiesandsociology,extendingitsscopebeyondtraditionalWesternconcepts.SummaryTheFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryproposedbyEugeneNidaisalandmarkachievementintranslationresearch.Thetheoryemphasizesthattranslationshouldgobeyondliteralequivalenceandpursuedynamicequivalencefromsemantictostylistic.Thecoreofthetheoryistomakethetargetlanguagereaders'responsetothetargettextandthesourcelanguagereaders'responsetotheoriginaltextmoreconsistent.Nidadistinguishes"dynamicequivalence"from"formalequivalence"andadvocatesthattranslationshouldgiveprioritytothetransmissionofculturalconnotationsratherthanthemechanicalreproductionoflanguageforms.Thisideahassignificantadvantagesincross-culturalcommunication.Thecurrentresearchonfunctionalequivalencetheoryabroadshowsthatthistheoryplaysanimportantroleinthefieldoftranslation,anditisatheoryfullofpotential.Thistheoryhasbeenwidelyusedandstudiedintheworld,especiallyfortranslationteachingandpracticehasahighreferencevalue.Thestudyoffunctionalequivalencetheoryindomesticacademiccirclesshows"localization".ScholarshaveexploredtheapplicabilityofthistheorytospecificfieldsinthelightofChinesetranslationpractice.Forexample,infilmandtelevisiontranslation,documentariessuchasABiteofChinaachievedynamicequivalenceoftermsoffoodculturethroughstrategiessuchasterminologystandardizationandimageanalogy,whichnotonlyretainsculturalcharacteristicsbutalsoimprovesinternationalacceptance.Somescholarspointoutthattheabsolutizationoftheconceptof"equivalence"mayignorethecomplexityofculturaldifferences,andemphasizethattranslatorsneedtostrikeadynamicbalancebetweenfidelityandadaptation.Afterdecadesofdevelopment,functionalequivalencetheoryhasevolvedfromasinglelanguagetransfertheorytothecoreparadigmofcross-culturalcommunication.ItslocalizationpracticeandtheoreticalinnovationintheChinesecontextnotonlyenrichthemethodologicalsystemoftranslationstudies,butalsoprovideimportantinspirationforglobalculturalcommunication.ChapterTwoTheoreticalFrameworkThischapterintroducesthelifeofEugeneNidaandhiscontributionstothefieldoftranslationstudies,withemphasisonhistheoryoffunctionalequivalence.Asoneofthefoundersofmoderntranslatology,Nida'stheoryemphasizesthattranslationisnotonlythetransferoflanguage,butalsothetransmissionofculture.Thetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceadvocatesthattranslationshouldachievefullequivalencefromsemantictostylisticandpayattentiontotheeffectofacceptancebytargetreaders.ThroughtheintroductionofNidaandhistheories,thischapterprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthesubsequentanalysisofsubtitletranslationinABiteofChina.2.1BriefIntroductionofEugeneA.NidaEugeneNida,afamousAmericanlinguist,translatorandtranslationtheorist,isknownas"thefatherofcontemporarytranslationtheory".Heisfamousforhistheoryof"dynamicequivalence"and"functionalequivalence",whichhashadaprofoundinfluenceonthedevelopmentoftranslationstudies.BorninOklahoma,NidagraduatedfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngelesin1936andreceivedadoctorateinlinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichiganin1943.HehaslongbeenamemberoftheAmericanBibleSociety(ABS),dedicatedtothestudyofBiblicaltranslation,andhasproposedmanyinnovativetranslationtheories.Duringhislifetime,Nidahasvisitednearly100countries,lecturedatmorethan100universities,andhasbeentoChinaforacademicexchangesmanytimes.Nida'smajorcontributionsincludethetheoryof"dynamicequivalence"and"functionalequivalence".In1964,heproposed"dynamicequivalence",emphasizingthattranslationshouldfocusonreaderresponseratherthanliteralcorrespondence.In1969,hedevelopedthistheoryinto"functionalequivalence",believingthatthegoaloftranslationistomakereadersofthetargettextunderstandandfeelsimilartothoseoftheoriginaltext.Inaddition,Nidaalsoproposedthattranslationshouldachievefourlevelsofequivalence:lexicalequivalence,syntacticequivalence,textualequivalenceandstylisticequivalence,emphasizingthatmeaningtakesprecedenceoverform.Healsointroducedinformationtheory,semioticsandhermeneuticsintotranslationtheory,andforthefirsttimeincorporatedtheprincipleofsocialbenefit(readerresponse)intotranslationcriteria,layingthetheoreticalfoundationfortranslationstudiestobecomeanindependentdiscipline.Nida'stranslationtheoryhasexertedawideinfluenceontheworld,especiallyintheChinesetranslationcircle.Hisworksinclude"TowardaScienceofTranslating"and"TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation,"Theseworksarestillimportantreferencesintranslationstudies.Nida'sacademicachievementsnotonlypromotedthedevelopmentoftranslationtheory,butalsoprovidedimportantguidanceforthepracticeofBibletranslation,andwasknownas"thefatherofmodernBibletranslation".2.2GeneralReviewofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryNidafirstintroducedtheconceptof"dynamicequivalence,"highlightingthatreadersofthetargetlanguageshouldexperiencesimilarfeelingsandresponsestothoseofthesourcelanguagereadersuponengagingwiththetranslation.Theprimaryemphasisintranslationisonconveyingmeaningeffectivelyratherthanadheringstrictlytoformalcorrespondence.Later,Nidaevolvedthisideainto"functionalequivalence,"placinggreaterfocusonensuringthatthetranslationmatchesthesourcetextinitsfunctions,suchasconveyinginformation,expressingemotions,andtransmittingculturalnuances.2.2.1TheContentsofFunctionalEquivalenceTheFunctionalEquivalenceTheorywasproposedbylinguistEugeneNida,emphasizingthattranslationshouldmakethetargetlanguagereadershavethesamereactionsastheoriginallanguagereaders,ratherthanpursuingacompletecorrespondenceofliteralmeanings.Inthefieldofsubtitletranslation,thistheoryisparticularlyimportantbecausesubtitletranslationinvolvesnotonlylanguageconversionbutalsomultiplerestrictionssuchastime,space,andculturalbackground.InNida'stheory,histranslationconceptshiftedfrom"theformofinformation"to"thereactionoftherecipient".Thus,ithighlightsthesignificantroleofthereceptorintranslation.Atthesametime,Nidaemphasizedthattranslationcanberegardedasreproducingtheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguageinthetargetlanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondintermsofstyle.Inhisview,whenjudgingwhetheratranslationisfaithfultotheoriginaltext,criticsshouldnotcomparetheformalstructurebetweentheoriginaltextanditstranslation,butrathercompare"thereactionofthereceptor".Iftheunderstandingandappreciationofthetranslationbythereceptorinthetargetlanguagearebasicallythesameasthoseofthereceptorinthesourcelanguage,thensuchatranslationcanbeevaluatedasfunctionalequivalencetranslation.2.2.2ThePrinciplesofFunctionalEquivalenceBecausenotranslationiscompletelyequivalent,anytranslationmethodwillcauselossordistortionbetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettextinthetranslationprocess.Therefore,accordingtoNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheory,thetranslationprocessshouldbedividedintothreeparts:analysis,transferandreconstruction.Theoriginaltextisanalyzedanddividedintothesimplestform,andthenreconstructedintothetargetlanguage.Theprocessfollowsthreeprinciples:PrincipleI:Functionalequivalenceisnecessaryifaclose,formaltranslationislikelytoresultinmisunderstandingofthedesignativemeaning,certainchangesmustbeintroducedintothetextofthetranslation.PrincipleII:Functionalequivalenceisnecessaryifaclose,formaltranslationmakesnosense,certainchangesmaybeintroducedintothetext.PrincipleIII:Functionalequivalenceisnecessaryifaclose,formaltranslationislikelytoresultinseriousmisunderstandingoftheassociativemeaningsoftheoriginaltextorinasignificantlossinaproperappreciationforthestylisticvaluesoftheoriginaltext,itisimportanttomakesuchadjustmentasarenecessarytoreflecttheassociativevaluesoftheoriginaltext.(Nida,1993:125)2.3TheApplicabilityofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryTheapplicabilityoffunctionalequivalencetheoryinsubtitletranslationisreflectedinlanguage,culture,contextandaudienceexperience.Byflexiblyapplyingthistheory,translatorscanaccuratelyconveythemeaning,styleandemotionoftheoriginaltextwithinalimitednumberofwords,whiletakingintoaccounttheculturalbackgroundandviewinghabitsofthetargetlanguageaudience,soastoimprovethequalityofsubtitletranslationandtheeffectofcross-culturalcommunication.Nida'stheoryoffunctionalequivalenceemphasizesreaderresponse,andbelievesthattranslationshouldmakethetargetlanguagereadersproduceasimilarresponsetothesourcelanguagereaders,ratherthanaword-by-wordresponse.Thisviewbreaksthroughtraditionalformalequivalenceandallowstranslatorstoadjustthetranslationaccordingtocontextandculture,therebyimprovingthereadabilityandacceptabilityofthetranslation.Theproposaloffunctionalequivalencemakestranslationmoreflexibleandpractical,especiallyforthetranslationoftextswithgreatculturaldifferences.Inaddition,functionalequivalencetheoryalsopaysspecialattentiontoculturaladaptationandcommunication,emphasizingthehandlingofculturaldifferencestohelpthetranslationbetterintegrateintothetargetculture.Throughfunctionalequivalence,translationbecomesabridgeofculturaltransmissionandpromotestheunderstandingandcommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.Thisculturalsensitivitymakesthetheoryparticularlyimportantinthecontextofglobalization.Intermsoftranslationpractice,Nida'stheoryprovidesspecificmethodologicalguidance.Hisdynamicequivalencestrategies(suchasadjustingsentencepatterns,replacingculture-loadedwords,etc.)helptranslatorsfindabalancebetweenfidelitytotheoriginaltextandadaptationtothetargetlanguage.Thispractice-orientedtheoryprovidesthetranslatorwithpracticaltoolstomakethetranslationclosertotheneedsofthetargetlanguagereaders.Thefunctionalequivalencetheoryalsohasaprofoundinfluenceontranslationcriticism.Hisfunctionalequivalencecriterionprovidesanewperspectivefortranslationcriticism,emphasizingthefunctionalratherthantheformalcorrespondenceofthetranslation.Thispluralisticapproachpromotestranslationcriticismfromasinglelinguisticcomparisontofunctionalandculturalanalysis,andenrichesthetheoreticalframeworkoftranslationcriticism.Finally,theequivalencetheoryhasexertedaprofoundinfluenceonsubsequenttranslationstudies.Hisideasoffunctionalequivalencelaidthefoundationforfunctionalschools,suchasHansVermeer'steleology,andinspiredscholarstofurtherexploreissuessuchasacculturationandreaderresponse.Thetheoryisstillofgreatsignificancetothefieldoftranslation.Inshort,thefunctionalequivalencetheoryhasaprofoundinfluenceontranslationresearch,practice,criticismandteaching.Itemphasizesfunctionalequivalenceandreaderresponse,promotesthescientificandinterdisciplinaryintegrationoftranslationstudies,andprovidesapracticalmethodologyfortranslators.Itscoreideasarestillofgreatguidingsignificanceinthefieldoftranslation.ChapterThreeTranslationofABiteofChinafromFunctionalEquivalencePerspectiveThischapterfocusesonthepracticalapplicationoffunctionalequivalencetheory,thatis,tostudythesubtitletranslationofABiteofChinafromtheperspectiveoffunctionalequivalencetheory.AsaclassicdocumentaryshowingChinesefoodculture,ABiteofChinanotonlycarriesrichculturalimages,butalsoconveystraditionalChineseculturetotheglobalaudiencethroughvisualandlinguisticexpression.Basedonthefunctionalequivalencetheory,thischapteranalyzesthetranslationstrategiesoftypicalfoodculturaltermsandexpressionsindocumentaries,andexploreshowtoachieveabalancebetweenculturaladaptabilityandreaderacceptancewhilemaintainingthemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Throughthein-depthanalysisofsubtitletranslation,thischapteraimstorevealthepracticalvalueoffunctionalequivalencetheoryinculturalcommunication,andprovidenewideasandmethodsforthetranslationpracticeoffoodculturedocumentaries.3.1SubtitleTranslationattheLinguisticLevelThedifferencesinculturalbackgroundandthedifferentlanguagesystemsofEnglishandChinesedeterminethatfreetranslationorliteraltranslationcannotbeusedinsubtitletranslation,otherwiseforeignerscannotquicklyunderstandtheoriginalcontent.Therefore,translatorsneedtoadoptadaptivestrategies,thatis,makeappropriateadjustmentstothetranslation.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatthetranslatorcanchangetheoriginaltextatwill,butmusttrytoachievetheexpectedtranslationeffectundertheguidanceofthefunctionalequivalencetheory.Therefore,thetranslationofwordsmustfirstensureaccuracyandunderstanding,andthendoagoodtranslation.Next,thesubtitletranslationisanalyzedindetailfromvocabulary,syntaxandcontent.3.1.1TheLevelofLexicalEquivalenceInfilmandtelevisionsubtitletranslation,subtitletranslationneedstoachievefunctionalequivalenceundertimeandspaceconstraintstoensurethattheaudiencecanquicklyunderstandthestoryandgeneratethesamereactionastheaudienceoftheoriginallanguage.Lexicalequivalenceinfunctionalequivalencereferstothefactthatinthetranslationprocess,thevocabularyofthetargetlanguagecorrespondsfunctionallytothevocabularyofthesourcelanguage,butnotnecessarilyexactlyinliteralterms.Thecoreistoconveythesamemeaningandeffect,ratherthanverbatimcorrespondence.Case1:ST：肉夹馍TT：ChinesehamburgerInABiteofChina,“肉夹馍”translatesas"Chinesehamburger."AsafamousfoodinXi'an,China,“肉夹馍”iswidelyspreadinChina.Whileforeignersdonotunderstandwhat“肉夹馍”is,bycomparingtheappearanceof“肉夹馍”withthatofhamburgers,thesimilaritiesarecaptured,sothatthetranslationiseasierforreaderstounderstandandimagine.Inthenameofaccurateatthesametime,andthenexplaintherawmaterialsandpracticesof“肉夹馍”,theChinesefoodculturespread.Case2:ST:狮子头TT:meatball“狮子头”wastranslatedas"meatball"mainlybecauseofculturaldifferencesandthesimplificationofthelanguage.“狮子头”isatraditionalChinesedishknownforitsuniqueshapeandcookingmethod,butif“狮子头”betranslatedasthename"lion'shead"maybe