2026年研究生入学考试英语一考试试题及答案

2026年研究生入学考试英语一考试试题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theconceptof"deeptime,"aframeworkforunderstandingEarth'simmenseage,fundamentallyreshapedhumanperception.Unlikehistoricaltime,measuredincenturies,orcosmologicaltime,spanningbillionsofyears,deeptime1thevast,almostincomprehensiblestretchesofEarth'sgeologicalpast.Its2inthe18thand19thcenturieswasnotmerelyascientificadjustmentbutaprofoundpsychologicalandphilosophical3.Itdemandedthathumansconfronttheirownfleetingexistenceagainstabackdropofmillionsofyearsofplanetarychange.TheScottishgeologistJamesHuttonisoften4asthefatherofthisconcept.StandingatSiccarPoint,observingangularunconformitieswhereverticallayersofslatewere5byhorizontallayersofsandstone,heinferredcyclesofdeposition,uplift,erosion,andre-depositionspanningeons.Hefamouslyconcludedthathecouldfind"novestigeofabeginning,noprospectofanend."Thisvisionofacyclical,self-renewingEarthoperatingonatimescale6humanexperiencewasrevolutionary.The7ofdeeptimewasgradualandcontested.ItclashedwithliteralinterpretationsofreligioustextsthatsuggestedamuchyoungerEarth.However,evidencefromrockstrata,fossils,andradioactivedating8.Fossils,oncethoughttobemerecuriositiesor"sportsofnature,"became9markersofsuccessivelifeforms,eachlayerapageinagrandhistoricalarchive.Thediscoveryofextinction—thatwholespecieshadvanished—addedanarrativeoflossand10tothegeologicalrecord.11deeptimeintopublicconsciousnesswasachallenge.Scientistsandwritersusedmetaphorstobridgethegap.JohnMcPheelikenedEarth'shistorytotheoldEnglishmeasureofayard:humanhistoryoccupyingthethinshavingofftheend.Suchanalogiesmadethe12scaletangible.Today,deeptimeiscrucialforaddressing13issueslikeclimatechange.Itprovidestheessentialcontext:currentatmosphericcarbonlevelsareunprecedentedinthepast800,000years,afactonlymeaningfulwithinadeep-timeframework.UnderstandingthatEarth'sclimatehas14dramaticallyinthepast,drivenbynaturalforces,15theextraordinarynatureofcurrent,human-inducedwarming.Itunderscoresthatwearenotjustalteringtheenvironmentforafewgenerationsbutare16processesthatoperateongeologicalscales.Psychologically,deeptimecaninducebothhumilityandagency.Itshrinkshumanhistorytoabriefmoment,challenginganthropocentricviews.17,italsoempowersus.Byrecognizingourroleasageologicalforce—coiningtheterm"Anthropocene"—weacceptresponsibilityforthelong-termimpactsofouractions.Thisdualperspectiveisperhapsdeeptime'sgreatest18:itsituatesourfleetingconcernswithinagrandsaga,urgingabroader,more19stewardshipoftheplanet.Inanageofshort-termthinking,thecapacitytothinkindeeptimeisnotanacademicexercisebutasurvivalskill,anecessary20forensuringthecontinuityofthecomplexsystemsthatsustainus.1.[A]designates[B]encompasses[C]transcends[D]abbreviates2.[A]emergence[B]withdrawal[C]suspension[D]recurrence3.[A]breakthrough[B]upheaval[C]consensus[D]heritage4.[A]credited[B]praised[C]recommended[D]nominated5.[A]overlain[B]undermined[C]surrounded[D]concealed6.[A]compatiblewith[B]proportionalto[C]aliento[D]dependenton7.[A]rejection[B]acceptance[C]simplification[D]manipulation8.[A]accumulated[B]dispersed[C]contradicted[D]faded9.[A]ambiguous[B]chronological[C]decorative[D]random10.[A]continuity[B]renewal[C]succession[D]transformation11.[A]Transporting[B]Translating[C]Transferring[D]Transmitting12.[A]unimaginable[B]predictable[C]negligible[D]manageable13.[A]ethical[B]contemporary[C]financial[D]theoretical14.[A]stabilized[B]fluctuated[C]deteriorated[D]accelerated15.[A]highlights[B]mitigates[C]duplicates[D]anticipates16.[A]reversing[B]observing[C]triggering[D]delaying17.[A]Conversely[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Subsequently18.[A]legacy[B]paradox[C]gift[D]dilemma19.[A]pragmatic[B]nostalgic[C]foresighted[D]rigid20.[A]attribute[B]lens[C]privilege[D]burdenSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inaneraofalgorithmiccuration,the"filterbubble"—atermpopularizedbyinternetactivistEliPariser—describesastateofintellectualisolationthatcanoccurwhenwebsitesusealgorithmstoselectivelyguesswhatinformationauserwouldliketosee,basedontheirpastbehavior.Consequently,usersbecomeseparatedfrominformationthatdisagreeswiththeirviewpoints,effectivelyisolatingthemintheirownculturalorideologicalbubbles.Whiletheconceptiswidelycited,itsempiricalvalidityandsocietalimpactaresubjectsofintensedebate.Criticsofthefilterbubblethesisarguethatitoverstatesthepowerofalgorithmsandunderestimateshumanagency.Studieshaveshownthatindividualsoftenactivelyseekoutdiverseperspectives,drivenbycuriosityoradesirefordebate.Socialmedia,ratherthanbeingamonolithicechochamber,cansometimesexposeuserstomorecross-cuttingcontentthantheirofflinenetworks,especiallyforthosewithheterogeneousfriendgroups.Thearchitectureofmanyplatforms,featuringtrendingtopicsandsharednewsstories,alsoprovidescommongroundthatcanburstideologicalbubbles.Criticsofthefilterbubblethesisarguethatitoverstatesthepowerofalgorithmsandunderestimateshumanagency.Studieshaveshownthatindividualsoftenactivelyseekoutdiverseperspectives,drivenbycuriosityoradesirefordebate.Socialmedia,ratherthanbeingamonolithicechochamber,cansometimesexposeuserstomorecross-cuttingcontentthantheirofflinenetworks,especiallyforthosewithheterogeneousfriendgroups.Thearchitectureofmanyplatforms,featuringtrendingtopicsandsharednewsstories,alsoprovidescommongroundthatcanburstideologicalbubbles.However,proponentscounterthatthedangerissubtlerandmorestructural.Evenifexposuretoopposingviewsoccurs,thecontextandrankingofthatcontentmatterprofoundly.Anopposingpoliticalargumentmightbeburieddeepinafeed,framedbydissentingcomments,oralgorithmicallylabeledas"controversial,"therebyreducingitspersuasivepower.Furthermore,thefilterbubblemayoperatenotatthelevelofhardnewsbutinthesofterrealmsoflifestyle,culture,andentertainment,graduallyshapingauser'ssenseofnormalcyandvaluesinimperceptibleways.Thiscreatesaformof"cognitivesegregation"thatishardertoidentifyandcombat.However,proponentscounterthatthedangerissubtlerandmorestructural.Evenifexposuretoopposingviewsoccurs,thecontextandrankingofthatcontentmatterprofoundly.Anopposingpoliticalargumentmightbeburieddeepinafeed,framedbydissentingcomments,oralgorithmicallylabeledas"controversial,"therebyreducingitspersuasivepower.Furthermore,thefilterbubblemayoperatenotatthelevelofhardnewsbutinthesofterrealmsoflifestyle,culture,andentertainment,graduallyshapingauser'ssenseofnormalcyandvaluesinimperceptibleways.Thiscreatesaformof"cognitivesegregation"thatishardertoidentifyandcombat.Theeconomicmodelunderpinningmostplatformsexacerbatestheissue.Engagement-drivenalgorithmsprioritizecontentthattriggersstrongemotions—oftenoutrageoraffirmation—becauseitkeepsusersscrolling.Thisdoesn'tnecessarilycreateaperfectbubbleofagreement,butitcanfosterapolarizedenvironmentwherenuanceddiscussionisdrownedoutbyextremecontentatbothends.Therealthreat,therefore,mightnotbepureisolationbuttheamplificationofaffectivepolarization,wherepoliticalidentitiesbecomechargedwithnegativeemotion.Addressingthefilterbubbledilemmarequiresmulti-facetedsolutions.Digitalliteracyeducationiscrucialtohelpusersunderstandhowalgorithmsshapetheironlineexperience.Regulatorymeasurespromotingtransparencyinalgorithmicprocesses—allowinguserstoseewhycontentisshowntothem—couldempowerindividuals.Sometechnologistsadvocatefor"serendipitybydesign,"buildingfeaturesthatintentionallyintroducediverseandchallengingcontent.Ultimately,mitigatingtheeffectsoffilterbubblesisnotjustatechnicalchallengebutasocietalone,demandingacollectiveefforttopreservethepublicsphere'svitalityinthedigitalage.21.Theauthormentions"heterogeneousfriendgroups"toillustratethatsocialmediamay[A]strengthenusers'pre-existingbeliefs.[B]enhancethediversityofinformationexposure.[C]replaceofflinesocialinteractionsentirely.[D]simplifytheprocessofcontentcuration.22.Proponentsofthefilterbubbletheorybelieveitsprimarydangerliesinits[A]completeblockageofopposingnews.[B]subtleinfluenceonpersonalvalues.[C]relianceonuser-reporteddata.[D]promotionofface-to-facedebate.23.Theengagement-driveneconomicmodeltendstoencourage[A]balancedandrationaldiscussions.[B]long-forminvestigativejournalism.[C]contentthatprovokesstrongreactions.[D]avoidanceofpoliticaltopicsaltogether.24.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedasawaytocounteractfilterbubbles?[A]Abandoningalgorithmicrecommendationscompletely.[B]Implementingfeaturesdesignedforunexpecteddiscovery.[C]Limitingsocialmediausetoafewminutesperday.[D]Centralizingcontentcontrolundergovernmentauthority.25.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]TheUnavoidableRiseofAlgorithmicControl[B]TheFilterBubble:Myth,Reality,andSolutions[C]HowSocialMediaDestroysCriticalThinking[D]EconomicModelsBehindOnlinePersonalizationText2Forcenturies,thedeepoceanwasconsideredasilentrealm,avast,darkdesertofsound.Thisperceptionwasupendedbymarinebiologistswho,withtheadventofhydrophones,discoveredarichandcomplexsoundscape.Farfrombeingsilent,theoceandepthsareacacophonyofnaturalnoises:thegroaningoficesheets,thecrackingofseaice,therumblingofearthquakes,andthechorusofmarinelife,fromthelow-frequencypulsesoffinwhalestotheclickingofdolphinsonar.Thisacousticenvironmentisnotmerebackgroundnoise;itisafundamentalchannelofcommunicationandperceptionformarineorganisms.Manyspecies,includingmostwhalesanddolphins,fish,andevensomeinvertebrates,relyonsoundforcriticallifefunctions.Theyuseittonavigatethefeaturelessdepths,locateprey,avoidpredators,findmates,andmaintainsocialbonds.Forexample,thesongsofhumpbackwhales,whichcantravelforthousandsofmiles,areessentialforbreedingrituals.Thelarvalstagesofmanyreeffishusethesoundofhealthycoralreefstofindtheirwayhomefromtheopenocean.Human-generatednoisepollution—shippingtraffic,seismicairgunsforoilexploration,navalsonar,andindustrialconstruction—isnowdramaticallyalteringthishabitat.Unlikechemicalpollution,whichmaylinger,noiseisanimmediateandpervasivepollutant.Theincessantdroneofshippropellershasraisedtheambientnoiselevelinmajorshippinglanesbyordersofmagnitude,creatingapersistent"fogofsound"thatmasksnaturalacousticcues.Theconsequencesaresevereandwide-ranging.Chronicnoisecausesphysiologicalstress,disruptsforagingandreproductivebehaviors,andleadstohabitatdisplacement.Themostdramaticincidentsinvolvemassstrandingsofbeakedwhales,stronglycorrelatedwithmid-frequencymilitarysonarexercises,whichappeartocausedecompressionsicknessinthedivingmammals.Moreinsidiously,constantlow-frequencynoisecanreducethecommunicationrangeoflargewhalesbyover90%,effectivelyisolatingpopulations.This"acousticsmog"fragmentsthesensoryworldoftheocean,withpotentiallycascadingeffectsonentireecosystems.Addressingoceanicnoisepollutionpresentsuniquechallenges.Asatransboundarypollutant,itrequiresinternationalcooperation.Technologicalsolutionsexist:quietershipdesigns,propellermodifications,andtheuseofmarinespatialplanningtocreatequietzonesorseasonalacousticrefugesincriticalhabitats,suchasbreedingorfeedinggrounds.Regulatoryframeworksareslowlyemerging,butenforcementininternationalwatersisdifficult.Thekeyliesinrecognizingtheoceanasanacoustichabitatasvitalasitsvisualorchemicaldimensions.Mitigatingnoiseisnotjustaboutreducinganannoyance;itisaboutpreservingthesensoryfabricofmarinelife,allowingtheocean'snaturalsymphonytocontinueplayingitsessentialroleintheecologyofthedeep.26.Theprimarypurposeofthefirstparagraphisto[A]contrasthistoricalandmodernviewsoftheocean.[B]describethetechnologicaltoolsusedinoceanexploration.[C]introducetheconceptofarichunderwatersoundscape.[D]listthevarioussourcesofnaturalsoundsinthesea.27.Theauthormentionshumpbackwhalesongstoexemplifyhowsoundisusedfor[A]deterringpotentialpredators.[B]facilitatingreproductiveactivities.[C]navigatingthroughicywaters.[D]locatingsourcesoffood.28.Thephrase"fogofsound"(Paragraph3)mostlikelyrefersto[A]theconfusingvarietyofnaturaloceansounds.[B]thereducedvisibilitycausedbyunderwaterconditions.[C]themaskingeffectofpersistenthuman-madenoise.[D]themysteriousoriginofcertainacousticphenomena.29.Accordingtothetext,amajorimpactoflow-frequencynoiseis[A]theimmediatedeathofsmallfishpopulations.[B]thedramaticincreaseinwhalebirthrates.[C]thesevereisolationofwhalecommunication.[D]therapiddissolutionofchemicalpollutants.30.Theauthorsuggeststhateffectivemanagementofnoisepollutionrequires[A]acompletebanonallcommercialshipping.[B]treatingsoundasakeycomponentofmarinehabitat.[C]relocatingmarinemammalstoquietercoastalareas.[D]prioritizingeconomicinterestsoveracousticconcerns.Text3The"productivityparadox,"atermcoinedtodescribetheslowdowninproductivitygrowthdespiterapidadvancesininformationtechnology,haspuzzledeconomistsfordecades.Theadventofcomputers,theinternet,andnowartificialintelligencewasexpectedtofuelanunprecedentedsurgeinoutputperhourworked.Yet,measuredproductivitygrowthinmanyadvancedeconomieshasremainedstubbornlymodestsincethe1970s.Severalexplanationshavebeenproposed.Oneismeasurementerror.Themoderneconomy'soutputisincreasinglydominatedbyservicesanddigitalgoods,whicharenotoriouslydifficulttomeasureaccurately.Howdoesonequantifythevalueofafreesearchengine,instantmessaging,ortheconvenienceofonlinebanking?Muchofthebenefitmaybecapturedasconsumersurplus—improvedquality,variety,andaccessibility—ratherthanintraditionalGDPfigures.Asecondexplanationpointstolagsinimplementationandcomplementaryinvestments.Majortechnologicalshiftsrequiretimeforbusinessestoreorganizeprocesses,forworkerstoacquirenewskills,andforcomplementaryinfrastructures(likebroadband)tobebuilt.Thefullbenefitsofelectrificationtookdecadestomaterialize;theITrevolutionmayfollowasimilarpath.Amorecriticalperspectivesuggeststhatdigitaltechnologies,whiletransformative,mayalsointroducenewformsofwasteanddistraction.Theconstantconnectivitycanfragmentattention,reducedeepfocus,andleadto"productivitytheater"—theperformanceofbusynesswithoutmeaningfuloutput.Thetoolsdesignedtosavetimeoftengeneratenewtasks(managingemails,learningnewsoftwareupdates)andcanincreaseexpectationsforimmediateresponsiveness,potentiallyerodingtimeforcontemplativeworkthatdrivesinnovation.Furthermore,thedistributionofproductivitygainshasbeenhighlyuneven.Whileasmallnumberof"superstar"firmsandtechsectorshaveseenastronomicalproductivitygrowth,largeswathesoftheservicesector,suchaseducation,healthcare,andhospitality,haveexperiencedmuchslowerprogress.Thisbifurcationskewstheaverage.Thegainsarerealbutconcentrated,failingtodiffusewidelyacrosstheeconomy.Lookingahead,theAIerapresentsbothapotentialsolutiontoandacontinuationoftheparadox.AIcouldautomatecomplexcognitivetasks,finallybreakingtheproductivitylogjam.However,italsoposesnewmeasurementchallenges(howtovalueAI-generatedcontent?)andrisksoffurtherconcentrationofbenefits.Theresolutionoftheproductivityparadoxmaynotlieinwaitingforastatisticalcorrectionbutinfosteringanecosystemwheretechnologicalpotentialismatchedbyinstitutionaladaptation,skillsdevelopment,andabroaderrethinkingofwhatconstitutesvaluableeconomicoutputinthe21stcentury.31.The"productivityparadox"referstothephenomenonthat[A]technologyinvestmentconsistentlyleadstohigheremployment.[B]productivitygrowthhassloweddespitetechnologicalprogress.[C]servicesectorproductivityiseasiertomeasurethanindustrialproductivity.[D]economicoutputhasdeclinedduetothemisuseoftechnology.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,onereasonfortheparadoxmightbethat[A]thebenefitsofnewtechnologyarefullyreflectedinGDP.[B]statisticalmethodsfailtocapturethevalueofdigitalservices.[C]workershavebecomelessskilledovertime.[D]infrastructuredevelopmenthasoutpacedtechnologicalinnovation.33.Theauthorusestheterm"productivitytheater"todescribe[A]theentertainingnatureofmodernworksoftware.[B]thegapbetweenapparentbusynessandrealoutput.[C]theuseoftechnologyinperformingarts.[D]thetrainingrequiredforeffectivetimemanagement.34.Theauthorattributespartoftheslowdowninaverageproductivitygrowthto[A]alackofinvestmentinbasicresearch.[B]therapidgrowthinallservicesectors.[C]theunevendistributionofgainsacrosssectors.[D]thedecliningimportanceofsuperstarfirms.35.ConcerningthefutureimpactofAI,theauthorexpressesasenseof[A]unqualifiedoptimism.[B]completeindifference.[C]cautiousuncertainty.[D]outrightdismissal.Text4Thepracticeof"rewilding"hasemergedasaprovocativeandambitiousapproachtoconservation.Movingbeyondtraditionalprotection,whichoftenaimstopreserveecosystemsinastaticstate,rewildingseekstorestorenaturalprocessesandreintroducekeystonespecies—oftenlargepredatorsorherbivores—tocreateself-sustainingwildlandscapes.Itscorephilosophyisoneofecologicalhumility:steppingbackandallowingnaturetomanageitself,oftenwithminimalhumanintervention.Proponentsarguethatrewildingoffersaproactiveresponsetothebiodiversitycrisis.Byreintroducingspecieslikewolves,beavers,orbison,ecosystemscanregainlostfunctions.WolvesinYellowstoneNationalPark,forinstance,alteredgrazingpatternsofelk,whichallowedwillowandaspengrovestorecover,whichinturnstabilizedriverbanksandcreatedhabitatsforbirdsandbeavers.This"trophiccascade"demonstrateshowasinglespeciescanreshapeanentirelandscape.Rewildingalsoaddressestheproblemoflarge,connectedhabitats,advocatingforwildlifecorridorsthatallowspeciestomigrateandadapttoclimatechange.Critics,however,raisepracticalandethicalconcerns.Reintroducinglargeanimals,particularlypredators,generatesconflictswithhumaninterests,especiallyfarmingandlivestock.Theriskofanimalattacks,realorperceived,fuelspublicopposition.Therearealsoecologicalrisks:introducingspeciesintoareaswheretheyhavebeenabsentforcenturiescanhaveunintendedconsequences,potentiallydisruptingexistingecosystemsorthreateningothernativespecies.Furthermore,the"self-willed"landidealcanseemlikearomanticizedvisionthatignorestherealityofhuman-dominatedlandscapes.Indenselypopulatedregions,completenon-interventionmaybeimpractical.Amorenuancedform,"passiverewilding,"isgainingtraction.Thisinvolvesreducinghumanmanagementofland—suchasabandoningmarginalagriculturalland—andallowingnaturalregenerationtooccurspontaneously.Thisapproachislesscontroversialandcanbehighlyeffectiveinrestoringbiodiversityonalocalscale.However,itmaynotachievethecomplextrophicinteractionsthatactivereintroductionsaimfor.Ultimately,rewildingisnotaone-size-fits-allprescriptionbutaspectrumofpractices.Itssuccessdependsheavilyonlocalcontext,communityengagement,andcarefulscientificplanning.Itchallengestheconservationparadigmofcreatinghuman-curatednaturereservesandasksadeeperquestion:Howmuchspacearewewillingtocedetowild,autonomousnatureintheAnthropocene?Theanswerwillshapenotonlyourlandscapesbutalsoourrelationshipwiththenaturalworld.36.Theprimarygoalofrewilding,asdescribedinthetext,isto[A]createeasilyaccessibleparksforpublicrecreation.[B]maintainecosystemsintheircurrentstate.[C]restoreself-regulatingnaturalprocesses.[D]prioritizethebreedingofendangeredspeciesincaptivity.37.TheexampleofwolvesinYellowstoneisusedtoillustratetheconceptof[A]human-wildlifeconflict.[B]trophiccascade.[C]passiveregeneration.[D]habitatfragmentation.38.Criticsofrewildingareprimarilyconcernedaboutits[A]highfinancialcostcomparedtotraditionalconservation.[B]potentialnegativeimpactsonhumanactivitiesandexistingecology.[C]inabilitytoattractpublicinterestandtourism.[D]focusonanimalsratherthanplantspecies.39."Passiverewilding"differsfromactiverewildinginthatit[A]involvesthedeliberatereintroductionofkeyspecies.[B]requiresconstanthumanmanagementandmonitoring.[C]reliesonreducinghumaninterventionfornaturalrecovery.[D]aimstocreateurbangreenspacesforwildlife.40.Theauthorsuggeststhatthebroadersignificanceofrewildingliesinitschallengeto[A]theeconomicvalueofagriculturalland.[B]thescientificmethodsofspeciesclassification.[C]thetraditionalhuman-centricapproachtoconservation.[D]theglobalpoliciesonclimatechangemitigation.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thehistoryofreadingisnotmerelyachronicleofwhatwasread,butahistoryofhowreadingwasdone—ahistoryoftheintimate,physicalrelationshipbetweenreaderandtext.Forcenturies,thedominantmodewasreadingaloud.Intheancientandmedievalworlds,silentreadingwasrare.41.______.Textswereoftenwritteninscriptiocontinua—withoutspacesbetweenwords—makingthemdifficulttodecipherquicklywiththeeyealone.Readingwasasocial,performative,andauditoryact.Thehistoryofreadingisnotmerelyachronicleofwhatwasread,butahistoryofhowreadingwasdone—ahistoryoftheintimate,physicalrelationshipbetweenreaderandtext.Forcenturies,thedominantmodewasreadingaloud.Intheancientandmedievalworlds,silentreadingwasrare.41.______.Textswereoftenwritteninscriptiocontinua—withoutspacesbetweenwords—makingthemdifficulttodecipherquicklywiththeeyealone.Readingwasasocial,performative,andauditoryact.Theshifttosilent,visualreadingwasaprofoundcognitiverevolution.Itiscloselyassociatedwiththeproliferationofbooksaftertheinventionoftheprintingpressandchangesintextualformatting.42.______.Thisvisualparsingallowedforfaster,moreprivate,andpotentiallymorecriticalengagementwiththetext.Thereadercouldnowcontrolthepace,re-readpassages,andengageinaninternaldialoguewiththeauthor.43.______.ScholarslikeSt.AugustineexpressedastonishmentuponseeingAmbrose,theBishopofMilan,readingsilentlyinthe4thcentury,notingitasaremarkableandunusualfeat.Thecapacityforsilentreadingfosterednewformsofinteriorityandindividualism.Asreadingbecameaprivatecommunionbetweenthemindandthepage,itencouragedthedevelopmentofindependentthoughtandpersonalinterpretation,whichsomehistorianslinktotheriseofProtestantismandtheEnlightenment.44.______.Thedigitalagehasintroducednewreadingpractices:scrollingthroughfragmentedtextonscreens,skimminghyperlinks,andmultitasking.Neuroscientistsareinvestigatingwhetherthis"non-linear"readingaffectsdeepcomprehensionandsustainedattention.Somestudiessuggestscreenreadingleadstomoresuperficialprocessingandlessretentioncomparedtoreadingonpaper.45.______.Perhapsthefutureliesnotinthesupremacyofonemodeoveranother,butinamultimodalliteracythatrecognizesthestrengthsofeach.Thehistoryofreadingremindsusthatthetechnologyofthetext—claytablet,scroll,codex,printedbook,screen—profoundlyshapesthecognitiveandsocialexperienceofreadingitself.[A]However,theeraofsilentreadingdominantforoverfivecenturiesmaybeundergoinganothertransformation.[B]Consequently,theauthor'sintentbecamethesolefocusofliteraryinterpretationformanygenerations.[C]Theintroductionofwordseparation,punctuation,andpagenumberinginthelaterMiddleAgesgraduallymadetextsmore"eye-friendly."[D]Forinstance,theriseofthenovelinthe18thcenturywasdirectlydependentonthespreadofsilentreadinghabits.[E]Thisdeep,focusedreadingisnowoftencontrastedwiththemorescatteredreadinghabitsencouragedbydigitalmedia.[F]Evidenceforthistransitioncanbefoundinhistoricalanecdotesandthechangingmaterialityofbooks.[G]Toreadwastypicallytopronouncethewords,tohearthem,andoftentosharethemwithlisteners.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theideaof"progress"isarelativelymoderninvention.Formostofhumanhistory,timewasviewedascyclicalorasaperiodofdeclinefromapastgoldenage.(46)Thenotionthathumanityisonalinearpathofimprovement—material,moral,andintellectual—gainedtractiononlywit