阅读时的批判性思维

阅读时的批判性思维Text1CriticalThinkingPartI:(Paras、1–4)Whatiscriticalthinking?(definition)Para、1:It’sasystemforopeningeveryexistingsystem、Para、2:Or,criticalthinkingisthinkingthatanalyzesthought,thatassessesthought,andthattransformsthoughtforthebetter、Para、2:(Thereisathirdwaytotalkaboutcriticalthinking)It’sthinkingaboutthinkingwhilethinkinginordertothinkbetter、Para、4:Inotherwords,criticalthinking,…,transformsthinkingintwodirections:moresystematicallyandmoreprehensively、PartII:(Paras、5–6)Criticalthinkingisimportant、Para、5:It’simportantbecausewe,ascreatures,aredeeplydetermined…byourthinking、Para、6:Ourfutureasaspeciesisdependentonwhetherwecandevelopthewherewithaltoraiseourcollectivethinkingsoastoproducepositivechangesinsocietiesacrosstheworld、PartIII:(Paras、7–10):ThetaskofdevelopingcriticalsocietiesisaHerculeanone、Para、7:topicsentenceandbackgroundinformation、Paras、8--10:Therearemanybarrierstocriticalthought、--Para、8:humanegocentricity,sociocentricity,self-delusion,narrow-mindedness--Para、9:fear,humaninsecurity,humanhabits,bureaucracy--Para、10:Thenforuswhoareteaching,studentresistancetocriticalthinkingisanobstacle、、、、mistakennotions,ignorance,ourlimitedknowledge,stubbornness,ouractivatedignorance,(finally)ourresistancetodoingtheintellectualwork、、、PartIV(Paras、11–15):Howdowecultivatecriticalthinking?Paras、11and12:Thiscanbedoneonlyperson-by-personthroughaprocess,whichwecallintellectualwork、Thinkofthe“ElementsofThought”、、、Areweinthehabitofaskingquestions?Paras、13–15:Whatstandardsdoyouusetoassessyourthinkingandthethinkingofothers?“Iusethestandardsofclarity,accuracy,precision,relevance,depth,breadth,logicandfairness、”Thelasttwoparas、:conclusionOurstudentsshouldlearntothinkcriticallysoastoknowhowtochangetheirthinkinginkeepingwiththechangesoftheworld、Whatiscriticalthinking?Whyisitimportantforus?Whyisitsodifficult?Howcanwecultivateit?Whatis“beingcritical”?CriticesfromtheAncientGreek,meaningapersonwhooffersreasonedjudgmentoranalysis,andcriticismistheactivityofjudgmentorinformedinterpretation,whichcanbesynonymouswithanalysis、'Beingcritical'inacademictermsreferstotwobroadcharacteristicsofaresearcher'swayofthinking、Acriticalresearcherisalwaysquestioning、askingquestion/expressingdoubts:nothingistakenforgranted、scrutinizingevidence:Wherethereisaclaimmade,clarifytheevidencethatsupports、drawingaconclusion:checkiftheclaimsinquestionarecredible-ornot!大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持继续保持安静Acriticalresearcherisopen-minded,respectfulofothers(evenwhileperhapschallengingtheirwork),andconstructive、Theobjectiveofcriticalresearchistoadvanceknowledge,nottobuildone'sownreputationordamagesomeoneelse's、So,howdoyouunderstand“beingcritical”inreading?Whatdowemeanby‘critical’inreading?readbetweenlinesbeinquisitivejudgecredibilitymentrationallyreflectononeselfforimprovementreadbetweenlines:thinkingcarefullyaboutwhatyoureadandwhy:notjustlookingforandreadingtheobviousbeinquisitive:questioningandtestingwhatyouread,e、g、“dotheauthor’sviewpointsandideasappearjustified?Why-orwhynot?”askinggoodquestionsofothersandofyourselfexploringfurtherwhatisnotadequatelydiscussedinwhatyoureadjudgecredibility:judgingwhatisbelievableandwhatisnotspottingandchallengingpotentialbias,distortedviews,prejudice,andself-interest-intheworkofothers,andinyourownthinkingchallengingideas-whereappropriate,andbasedoncredibleevidencementrationally:notjustrepeatingtheideasofothers,butlookingforconnections(ordisparities),andconstructingyourownargumentssupportedbyarangecarefullyconsideredviewpointsreflectforimprovement:lookingforgaps,andputtingforwardnewordifferentsolutions;adaptingyourplan,yourgoal,yourwayofreadingandlearningbasedonyourdevelopinginsightsWhatisthe“criticalthinking”

‘stairway’?Whatdopeopledowhentheythinkcritically?Discussion(I)Whenyouhaveaproblem,orsimplywhenyouwanttodosth、,orachieveacertaingoal,whatdoyoudotoarriveatthefinaldestination?Discussion(II)SherlockHolmesandJohnWatsonhavenevermeteachotherbuttheyaregoingtoshareaflat、Whentheymeetforthefirsttime,theymustwonder:Whoistheguyandwhatishelike?HowdidHolmesgettheanswers?HowdidWatsongettheanswers?Holmes’waytogettheanswer–Question–observa