2026年自学考试英语专业阅读理解专项训练

2026年自学考试英语专业阅读理解专项训练考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______第一部分阅读理解directions:Readthefollowingpassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswer(s)foreachquestion.Markyouranswerontheanswersheetprovided.PassageOneTheconceptof"hygge"(pronouncedhoo-gah),aDanishwordthattranslatesroughlytocozinessorcomfort,hasgainedsignificanttractioninrecentyearsasacounterpointtotheoftenstressfulandhyper-connectednatureofmodernlife.WhileitsoriginsaredeeplyrootedinDanishculture,theideaofhyggeextendsbeyondmerephysicalwarmth.Itencompassesafeelingofwell-being,contentment,andasenseofbelongingthatiscultivatedthroughsimple,intentionalacts.Hyggeisnotaboutextravagancebutaboutfindingjoyintheordinary.Itcanbeassimpleaslightingcandles,enjoyingawarmcupofteaorcoffeewhilewrappedinablanket,orgatheringwithlovedonesforahome-cookedmeal.Theemphasisisoncreatingaatmosphereofcomfortandintimacy,whereonecanrelaxandfeelsafefromtheoutsideworld.Thismightinvolvedecoratingone'shomewithsoftlighting,comfortablefurnishings,andpersonalmementosthatevokepositivefeelings.ThepracticeofhyggeisparticularlyresonantinDenmark,acountryknownforitshighlevelsofhappinessandlowlevelsofstress.WhilethereasonsforDenmark'shappinessaremultifaceted,manyDanesattributetheirwell-beingtothehyggelifestyle.Byfocusingonthepresentmomentandfindingjoyinsimplepleasures,peoplecanreducestressandimprovetheiroverallmentalandemotionalhealth.Thecommunalaspectofhygge,whereactivitiesareoftendonetogetherwithothers,alsofostersasenseofcommunityandbelonging,whichareessentialcomponentsofhumanwell-being.1.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheprimarypurposeofhygge?a)Toprovideatemporaryescapefromthestressesofdailylife.b)Topromoteextravaganceandluxury.c)Tofosterasenseofcommunityandbelonging.d)Toencouragehyper-connectivityandsocialmediause.2.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheDanishconceptofhygge?a)Itisprimarilyaboutphysicalwarmthandcomfort.b)Itisacomplexphilosophicalconceptthatisdifficulttodefine.c)Itfocusesonfindingjoyinsimple,everydayactivities.d)Itinvolveselaboratedecorationsandexpensivefurnishings.3.Theword"cultivated"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)destroyedb)ignoredc)developedd)neglected4.WhatroledoesthecommunalaspectofhyggeplayinDanishculture?a)Itencouragesindividualismandself-reliance.b)Itfostersasenseofcommunityandsocialsupport.c)Itleadstoincreasedsocialanxietyandisolation.d)Itpromotescompetitionandindividualachievement.5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofhygge?a)Lightingcandlestocreateacozyatmosphere.b)Spendingtimealonereadingabook.c)Havingawarmcupofteawhilewrappedinablanket.d)Gatheringwithfriendsforahome-cookedmeal.6.Thepassagesuggeststhathyggecancontributeto:a)increasedstressandanxiety.b)bettermentalandemotionalhealth.c)adeclineinsocialinteraction.d)higherlevelsofmaterialism.PassageTwoTherapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)hassparkedaglobaldebateaboutitspotentialimpactontheworkforce.WhileAIoffersnumerousbenefits,includingincreasedefficiencyandtheabilitytoperformcomplextasks,italsoraisesconcernsaboutjobdisplacementandthechangingnatureofwork.AsAIsystemsbecomemoresophisticated,theyareincreasinglycapableofreplicatingtasksthatwerepreviouslythoughttorequirehumanintelligence.Oneofthemostsignificantconcernsisthepotentialdisplacementofhumanworkersinvariousindustries.AutomationdrivenbyAIcouldleadtotheeliminationofjobsthatinvolverepetitiveorpredictabletasks,suchasdataentry,manufacturing,andevensomeformsofcustomerservice.WhilenewjobswillundoubtedlybecreatedinfieldsrelatedtoAIdevelopmentandmaintenance,thereisariskthatthesenewrolesmaynotbesufficienttooffsetthejobslosttoautomation.AnotheraspectoftheAIdebateisthechangingnatureofworkitself.AsAItakesovermoreroutinetasks,thedemandforskillsthatinvolvecriticalthinking,creativity,andemotionalintelligencemayincrease.Workerswillneedtoadapttoanewlandscapewherehumanskillsarehighlyvalued,andtheabilitytocollaboratewithAIsystemswillbecomeessential.Thisshiftmayrequiresignificantinvestmentsineducationandtrainingtoensurethattheworkforceispreparedforthefutureofwork.Despitethesechallenges,AIalsopresentsopportunitiesforworkerstoenhancetheirproductivityandcapabilities.AItoolscanassisthumansinperformingtasksmoreefficiently,freeinguptimeformorecomplexandcreativework.Additionally,AIcanhelpidentifyareaswhereworkersneedadditionaltrainingordevelopment,allowingformorepersonalizedandtargetededucationalprograms.7.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?a)Thehistoryofartificialintelligence.b)ThepotentialbenefitsandchallengesofAIintheworkforce.c)TheethicalimplicationsofAIinvariousindustries.d)TheroleofAIineducationandtraining.8.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisapotentialbenefitofAI?a)ThecreationofnewjobsinAIdevelopment.b)Thedisplacementofhumanworkersinallindustries.c)Thereductionofhumanproductivity.d)Theautomationofallhumantasks.9.Theword"sophisticated"inthesecondparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)basicb)advancedc)expensived)slow10.Whatistheauthor'smainargumentregardingtheimpactofAIontheworkforce?a)AIwillultimatelyleadtothecompletereplacementofhumanworkers.b)AIwillcreatemorejobsthanitdisplaces,leadingtooveralleconomicgrowth.c)AIwillrequireworkerstoadaptanddevelopnewskillstoremaincompetitive.d)AIwillprimarilybenefitbusinessesbyreducinglaborcosts.11.Thepassagesuggeststhatthefutureofworkwilllikelyinvolve:a)adecreaseinthedemandforhumanskills.b)agreaterrelianceonhumancreativityandemotionalintelligence.c)thecompleteautomationofalltasks.d)asignificantreductioninthenumberofavailablejobs.12.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'stonetowardthetopicofAI?a)Pessimisticandfearful.b)Optimisticandsupportive.c)Objectiveandbalanced.d)Indifferentanduninterested.PassageThreeClimatechangeisoneofthemostpressingchallengesfacingtheworldtoday.Itseffectsarefar-reachingandincluderisingglobaltemperatures,meltingicecaps,morefrequentandsevereweatherevents,anddisruptionstoecosystems.TheprimarycauseofclimatechangeistheincreaseingreenhousegasesintheEarth'satmosphere,primarilycarbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),andnitrousoxide(N2O).Thesegasestrapheatfromthesun,leadingtoawarmingeffectknownasthegreenhouseeffect.Theconsequencesofclimatechangearealreadybeingfeltaroundtheglobe.Risingsealevelsthreatencoastalcommunities,leadingtoincreasedfloodinganderosion.Moreextremeweatherevents,suchashurricanes,droughts,andheatwaves,arecausingsignificantdamagetopropertyandinfrastructure,aswellaslossoflife.Additionally,climatechangeisimpactingecosystems,leadingtothelossofbiodiversityandthedisplacementofspecies.Addressingclimatechangerequiresamultifacetedapproachthatinvolvesbothindividualandcollectiveaction.Onanindividuallevel,peoplecanreducetheircarbonfootprintbymakinglifestylechangessuchasusingpublictransportation,conservingenergy,andreducingconsumption.Onalargerscale,governmentsandorganizationsneedtoimplementpoliciesandinitiativesthatpromoterenewableenergy,reduceemissions,andprotectnaturalhabitats.Whilethechallengeofclimatechangeissignificant,thereisstillhopeformitigatingitsworsteffects.Byworkingtogetherandtakingdecisiveaction,itispossibletoslowdowntherateofclimatechangeandbuildamoresustainablefuture.However,thewindowofopportunityisclosing,andimmediateactionisneededtoavoidthemostcatastrophicconsequencesofclimatechange.13.Whatistheprimarycauseofclimatechangeaccordingtothepassage?a)Themeltingoficecaps.b)TheincreaseingreenhousegasesintheEarth'satmosphere.c)Morefrequentandsevereweatherevents.d)Disruptionstoecosystems.14.Whichofthefollowingisaneffectofclimatechangementionedinthepassage?a)Theincreaseinbiodiversity.b)Thereductionofglobaltemperatures.c)Themeltingoficecapsandrisingsealevels.d)Thedecreaseinthefrequencyofhurricanes.15.Theword"mitigating"inthelastparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)worseningb)addressingc)ignoringd)delaying16.Accordingtothepassage,whatisneededtoaddressthechallengeofclimatechange?a)Individuallifestylechangesalone.b)Governmentpoliciesandinitiativesalone.c)Amultifacetedapproachinvolvingbothindividualandcollectiveaction.d)Ignoringtheproblemandhopingitwillresolveitself.17.Whatistheauthor'smainargumentregardingclimatechange?a)Climatechangeisnotaseriousthreatanddoesnotrequireimmediateaction.b)Climatechangeisasignificantchallengethatrequiresimmediateandcollectiveactiontomitigateitseffects.c)Climatechangeisprimarilycausedbynaturalfactorsandcannotbealteredbyhumanactivity.d)Theconsequencesofclimatechangearealreadyirreversibleandcannotbemitigated.PassageFourTheinternethasrevolutionizedthewayweaccessandshareinformation.Inthepast,peoplereliedontraditionalmediasuchasnewspapers,television,andradiotostayinformedaboutcurrentevents.However,theriseoftheinternethasmadeitpossibleforanyonewithaccesstoacomputerorsmartphonetopublishanddistributeinformationtoaglobalaudience.Thisshifthashadaprofoundimpactonthemedialandscape.Traditionalmediaoutletshavehadtoadapttothechangingenvironment,incorporatingdigitalplatformsintotheiroperations.Atthesametime,newonlinemediasourceshaveemerged,offeringalternativeperspectivesandsourcesofinformation.Thishasledtoamorediverseandpluralisticmediaenvironment,butithasalsoraisedconcernsaboutthequalityandreliabilityofinformationavailableonline.Oneofthebiggestchallengesoftheinternetageisthespreadofmisinformationanddisinformation.Theeasewithwhichfalseormisleadinginformationcanbecreatedanddisseminatedonlinehasledtoconcernsabouttheimpactonpublicopinionandpoliticaldiscourse.Insomecases,thishascontributedtothepolarizationofsocietyandtheerosionoftrustininstitutions.Despitethesechallenges,theinternethasalsodemocratizedaccesstoinformation.Peopleinremoteorunderservedareascannowaccessnewsandinformationthatwaspreviouslyunavailabletothem.Additionally,theinternethasmadeiteasierforindividualstoconnectwithotherswhosharetheirinterests,creatingonlinecommunitiesandfosteringasenseofglobalinterconnectedness.18.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?a)Thehistoryoftraditionalmedia.b)Theimpactoftheinternetonthemedialandscapeandaccesstoinformation.c)Theethicalimplicationsofonlinecontentcreation.d)Theroleofsocialmediainpoliticaldiscourse.19.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisaresultoftheriseoftheinternet?a)Thedeclineoftraditionalmediaoutlets.b)Thedemocratizationofaccesstoinformation.c)Thecompletereplacementofnewspaperswithonlinesources.d)Thereductioninthediversityofmediasources.20.Theword"disseminated"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)createdb)sharedc)suppressedd)ignored21.Accordingtothepassage,whatisoneofthebiggestchallengesoftheinternetage?a)Thelackofaccesstoinformationinremoteareas.b)Thespreadofmisinformationanddisinformation.c)Thehighcostofinternetaccess.d)Thedifficultyofcreatingonlinecommunities.22.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'smainargumentregardingtheinternet?a)Theinternethashadaprimarilynegativeimpactonsociety.b)Theinternethasrevolutionizedthewayweaccessandshareinformation,presentingbothopportunitiesandchallenges.c)Theinternetisprimarilyatoolforcreatingandsharingmisinformation.d)Theinternethasmainlybenefitedtraditionalmediaoutlets.PassageFiveTheconceptof"mindfulness"hasgainedsignificantpopularityinrecentyearsasameansofimprovingmentalandemotionalwell-being.Mindfulnessisthepracticeofpayingattentiontothepresentmoment,onpurpose,andwithoutjudgment.Thisinvolvesbeingawareofone'sthoughts,feelings,andbodilysensations,andobservingthemwithouttryingtochangeorcontrolthem.Researchhasshownthatmindfulnesscanhaveanumberofbenefitsformentalhealth.Studieshavefoundthatmindfulnesspractices,suchasmeditationandyoga,canhelpreducestress,anxiety,anddepression.Thesepracticescanalsoimprovefocus,concentration,andoverallcognitivefunction.Additionally,mindfulnesshasbeenlinkedtoincreasedself-awarenessandagreaterabilitytomanageemotionseffectively.Thepracticeofmindfulnesscanbeincorporatedintodailylifeinanumberofways.Simpletechniques,suchasmindfulbreathing,mindfuleating,andmindfulwalking,canhelpindividualscultivateagreatersenseofpresenceandawarenessthroughouttheday.Mindfulnessappsandonlinecoursesarealsoavailable,providingguidedpracticesandresourcesforthosewhowanttolearnmoreaboutmindfulness.Whilemindfulnesshasmanypotentialbenefits,itisimportanttoapproachitwithanopenandnon-judgmentalattitude.Mindfulnessisnotaboutachievingastateofperfectcalmorenlightenment,butratheraboutdevelopingagreaterawarenessofone'sownexperienceandlearningtorelatetoitinamorecompassionateandacceptingway.Itisapracticethatrequirespatienceandpersistence,butthebenefitscanbesignificantandlong-lasting.23.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?a)Thehistoryofmeditationandyoga.b)Thepracticeandbenefitsofmindfulness.c)Theuseofmindfulnessappsinmentalhealthtreatment.d)Theroleofself-awarenessinemotionalwell-being.24.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisabenefitofmindfulness?a)Improvedfocusandconcentration.b)Thedevelopmentofacriticalmindset.c)Thereductionofstressandanxiety.d)Theincreaseinmaterialwealth.25.Theword"cultivate"inthethirdparagraphisclosestinmeaningto:a)destroyb)ignorec)developd)neglect26.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'smainargumentregardingmindfulness?a)Mindfulnessisacomplexanddifficultpracticethatrequiresyearsoftraining.b)Mindfulnessisnotareliablemethodforimprovingmentalhealth.c)Mindfulnessisasimpleandaccessiblepracticethatcanhavenumerousbenefitsformentalandemotionalwell-being.d)Mindfulnessisprimarilyatoolforachievingenlightenment.27.Whatistheauthor'sadviceregardingthepracticeofmindfulness?a)Mindfulnessshouldonlybepracticedbyexperiencedmeditators.b)Mindfulnessrequiresajudgmentalapproachtobeeffective.c)Mindfulnessshouldbeapproachedwithanopenandnon-judgmentalattitude.d)Mindfulnessisnotworththetimeoreffortittakestopractice.第二部分完形填空directions:Readthefollowingpassagecarefully.FillineachblankwithONEwordthatbestfitsthemeaningofthepassageandmakesgrammaticalsense.Thehumanbrainisaremarkableorgan,28responsibleforavastarrayoffunctionsthat29ourdailylives.Frombasicsurvivalinstinctstocomplexcognitiveprocesses,thebrain'scapabilitiesare30astounding.Oneofthemostfascinatingaspectsofthebrainisitsabilitytoadaptandchange,aphenomenonknownasneuroplasticity.Neuroplasticityreferstothebrain'sabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnectionsthroughoutlife.Thismeansthatthebrainisnotstaticbutratheradynamicorganthatcanbealteredbyexperience,learning,andeventhought.Forexample,whenwelearnanewskill,suchasplayingamusicalinstrumentorspeakinganewlanguage,thebrainformsnewneuralpathwaystosupportthislearning.Similarly,ifwedamageapartofthebrain,otherareascansometimescompensateforthisdamagebytakingoversomeofthelostfunctions.Theconceptofneuroplasticityhas31numerousapplicationsinmedicineandtherapy.Forinstance,ithasbeenusedtohelpstrokevictimsrecovermovementandspeech,toaidinthetreatmentoflearningdisabilities,andtoimprovecognitivefunctioninolderadults.Byunderstandinghowthebraincanadaptandchange,researchersandclinicianscandevelopmoreeffectivestrategiesfortreatingawiderangeofneurologicalandpsychologicalconditions.However,thebrain'splasticityisnotlimitless.Therearelimitstohowmuchthebraincanchange,andtheselimitscanbeinfluencedbyvariousfactors,suchasage,genetics,andtheseverityoftheinjuryorcondition.Despitetheselimitations,thestudyofneuroplasticityhasopenedupnewpossibilitiesfortreatingandmanagingneurologicalandpsychologicaldisorders,offeringhopeforabetterfutureformillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.28.a)alsob)evenc)thusd)however29.a)controlb)definec)enrichd)complicate30.a)incrediblyb)reluctantlyc)unconsciouslyd)unfortunately31.a)inspiredb)limitedc)questionedd)overlooked第三部分短文写作directions:Writeashortessayofabout120wordsonthetopic"TheImportanceofReading".TheImportanceofReadingReadingisanessentialactivitythatplaysacrucialroleinourpersonalandintellectualdevelopment.Itisafundamentalskillthatopensdoorstoaworldofknowledge,imagination,andunderstanding.Throughreading,wecanexploredifferentcultures,ideas,andperspectives,broadeningourhorizonsandfosteringasenseofempathyandtolerance.Moreover,readingisapowerfultoolforimprovingourcognitiveabilities.Itenhancesourvocabulary,comprehensionskills,andcriticalthinkingskills.Regularreadingalsohelpstoreducestressandimproveourconcentrationandfocus.Inaddition,readingcaninspireus,motivateus,andchallengeus,encouragingustothinkcreativelyanddevelopnewideas.Inconclusion,readingisavitalactivitythathasnumerousbenefitsforourpersonalandintellectualgrowth.Itisalifelongjourneythatenrichesourlivesincountlessways.Therefore,weshouldallmakereadingaregularhabitandembracethemanyopportunitiesitofferstolearn,grow,andexploretheworldaroundus.试卷答案第一部分阅读理解1.a)Toprovideatemporaryescapefromthestressesofdailylife.解析：第一段明确指出，hygge的核心是“通过简单的、有意识的行动来培养舒适感、幸福感和归属感”，旨在“暂时逃离日常生活的压力”，这与选项a相符。选项b与文章强调的“简单、不奢侈”相反。选项c是hygge的一个结果，而非主要目的。选项d与hygge提倡的“减少连接”相反。2.c)Itfocusesonfindingjoyinsimple,everydayactivities.解析：第一段提到hygge“扩展到不仅仅是身体的温暖”，强调“在平凡中寻找乐趣”，可以通过“点燃蜡烛、享受一杯热茶、与亲友共进家宴”等“简单、有意识的行动”来实现。这与选项c的描述一致。选项a只涵盖了hygge的部分含义。选项b过于复杂，与hygge的实质不符。选项d描述的是社交活动，并非hygge的全部。3.c)developed解析：第一段“cultivated”意为“培养、发展”，指通过有意行动使幸福感等得以发展。选项c“developed”（发展）与其意思最为接近。选项a“destroyed”（破坏）意思相反。选项b“ignored”（忽视）意思不符。选项d“neglected”（忽视）意思不符。4.b)Itfostersasenseofcommunityandsocialsupport.解析：第三段明确提到hygge的“共同性”方面，通过“与他人一起进行活动”可以“培养社群感和社交支持”，这与选项b的描述一致。选项a与hygge强调的社群感相反。选项c与hygge的温暖、支持氛围相反。选项d与hygge强调的合作、支持相反。5.b)Spendingtimealonereadingabook.解析：根据第二段，hygge强调的是“一起”享受舒适和亲密的氛围。选项a、c、d都描述了与他人或共同活动相关的场景。选项b“独自阅读一本书”虽然是个人的放松活动，但通常不符合hygge强调的社交和共同体验的核心。因此，它不是hygge的典型例子。6.b)bettermentalandemotionalhealth.解析：第三段提到，丹麦人将幸福感归因于hygge生活方式，通过“专注于当下”、“享受简单乐趣”可以“减轻压力，改善整体心理健康和情绪状态”。这与选项b的描述一致。选项a与hygge的减压效果相反。选项c是hygge的结果之一，而非直接贡献。选项d与hygge的简单生活理念不符。7.b)ThepotentialbenefitsandchallengesofAIintheworkforce.解析：文章首段提出AI带来的好处（效率、完成任务）和坏处（工作替代、工作性质改变）。第二、三段分别详细阐述了这些好处和坏处。第四段提及AI带来的工作增强机会。全文围绕AI对工作的影响展开，核心是探讨其潜在益处与挑战。选项b最准确地概括了主旨。8.a)ThecreationofnewjobsinAIdevelopment.解析：第二段明确提到，虽然AI可能导致某些工作被取代，但“无疑会创造新的角色”，特别是在“与AI开发和维护相关的领域”。选项a正是对这一点的概括。选项b过于绝对，并非所有新工作都足够抵消失业。选项c是AI带来的挑战之一。选项d与AI可能减少重复性工作的趋势相反。9.b)advanced解析：第二段描述AI系统“越来越复杂”，能够“复制需要人类智能的任务”。选项b“advanced”（先进的）表示技术发展水平高，与其意思最为接近。选项a“basic”（基础的）意思相反。选项c“expensive”（昂贵的）是可能的结果，但不是词义本身。选项d“slow”（缓慢的）与“sophisticated”无关。10.c)AIwillrequireworkerstoadaptanddevelopnewskillstoremaincompetitive.解析：文章第二段指出AI将取代重复性工作，第三段强调“人类技能（如批判性思维、创造力、情商）”的需求增加，以及“与AI系统协作”将变得“至关重要”。第四段也提到需要“投资教育和培训”以适应变化。综合来看，作者的核心论点是，AI将迫使劳动者适应并发展新技能以保持竞争力。11.b)agreaterrelianceonhumancreativityandemotionalintelligence.解析：第三段明确指出，随着AI接管重复性任务，对“批判性思维、创造力、情商”等“人类技能的需求可能会增加”。这意味着未来的工作将更依赖这些“人类技能”。选项b准确概括了这一点。选项a与文章观点相反。选项c是未来工作的一个方面，但不是核心特征。选项d与AI发展趋势不符。12.c)Objectiveandbalanced.解析：文章既提到了AI的“好处”（效率、新岗位、能力增强），也指出了其“坏处”（工作替代、技能需求变化、挑战）。作者在介绍观点时，并未明显表现出强烈的恐惧、支持、偏见或冷漠。文章试图呈现一个全面、多角度的视角，因此其语气是客观且平衡的。13.b)TheincreaseingreenhousegasesintheEarth'satmosphere.解析：第一段明确说明气候变化的“主要原因是地球大气中温室气体的增加”，主要指CO2、CH4、N2O等。选项b直接对应了文中的核心原因。选项a是气候变化的一个表现。选项c、d也是气候变化的影响或后果。14.c)Themeltingoficecapsandrisingsealevels.解析：第一段列举了气候变化的“影响”，包括“全球变暖”、“冰盖融化”、“更频繁和更严重的天气事件”、“生态系统受到干扰”。选项c明确提到了“冰盖融化”和“海平面上升”，是文中直接列出的具体影响。选项a是原因。选项b与气候变化的趋势相反。15.b)addressing解析：最后一段提到“mitigatingitsworsteffects”，意为“减轻其最糟糕的影响”。选项b“addressing”（处理、应对）与其意思最为接近。选项a“worsening”（恶化）意思相反。选项c“ignoring”（忽视）意思不符。选项d“delaying”（延迟）意思不符。16.c)Amultifacetedapproachinvolvingbothindividualandcollectiveaction.解析：最后一段明确指出，应对气候变化需要“多方面的方法”，包括“个人层面的生活方式改变”和“政府及组织层面的政策及倡议”。这与选项c的描述完全一致。选项a、b、d都只涵盖了应对方式的一部分，不够全面。17.b)Climatechangeisasignificantchallengethatrequiresimmediateandcollectiveactiontomitigateitseffects.解析：文章从原因（温室