教学材料《建筑英语》-Unit Four

TextABuildingMaterialsMasonryMasonryconsistsofnaturalmaterials,suchasstone（Fig.4-1）,ormanufacturedproducts,suchasbrickandconcreteblocks.Masonryhasbeenusedsinceancienttimes:mudbrickswereusedinthecityofBabylonforsecularbuilding,andstonewasusedforthegreattemplesoftheNileValley.TheGreatPyramidinEgyptisthemostspectacularmasonryconstruction.TimberTimberisoneoftheearliestconstructionmaterialsandoneofthefewnaturalmaterialswithgoodtensileproperties.上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialsHundredsofdifferentspeciesofwoodarefoundthroughouttheworldandeachspeciesexhibitsdifferentphysicalcharacteristics.Onlyafewspeciesareusedstructurallyasframingmembersinbuildingconstruction.SteelSteel（Fig.4-2）isanoutstandingstructuralmaterial.ItcanbeformedbyrollingintovariousstructuralshapessuchasI-beams,plates,andsheets;italsocanbecastintocomplexshapes[2].Theadditionofalloyingelementsresultsinhigher-strengthsteels.上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialsThesesteelsareusedwherethesizeofastructuralmemberbecomescritical,asinthecaseofcolumnsinaskyscraper.AluminumAluminum（Fig.4-3）isespeciallyusefulasabuildingmaterialwhenlightweight,strength,andcorrosionresistanceareallimportantfactors[3].Becausepurealuminumisextremelysoftandductilealloyingelements,suchasmagnesium,silicon,zinc,andcopper,mustbeaddedtoittoimpartthestrengthrequiredforstructuraluse.上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialsApartfromitsuseforframingmembersinbuildingsandprefabricatedhousing,aluminumalsofindsextensiveuseforwindowframesandfortheskinofthebuildingincurtain-wallconstruction.ConcreteConcreteisamixtureofwater,sand,gravelandPortlandcement.Whenconcretehasbeenplacedaftermixing,ithardensintoadenseandrocklikemassofgreatstrength.Itisbasicallyacompressivematerialbuthasnegligibletensilestrength[4].上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialsReinforcedConcreteConcreteisstrongincompression,butweakintension.Steelhashightensile.Whenreinforcedwithsteelbars,concretewillbestrongbothincompressionandintension.Suchmaterialisknownasreinforcedconcrete.Inconstruction,reinforcedconcretecanbemoldedintoinnumerableshapes,suchasbeams,columns,slabsandarches,andisthereforeeasilyadaptedtoaparticularformofbuilding.PlasticsPlastics（Fig.4-4）arerapidlybecomingimportantconstructionmaterialsbecauseofthegreatvariety,strength,durabilityandlightness[5].上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialsAplasticisasyntheticmaterialorresinwhichcanbemoldedintoanydesiredshapeandwhichusesanorganicsubstanceasabinder.NewWordssubstance[ˈsʌbstəns]n.物质，材料twig[twiɡ]n.细枝，嫩枝composite[ˈkɒmpəzit]adj.混合成的biodegradable[ˌbaiəʊdiˈgreidəbl]adj.能进行生物降解的imperishable[imˈperiʃəbl]adj.不朽的，不会腐烂的indigenous[inˈdidʒənəs]adj.土生土长的，生来的，固有的上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialsdisposable[diˈspəʊzəbl]adj.一次性的ecological[ˌi:kəˈlɒdʒikl]adj.生态（学）的masonry[ˈmeisənri]n.砌石，砌体concrete[ˈkɒŋkri:t]n.混凝土secular[ˈsekjələ(r)]adj.非宗教的，俗界的spectacular[spekˈtækjələ(r)]adj.壮观的timber[ˈtimbə(r)]n.木材，木料tensile[ˈtensəlˌ-ˌsail]adj.拉力的，张力的species[ˈspi:ʃi:z]n.物种，种类plate[pleit]n.金属板上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialssheet[ʃi:t]n.（金属材料）制成的薄板alloy[ˈælɔi]v.合铸，铸成合金critical[ˈkritikl]adj.决定性的aluminum[əˈlju:minəm]n.铝lightweight[ˈlaitweit]n.轻质，轻量级magnesium[mægˈni:ziəm]n.[化]镁（金属元素）silicon[ˈsilikən]n.<化>硅，硅元素prefabricated[ˌpri:ˈfæbrikeitid]adj.（建筑物）预制构件的gravel[ˈɡrævl]n.沙砾，碎石上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialscompressive[kəmˈpresiv]adj.有压缩力的negligible[ˈneglidʒəbl]adj.可以忽略的，微不足道的compression[kəmˈpreʃn]n.压缩，紧缩tension[ˈtenʃn]n.[物]张力，拉力reinforce[ˌri:inˈfɔ:s]vt.加固，使更结实，加强mold[məʊld]vt.浇铸，塑造slab[slæb]n.厚板，平板synthetic[sinˈθetik]adj.合成的，人造的resin[ˈrezin]n.树脂，合成树脂binder[ˈbaində(r)]n.粘合剂上一页下一页返回TextABuildingMaterialsPhrasesExpressionscorrosionresistance耐腐蚀性curtain-wallconstruction幕墙结构reinforcedconcrete钢筋混凝土organicsubstance有机物质上一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcreteConcreteisthemostwidelyusedconstructionmaterialsintheworldanditspopularitycanbeattributedtotwoaspects.First,concreteisusedformanydifferentstructures,suchasdams,pavements,buildingframesandbridges,muchmorethananyotherconstructionmaterial.Second,theamountofconcreteusedismuchmorethananyothermaterial.Itsworldwideproductionexceedsthatofsteelbyafactorof10intonnageandbymorethanafactorof30involume[1].IngredientsofConcreteConcreteisakindofartificialstonemainlycomposedofcement（commonlyPortlandcement）ascementitiousmaterials.下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcreteItcanbeproducedwhencement,water,sandandgravelaremixedinareasonableproportion,ifnecessary,pluschemicaladditivesandmineralsadmixtures,arestirredevenly,compacted,curedandhardened.Aggregatesmakeupthebulkofaconcretemixture.Sand,naturalgravelandcrushedstonearemainlyusedforthispurpose[2].Combiningwaterwithacementitiousmaterialsuchascementformsacementpastebytheprocessofhydration.Thecementpastegluestheaggregatetogether,fillsvoidswithinit,andmakestheconcreteworkabletotheconstruction[3].concrete.上一页下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcreteLesswaterinthecementpastewillyieldastronger,moredurableGradesofConcreteStrengthThegradesofconcretestrengthareclassifiedbythestandardvalueofcubiccompressivestrengthofconcrete[4].Thereare14gradesamongtheordinaryconcreteinChina:C15,C20,C25,C30,C35,C40,C45,C50,C55,C60,C65,C70,C75andC80.PropertiesofConcreteConcretehasrelativelyhighcompressivestrength,durabilityandrefractoriness.上一页下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcreteAbundantrawmaterialsleadtoitslowcost.Meanwhile,theplasticityofconcreteisrelativelygood.Concretecanbondwithsteelquitewellandprotectitfromrusting.However,concretehasrelativelylargeweightandlowertensilestrengthsignificantly,whichis1/10～1/20ofthecompressivestrength[5].ApplicationRangeofConcreteConcretehasbeenwidelyusedtobuildvariousstructures.High-strengthconcretehasbeenusedinmanytallbuildingconstructions.InHongKong,grade80concrete（80MPa）wasutilizedinthecolumnsofthetallestbuildinginthisregion.上一页下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcreteConcretehasalsobeenusedinbridgeconstruction.SutongBridgeisacable-stayedbridgewiththelongestmainspan（1,088meters）intheworld.Itstwosidespansare300meterseach,andtherearealsofoursmallcablespans.Damsareotherpopularapplicationfieldforconcrete.Thefirstmajorconcretedams,theHooverDamandtheGrandCouleeDam,werebuiltinthe1930sandtheyarestillstanding.Concretehasalsobeenusedtobuildhigh-speedrailways.Nowadays,high-speedrailconstructionisblooming.Inaddition,concretehasbeenwidelyappliedintheconstructionofairportrunways,tunnels,highways,pipelinesandoilplatforms.上一页下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcreteNewWordsaspect[ˈæspekt]n.方面dam[dæm]n.水坝，堰pavement[ˈpeivmənt]n.路面，人行道exceed[ikˈsi:d]vt.超过，超越factor[ˈfæktə(r)]n.<数>因子tonnage[ˈtʌnidʒ]n.吨位volume[ˈvɒlju:m]n.体积ingredient[inˈgri:diənt]n.组成部分，原料artificial[ˌɑ:tiˈfiʃl]adj.人造的，人工的上一页下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcretecementitious[ˌsi:mənˈtiʃəs]adj.胶凝的，似水泥的additive[ˈædətiv]n.添加剂，添加物admixture[ədˈmikstʃə(r)]n.掺合料，混合物evenly[ˈi:vnli]adv.均匀地compact[ˈkɒmpækt]vt.把……弄紧密，把……弄结实harden[ˈhɑ:dn]vt.使硬化bulk[bʌlk]n.主体，大部分hydration[haiˈdreiʃn]n.水化，水合作用glue[ɡlu:]vt.胶合，紧附于上一页下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcretevoid[vɔid]n.空隙yield[ji:ld]vt.生产cubic[ˈkju:bik]adj.立方体的refractoriness[rifˈræktərinis]n.耐火性，耐热度plasticity[plæˈstisəti]n.可塑性，成形性rusting[ˈrʌstiŋ]n.生锈application[ˌæpliˈkeiʃn]n.应用，运用range[reindʒ]n.范围utilize[ˈju:təlaiz]vt.利用，使用span[spæn]n.跨度上一页下一页返回TextBABriefIntroductiontoConcret