教学材料《建筑英语》-Unit Three

TextABuildingDesignTomakebuildingshabitableandcomfortable,hemustcontroltheeffectsofheat,cold,light,air,moisture,drynessandforeseedestructivepotentialitiessuchasfire,earthquake,floodanddisease.•OrientationThearrangementofaxesofbuildingsandtheirpartsisadeviceforcontrollingtheeffectsofsun,windandrainfall[1].Thecharacteristicsoftheimmediateenvironment（suchastrees,landformations,bodiesofwaterandotherbuildings）alsoinfluenceorientation.•ArchitecturalForms上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesignTheappropriatedesigningmaycontrolandmodifytheeffectsofnaturalforces.Forexample,overhangingeavesgivesshadeandprotectionfromrain.Roofsaredesignedtoshedsnowandtodrainorpreservewater.Wallscaninsulateheatandcontroltheamountofheatlost,Windowsaretheprincipalmeansofcontrollingnaturallight,ventilationandsoon.•ColorColorhasapracticaldesigningfunctionaswelltocontroltherangeofitsreflectionanditsabsorptionofsolarraysasanexpressivequality[2].•MaterialsandTechniques上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesignThechoiceofmaterialsisconditionedbytheirownabilitytowithstandtheenvironmentaswellasbypropertiesthatmakethemusefultohumanbeings[3].Theiradvantagesanddisadvantagesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationindesign.•InteriorControlTemperature,lightandsoundareallsubjecttocontrolbythesizeandshapeofinteriorspaces,thewayinwhichthespacesareconnected,thecolorandtextureofmaterialsemployedforfloors,walls,ceilingsandfurnishings[4].Today,heating,insulation,airconditioning,lightingandacousticalmethodshavebecomebasicpartsofthearchitecturalprogram.上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesignFunctionalDesignWhileenvironmentaldesignproducescomfortforthesense（sight,feelingandhearing）andreflexes,functionaldesignisconcernedwithconvenienceofmovementandrest.•DifferentiationDifferentiatespacesfordistinctfunctions.•CirculationEstablishaproperrouteamongdifferentspacesandbetweentheexteriorandtheinterior,whichmustbesimple,haveevidentgoalandconvenienceofequipment.上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesign•FacilitationAnalyzethebodymeasurements,movementsandmuscularpowerofhumanbeingsforconditioningthemeasurementsofceilings,gates,windowsandstepsinordertomakeuseofdevicesforfacilitatingtheactionsofthehumanbody.EconomicAccountingDesignMajorexpensesinbuildingareforland,materialsandlabor.Whenlandcoverageislimiteditisusuallynecessarytodesigninheightofthespace[5].Whenthechoiceofmaterialsisinfluencedbycost,allphasesofarchitecturaldesignareaffected.上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesignHighlaborcostsencouragesimplificationinconstructionandthereplacementofcraftsmanshipbystandardization.Economicaccountingdesigninginvolvesnotonlyproportioningofexpendituresamongland,materialsandlaborinordertoproducethemosteffectivesolutiontoanarchitecturalproblem.NewWordsparticularize[pəˈti:kjuləraiz]vt.特别指出，具体化harmonize[ˈhɑːmənaiz]vt.调和，和谐utilitarian[ˈjuːtiliˈtεəriən]adj.实用的，以实用为主的，功利的上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesigninevitably[inˈevitəbl]adv.不可避免地，必然发生地perform[pəˈfɔːm]vt.执行，履行，做hindrance[ˈhindrəns]n.妨碍的人或物repel[riˈpel]vt.逐退，驱开habitable[ˈhæbitəbl]adj.适于居住的moisture[ˈmɔistʃə]n.潮湿，湿气destructive[disˈtructiv]adj.毁灭性的potentiality[poutenʃiˈæləti]n.可能性，潜力orientation[ɔriˈteiʃən]n.朝向，认识环境device[diˈvais]n.装置，装置物上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesignmodify[mɔdifai]vt.减轻，缓和overhang[oʊvəˈhæŋ]vt.&vi.（hung）悬于……之上悬垂eaves[iːvz]n.屋檐preserve[priˈzəːv]vt.保留insulate[ˈinsjuleit]vt.隔热，绝缘absorption[əbˈsɔːpʃən]n.吸收expressive[iksˈpresiv]adj.表现的condition[kənˈdiʃən]vt.支配，决定，限制subject[ˈsʌbjekt]adj.服从的texture[ˈtekstʃə]n.质地，结构上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesignfurnishing[ˈfəːniʃiŋ]n.家具与陈设品（常用复数）acoustical[əˈkuːstikl]adj.听觉的concern[kənˈsəːn]vt.对……关系，对……有重要性differentiation[difəˈrenʃiˈeiʃən]n.区分，分别，辨别differentiate[difəˈrenʃieit]vt.区别，区分，辨别facilitation[fəsiˈliteiʃən]n.便利，便利设备analyse[ˈænəlaiz]vt.分析，研究measurements[ˈmeʒəmənts]n.&pl.尺度，尺寸facilitate[fəˈsiliteit]vt.使便利expense[iksˈpens]n.花费上一页下一页返回TextABuildingDesignphase[ˈfeis]n.方面，片段，阶段craftsmanship[krɑːftsmənˈʃip]n.手艺，精巧的技艺standardization[ˈstændədaiˈzeiʃən]n.标准化expenditure[iksˈpenditʃə]n.开销，经费PhrasesExpressionsatonce同时beconditionedby受……限制，被……支配besubjectto受控制于……environmentaldesign环境设计beconcernedwith与……有关economicaccounting经济核算上一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitectureRobertVenturi,FrankGehry,TadaoAndoandZahaHadidarefourimportantbuildingdesignerswidelyconsideredasthetoparchitectsatworktoday.Theyallhavecreatedimportantexamplesofmodernarchitectureinverydifferentways[1].Youcanseetheirenergizingandimaginativecontributionstomoderndesignsinbuildingsaroundtheworld[2].RobertVenturi

ThewritingsandbuildingsofAmericanarchitectRobertVenturi（Fig.3-1）havehelpedredefinethepathofmodernarchitecturesincethe1960s.下一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitectureTheVannaVenturihouseinPhiladelphiawasoneofhisfirstimportantprojects.Inhiswritingsandbuildings,RobertVenturicallsforakindofmodernarchitecturethatshowstheinfluencesofhistorywhilealsoincludingpopularculture.ExamplesofhisbuildingsincludetheadditiontotheNationalGalleryinLondon,England.VenturidesignedthislargebuildingwhichislocatedinTrafalgarSquareandisoneofthemainbuildingsinthe19thCentury,asamoremodernvenison.VenturialsodesignedbuildingsformanyAmericancolleges,includingHarvardUniversityandtheUniversityofennsylvania.上一页下一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitectureFrankGehryFrankGehry（Fig.3-2）believesthatarchitectureisart.Hehassaidthatinsomewayshehasbeenmoreinfluencedbyartistsandsculptorsthanbyarchitects.Thismaybewhyhisbuildingsoftenlooklikeenergeticsculpturesmadefromboldgeometricforms.His“DancingHouse”isinPrague,thecapitaloftheCzechRepublic.Thisplayfulbuilding,finishedin1996,looksliketwodancers.Gehry’smostfamousbuildingistheGuggenheimMuseum,BilbaoinSpainwhichwascompletedin1997.上一页下一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitectureMostcurvingsofthebuildingarecoveredwithtitanium.Itlookslikeadancingmetalwavesittingontheedgeofariver[3].TadaoAndoTadaoAndo（Fig.3-3）isaJapanesearchitect.In1993,hewonJapan’sCultureDesignPrizefortheRokkohousingproject.Andoisknownforusingunfinishedreinforcedconcreteasabuildingmaterialandmakingbuildingswithsimpledesignsthatarecloselyconnectedtothenaturalenvironment[4].In2002,hisModernArtMuseumopenedinFortWorth,Texas.Thebuildingissostrikingthatyouhavetoremindyourselftolookattheart.上一页下一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitectureTheconcreteandglassmuseumisbuiltnexttoabodyofwater,soitalmostseemstofloat.ZahaHadidBorninIraq,ZahaHadidcompletedherarchitecturalstudiesinBritain,whereshenowlives.In2004,HadidbecamethefirstwomantowintheimportantPritzkerPrizeforarchitecture.Hadidisknownfordesigningandcompletingstructuresthatseemalmostimpossibleonpaper.Shesaysthatarchitectureisclearlyaboutshelter,butitalsobringspleasuremostly.上一页下一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitectureHerfamousbuildingsincludethecarparkandterminusinStrasbourg,France,theRosenthalCenterforContemporaryArtsinCincinnati,Ohio,etc[5].NewWordsarchitect[ˈɑ:kitekt]n.建筑师，设计师energizing[ˈenədʒaiziŋ]v.充满活力的imaginative[iˈmædʒinətiv]adj.富于想象力的redefine[ˌri:diˈfain]vt.重新定义sculptor[ˈskʌlptə(r)]n.雕刻家上一页下一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitecturegeometric[ˌdʒi:əˈmetrik]adj.几何图形的playful[ˈpleifl]adj.有趣的titanium[tiˈteiniəm]n.钛striking[ˈstraikiŋ]adj.显著的，突出的shelter[ˈʃeltə(r)]n.居所，避难所park[pɑ:k]n.停车场terminus[ˈtɜ:minəs]n.终点，终点站contemporary[kənˈtemprəri]adj.当代的，现代的上一页下一页返回TextBDesignersRedefiningModernArchitecturePhrasesExpressionscallfor呼吁bemadefrom由……所做成becoveredwith覆盖着beconnectedto与……有联系，与……有关联上一页返回Tr