普通心理学第七讲thlan文档

普通心理学第七讲thlan文档第一页，共38页。ThoughtThinking,meansrepresentingthingsmentallyandoperatingontheserepresentations.2第二页，共38页。OutlineUnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsReasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingLanguage3第三页，共38页。1.UnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsMentalImages&MentalModelsConceptsandCategoriesPropositions4第四页，共38页。1.1MentalImagesandMentalModelsMentalImageAvisualrepresentationofastimulus.MentalModelsRepresentationsofsystemsthatenablepeopletodescribe,explain,andpredictthewaythingswork.5第五页，共38页。1.2ConceptsandCategoriesConceptsMentalrepresentationofaclassofobjects,ideas,oreventsthatsharecommonproperties.CategorizationTheprocessofgroupingobjectsconsideredequivalentandexcludingthosethatarenot.Visualized&morethanvisualimage(car)Well-defined&FuzzyConcepts(good)6第六页，共38页。7第七页，共38页。ConceptsanditsOrganizationSetTheorySetofDefining(core)FeaturesFeatureIntegrationModelPrototypes原型Bird----robin&penguin8第八页，共38页。概念与归类狗样例定义特征德国牧羊犬猎狗长毛卷耳狗玩具狮子狗四足、有尾动物吠声、气喘、淌口水通常受驯养、友好能捉跳蚤9第九页，共38页。水果样例的典型性10第十页，共38页。概念的形成11第十一页，共38页。1.3PropositionsThesmallestunitsof

meaning

thatcanstandaloneasanassertionandbejudgedtrueorfalse.12第十二页，共38页。2.Reasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingReasoningProblemSolvingDecisionMakingFactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingParallelDistributedProcessingUsingComputerstoSimulateThoughtADifferentPerspective:psychodynamic/behavioralview13第十三页，共38页。2.1ReasoningReasoningtheprocessbywhichpeoplegenerateandevaluatelogicalargumentsInductiveReasoning----observationreasoningfromspecificobservationstogeneratepropositionsthatareprobablytrue.DeductiveReasoning----ideaDrawingconclusionsfromassumptionsorpremises. 14第十四页，共38页。三段论(Syllogism)AllA(s)areBCisanACisaB15第十五页，共38页。三段论推理未婚者都不戴结婚戒指。小李未戴结婚戒指。所以，小李未婚。卡片一面是数字，一面是字母。如果卡片一面是字母A，另一面就是数字3。要验证第二个命题，必须翻什么卡片？AB3216第十六页，共38页。2.2ProblemSolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoal.17第十七页，共38页。2.2.1TheProblem-solvingProcess Theproblemspace NoproblemInitialStateOperatorsGoalState18第十八页，共38页。2.2.2ThreeComponentsInitialstateExistingofproblemOperatorsmentalandbehavioralprocessesaimedattransformingtheinitialstateuntiliteventuallyapproximatesthegoalstate.GoalstateProblemissolved19第十九页，共38页。2.2.3StepsinProblemSolvingHollandetal.(1986):four-stepprocessDifferencesbetweenthetwostatesIdentifyandselectpossibleoperatorsApplytheoperators(Subgoals)ContinueusingoperatorsuntildifferencesareeliminatedWellorIll-definedproblemScience/Sociallife(信息和标准)20第二十页，共38页。Problem-SolvingStrategies21第二十一页，共38页。2.3DecisionMakingDecisionmakingTheprocessbywhichanindividualweighstheprosandconsofdifferentalternativesinordertomakeachoice.Information-processingmodelsUtility/ProbabilityUtilityValueWeightedUtilityValueExpectedUtility22第二十二页，共38页。23第二十三页，共38页。RiskStrategies

(nonstatisticalriskestimate)Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetowin$100Suregainof$80Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetolose$100Surelossof$80Risk-averse/Risk-seekingstrategyOptimisticbias(whenestimateownrisks)24第二十四页，共38页。2.4FactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingRepresentativeness&AvailabilityHeuristicDecidingwhetheranobjectorincidentbelongsinaparticularclass.Judgingthelikelihoodofsomethinghappeningonthebasisofitsavailabilityinmemory.ConfirmationBias2,4,6,MentalSetFunctionalFixedness25第二十五页，共38页。2.5ParallelDistributedProcessingRuelhartetal.,1986:PDPmodelofcognitionTwopropositionsofPDPmodelParallelLetter-recognition/word-recognitionDistributed26第二十六页，共38页。2.6UsingComputerstoStimulateThoughtArtificialIntelligenceGPS,GeneralProblemSolverELIZAExpertSystems27第二十七页，共38页。2.7ADifferentPerspective:PsychodynamicandBehavioralViewofDecisionMakingRationaldecisionmakerofinformation-processingtheory.Decisionsinvolvemotivationandemotion,whichcanbetoomanyandirrationalandnotberepresentedinconsciousawareness.SyllogismaboutChairmanMaoWilson&Schooler(1991):草莓酱Wilsonetal.(1993)：艺术画28第二十八页，共38页。AssignmentNo.4人类思维过程容易出现失误。为什么？ 请展开思路，从多个角度加以说明。29第二十九页，共38页。3.LanguageThesystemofsymbols,sounds,meanings,andrulesfortheircombinationthatconstitutestheprimarymodeofcommunicationamonghumans.30第三十页，共38页。MaintopicsonlanguageLanguageandThoughtTransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningFromBabblingtoBanteringNonverbalCommunicationIsLanguageDistincttoHumans?31第三十一页，共38页。3.1LanguageandThoughtHununoo(Philippines):92namesforriceGender/timephraseinEnglishB.Whorf(1956):WhorfianHypothesis

LanguageshapesthoughtThoughtshapeslanguageRosch(1973):Danipeopleforcolor(onlytwo)TheUnitedStates/TheseUnitedStates32第三十二页，共38页。3.2TransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningElementsofLanguagephoneme,morpheme,sentence(phrase),grammarSlipsoftheTongue:MisplacingtheElementsofLanguage(PDP)SurfaceandDeepStructureTransformationalGrammarLAD,LanguageAcquisitionDeviceContextandMeaning33第三十三页，共38页。3.3F