2025年GMAT文本逻辑推理模拟试题及答案

2025年GMAT文本逻辑推理模拟试题及答案Question1Althoughthenumberofdigitalbookssoldhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthepastfiveyears,therevenuegeneratedfromthesesaleshasremainedstagnant.Duringthissameperiod,theaveragepriceofadigitalbookhasdecreasedbyapproximately40%.Analystsconcludethatthedecreaseinpriceistheprimarycauseofthestagnantrevenue.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheanalysts’conclusion?(A)Themajorityoftheincreaseindigitalbooksaleshascomefromlow-costgenressuchasromanceandmystery,whichwerepreviouslyunderrepresentedindigitalformats.(B)Physicalbooksaleshavedeclinedby10%overthepastfiveyears,whilephysicalbookpriceshaveremainedrelativelystable.(C)Manyreaderswhopurchasedigitalbooksalsopurchasephysicalbooks,andtheirtotalspendingonbookshasnotdecreased.(D)Thecostofproducingadigitalbookissignificantlylowerthanthecostofproducingaphysicalbook.(E)Thetotalnumberofbooksread,includingbothdigitalandphysicalformats,hasincreasedby20%overthepastfiveyears.Question2Arecentstudyofalargecorporationfoundthatemployeeswhoparticipatedinthecompany’svoluntary“WellnessProgram”took,onaverage,30%fewersickdaysperyearthanemployeeswhodidnotparticipate.Theprogramincludesdailyexercisesessions,nutritionalcounseling,andstressmanagementworkshops.Thecorporation’smanagementconcludedthattheWellnessProgramimprovesemployeehealthandtherebyreducesabsenteeism.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminesthemanagement’sconclusion?(A)Employeeswhoareconcernedabouttheirhealtharemorelikelytoparticipateinvoluntarywellnessprogramsthanthosewhoarenot.(B)The“WellnessProgram”wasimplementedfiveyearsago,andtheaveragenumberofsickdaystakenbyallemployeeshasdecreasedsincethen.(C)Thecostofthe“WellnessProgram”ispartiallyoffsetbyreducedinsurancepremiumspaidbythecorporationforhealthyemployees.(D)Employeeswhoparticipateinthe“WellnessProgram”are,onaverage,olderthanthosewhodonotparticipate.(E)Thereductioninsickdaysamongparticipantsinthe“WellnessProgram”wasmostpronouncedduringthewintermonths.Question3InthecountryofVeridia,thegovernmenthasrecentlyimposedahightariffonimportedluxuryautomobiles.Thestatedgoalofthispolicyistoprotectthedomesticautomobileindustry.However,domesticautomobilemanufacturersinVeridiaprimarilyproduceeconomyvehiclesanddonotmanufactureluxuryautomobiles.Therefore,thetariffwillfailtoachieveitsstatedgoal.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheargumentabove?(A)Sincethetariffwasannounced,thepriceofimportedluxuryautomobilesinVeridiahasrisenby15%.(B)Consumerswhopurchaseluxuryautomobilesoftenalsopurchaseeconomyvehiclesfromthesamemanufacturerifavailable.(C)ThedomesticautomobileindustryinVeridiahasbeenlobbyingforhighertariffsonallimportedvehiclesforseveralyears.(D)Therevenuegeneratedfromthetariffisusedtosubsidizethedomesticautomobileindustry.(E)DomesticmanufacturersofeconomyvehiclesinVeridiarelyonpartsimportedfromthesameforeigncountriesthatmanufacturetheluxuryautomobilessubjecttothetariff.Question4EnvironmentalistsclaimthattheuseofpesticidescontainingChemicalXisresponsibleforthedeclineinthepopulationofacertainspeciesofbirdintheregion.ChemicalXisknowntobetoxictoinsects,whicharetheprimaryfoodsourceforthesebirds.However,thepopulationoftheinsectspecieshasremainedstableoverthepastdecade,whilethebirdpopulationhascontinuedtodecline.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestexplainstheapparentdiscrepancydescribedabove?(A)Thebirdsintheregionhaveshiftedtheirdietfrominsectstoseedsduringthepastdecade.(B)ChemicalXdoesnotkillinsectsimmediatelybutcausesreproductivefailureintheiroffspring.(C)ThetoxicityofChemicalXtobirdsissignificantlyhigherthanitstoxicitytoinsects.(D)Farmersintheregionhavereducedthetotalamountofpesticidesusedby20%overthepastdecade.(E)ThedeclineinthebirdpopulationbeganseveralyearsbeforeChemicalXwasintroducedtotheregion.Question5Aproposednewlawwouldrequirethatallbicyclessoldinthecitybeequippedwithlightsthatturnonautomaticallywhenthebicycleisinmotion.Theproponentsofthelawarguethatitwillreducethenumberofnighttimecyclingaccidentsbyincreasingvisibility.Whichofthefollowingwouldbemostusefultodetermineinordertoevaluatetheeffectivenessoftheproposedlaw?(A)Whetherthecostoftheautomaticlightswillsignificantlyincreasethepriceofbicycles.(B)Whetherthemajorityofnighttimecyclingaccidentscurrentlyinvolvebicyclesthatlackfunctioninglights.(C)Whethercyclistswhocurrentlyusemanuallightsaremorelikelytobeinvolvedinaccidentsthanthosewhodonot.(D)Whetherthecityhassufficientfundingtoenforcethenewlawonceitispassed.(E)Whetherthetechnologyusedintheautomaticlightsisreliableinadverseweatherconditions.Question6ThetheorythattheancientcivilizationofZephyriacollapsedduetoasudden,catastrophicinvasionhasbeenchallengedbyarchaeologists.Theypointoutthatthedefensivewallsofthecapitalcityshownosignsofbreachingorsiegedamage,andtheskeletonsfoundintheruinsdisplaynoevidenceofviolenttrauma.Therefore,thearchaeologistsconcludethatthecollapseofZephyriawasnotcausedbyaninvasion.Thearchaeologists’conclusiondependsonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?(A)Ifaninvasionhadoccurred,itwouldhavenecessarilyinvolvedasiegeofthecapitalcity.(B)Thecollapseofacivilizationcannotoccurwithoutphysicalevidenceofviolenceinthecapitalcity.(C)Thedefensivewallsofthecapitalwerewell-maintainedandsufficienttorepelanyinvasionforceofthatera.(D)Theskeletonsfoundintheruinsarerepresentativeofthepopulationatthetimeofthecollapse.(E)Acatastrophicinvasionwouldhaveleftsignsofbreaching,siegedamage,orviolenttraumaonthedefenders.Question7Economist:Thetraditionalmeasureofeconomichealth,theGrossDomesticProduct(GDP),isflawedbecauseitdoesnotaccountforthedepletionofnaturalresources.AcountrythatrapidlyexhaustsitsoilreservesmightshowhighGDPgrowthduringtheextractionphase,butthisgrowthisunsustainable.Therefore,weshouldadoptanewmetric,theGreenGDP,whichdeductsthecostofenvironmentaldegradationfromthestandardGDP.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportstheeconomist’srecommendation?(A)Manycountriesthatrelyheavilyonnaturalresourceexportshaveexperiencedpoliticalinstability.(B)TheGreenGDPhasbeensuccessfullyadoptedbyseveralnationsandhasledtochangesinenvironmentalpolicy.(C)Investorsareincreasinglylookingforsustainablelong-termgrowthratherthanshort-termgains.(D)StandardGDPfailstodistinguishbetweensustainableeconomicactivityandactivitythatdestroysthebasisoffutureprosperity.(E)CalculatingtheGreenGDPismorecomplexandexpensivethancalculatingthestandardGDP.Question8CompanyXandCompanyYbothproducesoftwareformanagingsmallbusinessfinances.Lastyear,CompanyXspent\10milTheargumentabovereliesonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?(A)CompanyXandCompanyYhavecomparableprofitmarginsontheirsoftware.(B)Salesfiguresareareliableindicatoroftheeffectivenessofadvertising.(C)CompanyXandCompanyYweretargetingthesamedemographicofsmallbusinesses.(D)CompanyXdidnothavealargerbaseofexistingcustomersthanCompanyYpriortolastyear.(E)TheadvertisingstrategiesusedbyCompanyXandCompanyYweresimilarinnature.Question9Inthelastdecade,thetownofOakvillehasexperienceda50%increaseinpopulation,whiletheneighboringtownofMaplewoodhasseenitspopulationdecreaseby10%.Duringthisperiod,thecrimerateinOakvillehasremainedunchanged,whilethecrimerateinMaplewoodhasincreasedby20%.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanbeproperlydrawnfromthestatementsabove?(A)OakvilleisasaferplacetolivethanMaplewood.(B)ThetotalnumberofcrimescommittedinOakvilleishigherthanthetotalnumberofcrimescommittedinMaplewood.(C)ThepoliceforceinOakvilleismoreeffectivethanthepoliceforceinMaplewood.(D)ThepercentageofthepopulationthatcommitscrimesislowerinOakvillethaninMaplewood.(E)Populationgrowthisnotnecessarilycorrelatedwithanincreaseincrimerates.Question10Astudyofjobapplicantsfoundthatthosewhohadcompletedaspecializedtrainingcoursewerethreetimesmorelikelytobehiredthanthosewhohadnot.Thetrainingcourseteachesskillsthatarehighlyspecifictotheindustry.Basedonthis,thetrainingproviderclaimsthatcompletingtheircoursesignificantlyimprovesanapplicant’schancesofemployment.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakensthetrainingprovider’sclaim?(A)Theskillstaughtinthecoursearealsotaughtinmanystandarduniversitydegreeprograms.(B)Applicantswhochoosetopayforandcompletethespecializedtrainingcoursearegenerallymoremotivatedanddisciplinedthantheaverageapplicant.(C)Manycompaniesthathireapplicantswiththisspecializedtrainingalsoprovideon-the-jobtrainingtocoverthesameskills.(D)Thecostofthespecializedtrainingcourseissubsidizedbythegovernmentforunemployedworkers.(E)Theindustryhasbeenexperiencingashortageofqualifiedworkersforthepastseveralyears.Question11ThetransitauthorityplanstoincreasethefrequencyofbusesonRoute66fromevery30minutestoevery15minutesduringoff-peakhours.TheyarguethatthiswillincreaseridershiponRoute66becausecommuterswillappreciatetheshorterwaittimes.Whichofthefollowingwouldbemostusefultoknowinordertoevaluatethelikelihoodthatthetransitauthority’splanwillachieveitsgoal?(A)WhetherthebusesonRoute66arecurrentlyoperatingatfullcapacityduringoff-peakhours.(B)Whethertheincreaseinfrequencywillrequirehiringadditionaldriversorincreasingovertimepay.(C)WhetherthecommuterswhocurrentlyuseRoute66havealternativemeansoftransportationavailable.(D)WhethertheprimaryreasonforlowridershiponRoute66istheinfrequencyofthebusesratherthan,forexample,theroute’scoverage.(E)Whetherotherbusroutesinthecityhaveseenincreasedridershipafterincreasingtheirfrequency.Question12MedicalResearcher:AnewvaccineforVirusZis90%effectiveatpreventinginfection.However,inarecenttrial,5%oftheparticipantswhoreceivedthevaccinestillcontractedthevirus.Thisdiscrepancysuggeststhatthevaccine’seffectivenessisdecliningduetothemutationofthevirus.Themedicalresearcher’sargumentisflawedbecauseit:(A)confusesanecessaryconditionwithasufficientcondition.(B)failstoconsiderthatthetrialparticipantsmighthavehadcompromisedimmunesystems.(C)treatsalackofevidenceformutationasevidencefortheabsenceofmutation.(D)failstodistinguishbetweenthevaccine’stheoreticaleffectivenessanditsobservedeffectivenessinaspecifictrial.(E)reliesondatafromatrialthatwastoosmalltobestatisticallysignificant.Question13Politician:Myopponentarguesthatthecitybudgetdeficitcanbeeliminatedbyonlycuttingspending.However,cuttingspendingalonewillharmessentialpublicservices.Instead,weshouldadoptabalancedapproachthatincludesbothmodestspendingcutsandrevenueincreasesthroughtaxreform.Thisistheonlywaytoeliminatethedeficitwithoutdestroyingthecity’ssocialfabric.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakensthepolitician’sargument?(A)Thecity’scurrenttaxratesarealreadyhigherthanthoseinneighboringcities.(B)Previousattemptsattaxreformhavefailedtogeneratetheprojectedrevenueincreases.(C)Economicgrowthinthecityhassloweddown,whichnaturallyreducestaxrevenue.(D)Themajorityofthecity’sresidentsopposeanyincreaseintaxes.(E)Thebudgetdeficitisprimarilycausedbyaone-timeexpenditurerelatedtoanaturaldisasterratherthanbystructuraloverspending.Question14Biologist:TheThropebeetle,aspeciesnativetotheisland,iscurrentlyendangered.Theintroductionofthenon-nativeGreenAntisbelievedtobetheprimarycause,astheseantspreyonthebeetles.However,arecentexperimentshowedthatwhenGreenAntswereremovedfromatestarea,theThropebeetlepopulationdidnotrecover.Therefore,factorsotherthantheGreenAntmustberesponsibleforthebeetle’sdecline.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakensthebiologist’sconclusion?(A)TheGreenAntsdisrupttheecosysteminwaysthatpersistevenaftertheantsthemselvesareremoved.(B)TheThropebeetlehasaveryslowreproductiverate,andpopulationrecoverytakesmanyyears.(C)OtherpredatorsoftheThropebeetlealsoinhabittheislandandwerenotremovedfromthetestarea.(D)Thetestareausedintheexperimentwastoosmalltosupportasignificantbeetlepopulation.(E)TheGreenAntspreyonotherinsectspeciesthatcompetewiththeThropebeetleforfood.Question15Acertainbrandofdietsodaclaimsthatitsproducthelpspeopleloseweightbecauseitcontainsnocalories.Criticsarguethattheclaimismisleadingbecausetheartificialsweetenersinthesodacanincreaseappetite,leadingpeopletoconsumemorecaloriesfromotherfoodsthantheysavebydrinkingthedietsoda.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthensthecritics’argument?(A)Studieshaveshownthatpeoplewhodrinkdietsodadonot,onaverage,weighlessthanpeoplewhodonotdrinksodaatall.(B)Theartificialsweetenersusedinthedietsodaaremetabolizedbythebodyinawaythatissimilartosugar.(C)Inacontrolledstudy,participantswhodrankthedietsodaconsumed15%morecaloriesattheirnextmealthanparticipantswhodrankwater.(D)Themanufacturerofthedietsodaalsoproducesalineoflow-caloriesnacks.(E)Mostpeoplewhodrinkdietsodaarealreadytryingtoloseweightandarethereforelikelytobemonitoringtheirfoodintake.Question16TheconstructionofanewhighwaythroughthemountainpassisexpectedtoreducetraveltimebetweenCityAandCityBby20%.However,environmentalgroupsarguethatthehighwaywilldamagethelocalecosystem.Thegovernmenthasdecidedtoproceedwiththeconstruction,statingthattheeconomicbenefitsofreducedtraveltimeoutweightheenvironmentalcosts.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminesthegovernment’sjustification?(A)Theincreasedtrafficvolumeresultingfromthenewhighwaywillleadtocongestionthatnegatestheprojectedreductionintraveltime.(B)Theenvironmentaldamagecausedbythehighwaycanbemitigatedbyinvestinginexpensiveconservationprojects.(C)Theeconomicbenefitsofthehighwaywillprimarilyaccruetolargecorporationsratherthanlocalresidents.(D)Analternativerouteusingexistingrailwayscouldbeupgradedtoachieveasimilarreductionintraveltimeatalowercost.(E)Themountainpassishometoseveralendangeredspeciesthatwouldbethreatenedbytheconstruction.Question17MarketingDirector:Toincreasesalesofourpremiumchocolatebrand,weshouldlaunchasocialmediacampaignfeaturinguser-generatedcontent.Ourtargetdemographic,youngadults,trustspeerrecommendationsmorethantraditionaladvertising.Therefore,thisstrategywillbemoreeffectivethanourpreviousprintadvertisingcampaigns.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthenstheMarketingDirector’sargument?(A)Youngadultsarethelargestconsumergroupforpremiumchocolate.(B)Thecostofasocialmediacampaignissignificantlylowerthanthecostofprintadvertising.(C)User-generatedcontentisperceivedasmoreauthenticthanprofessionallyproducedadvertisements.(D)Competitorswhohaveusedsocialmediacampaignshaveseenanincreaseinsalesofpremiumproducts.(E)Thecompany’spreviousprintadvertisingcampaignswerenottargetedspecificallyatyoungadults.Question18Archaeologistsdiscoveredaclaytabletinscribedwithalawcodeintheruinsofanancientcity.Thelanguageusedinthelawcodeisdistinctfromthelanguageusedinotheradministrativetextsfoundinthesamecity.Somescholarsconcludethatthelawcodemusthavebeenimportedfromaneighboringcivilization.Thescholars’conclusionreliesontheassumptionthat:(A)Theneighboringcivilizationusedalanguagedistinctfromtheadministrativelanguageoftheancientcity.(B)Lawcodesareneverwritteninadifferentlanguagethantheoneusedforadministrativepurposesinasinglecivilization.(C)Theclaytabletwascreatedaftertheadministrativetextsfoundinthecity.(D)Theancientcityhadasystemoflawsthatwasdifferentfromthatoftheneighboringcivilization.(E)Archaeologistshavenotfoundanyotherlawcodesintheruinsoftheancientcity.Question19Anewpolicyrequiresallteachersinthedistricttoassignatleast30minutesofhomeworkpernight.Theschoolboardclaimsthatthiswillimprovestudentperformanceonstandardizedtests.However,criticspointoutthatseveralhigh-performingdistrictsinthestateassignnohomeworkatall.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestresolvestheapparentparadox?(A)Thehigh-performingdistrictsthatassignnohomeworkhavelongerschooldaysthanthedistrictinquestion.(B)Standardizedtestscoresarecorrelatedmorewithsocioeconomicstatusthanwiththeamountofhomeworkassigned.(C)Studentsinthedistrictcurrentlyaveragelessthan30minutesofhomeworkpernight.(D)Teachersinthedistrictareopposedtothenewpolicyandmaynotenforceitstrictly.(E)Thetypeofhomeworkassignedismoreimportantthanthequantityofhomework.Question20Economist:Toreducetheunemploymentrate,thecentralbankshouldlowerinterestrates.Lowerinterestratesmakeborrowingcheaper,whichencouragesbusinessestoinvestandexpand,leadingtojobcreation.However,inflationiscurrentlyabovethetargetrange.Loweringinterestrateswouldlikelycauseinflationtorisefurther.Whichofthefollowingconclusionsismoststronglysupportedbytheeconomist’sstatements?(A)Thecentralbankshouldnotlowerinterestratesunderthecurrenteconomicconditions.(B)Reducingunemploymentismoreimportantthancontrollinginflation.(C)Thereisatrade-offbetweenreducingunemploymentandcontrollinginflationinthecurrenteconomicclimate.(D)Businessesarecurrentlyunwillingtoborrowmoneyregardlessofinterestrates.(E)Thecentralbankshouldraiseinterestratestocombatinflation.***AnswerandAnalysisQuestion1Answer:AAnalysis:Theargumentconcludesthatthedecreaseinpriceistheprimarycauseofstagnantrevenuebecausethenumberofbookssoldincreasedwhilerevenuedidnot.Theunderlyingassumptionisthatthemixofbookssoldremainedrelativelyconstant,orthatthepricedropappliesuniformly.OptionAweakensthisbysuggestingashiftinthesalesmix.Iftheincreaseinsalesvolumecameprimarilyfromlow-costgenres,theaveragepriceperbooksoldwouldnaturallydrop(the"averageprice"statisticmentionedinthepromptisaresult,notnecessarilythecause).Thestagnantrevenueisbecausepeoplearebuyingcheapbooks,notnecessarilybecausethepriceofexistingbookswascut.Thisprovidesanalternativeexplanationforthedata,weakeningtheclaimthatageneralpricedecreasecausedtherevenuestagnation.OptionBdiscussesphysicalbooks,whichisirrelevanttodigitalbookrevenue.OptionCdiscussestotalspending,notdigitalrevenuespecifically.OptionDdiscussesproductioncosts,whichdon'taffectrevenuedirectly.OptionEdiscussestotalbooksread,notrevenue.Question2Answer:AAnalysis:Thisisaclassic"correlationvs.causation"flaw.Themanagementobservesacorrelation(participatingintheprogram->fewersickdays)andassumescausation(theprogramcausesbetterhealth).OptionAweakensthisbysuggestingreversecausationoraself-selectionbias.Peoplewhoarealreadyhealth-conscious(andthuslikelyhealthierandtakingfewersickdaysanyway)aretheoneswhojointheprogram.Theprogramdidn'tmakethemhealthy;healthypeoplejoinedtheprogram.OptionBsupportstheconclusion.OptionCisaboutcost,noteffectiveness.OptionDisirrelevant(agedoesn'tnecessarilyexplainthehealthdifferencewithoutmoreinfo).OptionEdescribesadetailoftheeffectbutdoesn'tunderminethecausallink.Question3Answer:BAnalysis:Theargumentclaimsthetariffwillfailtoprotectthedomesticindustrybecausedomesticmakersdon'tmakeluxurycars.Theassumptionisthatprotectingonesegment(luxury)doesn'thelpthedomesticmakersofothersegments(economy).OptionBstrengthenstheargumentbyshowingamechanismwherethelackofdomesticluxurycarshurtsthedomesticeconomycarmakers.Ifconsumersbuyluxuryandeconomycarsfromthesamemanufacturer(foreign),andthetariffmakesforeignluxurycarsexpensive,consumersmightstopbuyingthatforeignbrandentirely.However,ifthereisnodomesticluxuryoption,theymightswitchtoadifferentforeignbrandthatsellsboth,orsimplystopbuying.Wait,let'sre-evaluate.Theargumentis:TariffonLuxury->Domesticmakers(whomakeEconomy)don'tbenefit->Tarifffailstoprotectdomesticindustry.Tostrengthen,weneedtoshowthatthetariffmightactuallyharmthemorthatthelackofdomesticluxuryisthereasonitfails.OptionBsuggeststhatconsumersbuypairs.Ifforeignluxurycarsbecometooexpensive,consumersmightnotbuythematchingeconomycarfromthatforeignbrand.Butdoesthathelpthedomesticeconomymaker?Maybe.Let'slookcloser.Ifthetariffmakesforeignluxurycarsexpensive,andconsumersbuyluxury+economytogether,theymightstopbuyingtheforeigneconomycartoo.Thiscouldbenefitthedomesticeconomymaker.Thatwouldweakentheargumentthatthetarifffails.Let'sreconsider.Theargumentsaysthetariffwillfail.Weneedtostrengthenthatitfails.OptionE:Ifdomesticeconomymakersrelyonpartsfromthecountriesmakingtheluxurycars(whicharenowtariffed),thetariffcouldraisethecostofproductionfordomesticeconomymakers,makingthemlesscompetitive.Thisstrengthenstheideathatthetarifffailstoprotect(andactuallyharms)thedomesticindustry.Let'scheckBagain.IfBistrue,thetariffonforeignluxurycarsreducessalesofforeignluxurycars.Ifconsumersbuybundles,theymightalsostopbuyingforeigneconomycars.Thisshiftsdemandtodomesticeconomycars.Thiswouldmeanthetariffsucceedsinhelpingthedomesticindustry(indirectly).SoBweakens.OptionE:Thetarifftargetsimportsfromcountriesmakingluxurycars.Domesticmakersusepartsfromthosecountries.Thetariff(orpotentialretaliation,thoughnotmentioned)orsimplythedisruptionoftradewiththosecountriescouldhurtdomesticmakers.Actually,thetariffisonautomobiles,notparts.Unlessthetarifftriggersatradewar,Emightnotapplydirectly.Let'slookatthepromptagain."Domesticmanufacturers...donotmanufactureluxuryautomobiles."Therefore,thetariff(onluxury)doesn'tshieldthemfromcompetitionbecausetheydon'tcompeteinthatsector.Weneedtoshowthatthetariffprovidesnobenefit.OptionA:Pricesrose.That'sexpectedwithatariff.Doesn'tstrengthenthefailureclaim.OptionC:Lobbyingdoesn'tprovefailure.OptionD:Revenueusedtosubsidize.Thatwouldhelpthedomesticindustry.Thisweakenstheclaimoffailure.Let'sgobacktoE.Ifthedomesticmakersrelyonpartsfromthecountriestargetedbythetariff,andthosecountriesretaliate(implied?),orifthe"tariffonimportedluxuryautomobiles"ispartofabroadertraderestriction...No,thepromptisspecific.Actually,thestrongestlogicalgapis:Justbecausetheydon'tmakeluxurycars,doesn'tmeantheycan'tbenefit.Maybeluxurybuyersswitchtoeconomycars?Iftheyswitchtodomesticeconomycars,thetariffworks.Tostrengthenthe"failure"claim,weneedtoshowtheywon'tswitchtodomesticeconomycars.OptionB:IfconsumersbuyLuxury+Economytogether(fromthesamebrand),andtheystopbuyingForeignLuxuryduetoprice,theymightstopbuyingForeignEconomy.ThishelpsDomesticEconomy.SoBweakens.Isthereabetterinterpretation?Maybetheargumentassumesthattheonlywaytoprotecttheindustryistoprotectthespecificsectortheyproducein.Let'slookatasimilarGMATpattern.Ifthegoalistoprotectthedomesticindustry,andthetariffisonluxury,butdomesticmakeseconomy.Ifthetariffmakesforeignluxuryexpensive,demandforforeignluxurydrops.Doesdemandfordomesticeconomyrise?Notnecessarily.Peoplemightjuststopbuying.ButifBistrue:PeoplebuyForeignLuxury+ForeignEconomy.IftheystopbuyingForeignLuxury,theystopthebundle.TheymightnotswitchtoDomesticEconomybecausetheywantthebundle.OrtheymightswitchtoaDomesticLuxury?Butthereisn'tone.Actually,ifBistrue,thetariffmightnothelpthedomesticeconomymakersbecausethepurchasingbehaviorislinkedtotheluxurybrandwhichisbeingpenalized.Let'strytofindaclearerpath.Theargumentconcludesthetariffwillfailtoachieveitsgoal(protectdomesticindustry).Reason:Domesticindustrymakeseconomycars,tariffisonluxury.Assumption:Thetariffonluxurycannothelptheeconomycarsector.OptionE:Ifdomesticeconomymakersrelyonpartsfromthecountriesmakingtheluxurycars,andthetariffcreatestradetensionorifthepartsareaffected(perhapsthe"luxuryautomobile"tariffappliestopartstoo?Unlikely).Ormaybethelogicis:Thecountriesmakingluxurycarsarethesameonessupplyingparts.Ifwetarifftheircars,theymighttariffourexports?Noinfo.Let'sreconsiderthe"Bundle"theory(OptionB).IfIbuyaBMW(Luxury)andaFord(Economy),andBMWgetsexpensive,IstopbuyingBMW.IkeepbuyingFord.Ford(Domestic)ishappy.IfIbuyaBMW(Luxury)andaBMW(Economy-wait,luxurybrandsmakeeconomycarsnow?),andBMWgetsexpensive,IstopbuyingBMWs.Idon'tswitchtoFordbecauseI'mloyaltothebrandorIwanttheintegration.IfBistrue,itimp