2025年GRE《语文》真题及答案解析

2025年GRE《语文》真题及答案解析

Section1:SentenceEquivalence

Questions1-5:Foreachofthefollowingsentences,selectthetwoanswerchoicesthat,wheninsertedintotheblanks,bestfitthemeaningofthesentenceasawholeandproducecompletedsentencesthatarecoherentinstyle,meaning,andgrammar.

1.Becausethescientist’sfindingswereconsidered______atthetime,theywerelargelyignoredbytheestablishedacademiccommunity,onlytobevindicateddecadeslaterwhenmoreadvancedtechnologyconfirmedhishypotheses.

A.derivative

B.heretical

C.mundane

D.prescient

E.innocuous

F.pernicious

2.Thepolitician’sspeechwasfilledwith______andemotionalappeals,offeringlittleinthewayofconcretepolicyproposalsorspecificdetailsregardinghowthepromisedeconomicrecoverywouldbeachieved.

A.bombast

B.candor

C.hyperbole

D.lucidity

E.equivocation

F.platitudes

3.Whiletheauthor’searlyworkswerecelebratedfortheirlyricalproseandemotionaldepth,hislaternovelswereoftencriticizedforbeingoverly______,sacrificingnarrativecoherenceforabstractphilosophicalmusings.

A.digressive

B.terse

C.disjointed

D.cogent

E.esoteric

F.linear

4.Thecriticarguedthatthemuseum’snewexhibition,despiteitsclaimtobeacomprehensiveretrospective,wasactually______,asitdeliberatelyomittedseveraloftheartist'smostcontroversialbutsignificantpieces.

A.canonical

B.eclectic

C.partisan

D.inclusive

E.tendentious

F.exhaustive

5.Inaneffortto______thegrowingdiscontentamongtheworkforce,managementannouncedaseriesofunexpectedbonuses,thoughmanyemployeesviewedthegestureastoolittle,toolate.

A.mollify

B.exacerbate

C.assuage

D.inflame

E.provoke

F.estrange

Section2:TextCompletion

Questions6-10:Foreachblank,selecttheoneentrythatbestcompletesthetext.

6.The______natureofthenegotiationprocessmadeitdifficultforobserverstopredicttheoutcome;onemomentprogressseemedimminent,andthenext,talkshadcompletelybrokendown.

A.mercurial

B.pedestrian

C.static

D.benign

E.seminal

7.Whilethefilmwastechnicallybrilliant,criticsarguedthatitlacked______,failingtoestablishanymeaningfulemotionalconnectionwiththeaudienceduetoitscold,detachedcinematography.

A.verisimilitude

B.resonance

C.grandeur

D.nostalgia

E.pragmatism

8.Thehistorian’saccountofthemedievaleraisnotmerelyadryrecitationofdatesandevents;rather,itisavibranttapestrythat______thesocialandculturaldynamicsofthetime,bringingthepasttolifethroughvividstorytelling.

A.elucidates

B.obfuscates

C.minimizes

D.contradicts

E.scrutinizes

9.Longconsidereda______genre,sciencefictionhasgainedincreasingrespectinliterarycircles,withmanyscholarsnowrecognizingitscapacitytoexploreprofoundethicalandexistentialquestions.

A.canonical

B.derivative

C.peripheral

D.seminal

E.hackneyed

10.TheCEO’sdecisiontostepdownwassuddenand(i)______,comingjustdaysaftershehadpubliclyreaffirmedhercommitmenttothecompany’slong-termvision.This(ii)______moveleftshareholdersconfusedandthemarketunstable,promptinganemergencyboardmeetingtoaddresstheleadershipvacuum.

Blank(i):A.calculatedB.capriciousC.inevitable

Blank(ii):D.reassuringE.perplexingF.astute

Section3:ReadingComprehension

Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassages.

PassageA

ThetraditionalnarrativeoftheIndustrialRevolutionfocusesheavilyonthetechnologicaladvancementsofthelate18thand19thcenturies—thesteamengine,thespinningjenny,andthepowerloom.However,recenthistoriographyhasshiftedfocustowardsthe"IndustriousRevolution,"aconceptintroducedbyeconomichistorianJandeVries.DeVriesarguesthatbeforetheexplosionofmechanizedfactoryproduction,householdsunderwentasignificanttransformationintheirallocationoftimeandresources.Drivenbythedesirefornewconsumergoodsavailableintheburgeoningmarketeconomy,familiesincreasinglydedicatedthemselvestomarket-orientedproduction,oftenattheexpenseofleisureandhome-producedgoodsmeantforsubsistence.

Thisshifthadprofoundimplicationsforthestructureofthefamilyunit.Aslabormovedawayfromthehouseholdandintothewage-earningsphere,thedistinctspheresofmen'sandwomen'sworkbecamemorerigid.The"putting-outsystem,"wheremerchantsprovidedrawmaterialstoruralhouseholdswhowouldprocessthem,actedasabridgebetweendomesticindustryandfactoryproduction.Whilethissystemallowedfamiliestoremainathome,itincreasinglysubjectedthemtothedisciplineofmarketcyclesandmerchantdemands.Thus,theIndustriousRevolutionsuggeststhatthechangesbroughtaboutbyindustrializationwereasmuchculturalandbehavioralastheyweretechnological.Thereadinessofhouseholdstoaltertheirconsumptionpatternsandworkhabitswasaprerequisiteforthesuccessofthefactorysystem,ratherthanmerelyaconsequenceofit.

11.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

A.refutetheideathattechnologicalinnovationwastheprimarydriveroftheIndustrialRevolution.

B.presentahistoriographicalrevisionthatemphasizesbehavioralchangespriortoindustrialization.

C.analyzetheeconomicinefficienciesoftheputting-outsystemcomparedtofactoryproduction.

D.contrasttheworkingconditionsofmenandwomenduringthe18thcentury.

E.defendthetraditionalnarrativeoftheIndustrialRevolutionagainstmoderncritics.

12.Accordingtothepassage,JandeVriescharacterizesthe"IndustriousRevolution"asaperiodmarkedby

A.arapidincreaseintheuseoflabor-savingmachineryinthehome.

B.adeclineintheavailabilityofconsumergoodsinthemarket.

C.areallocationofhouseholdlabortowardmarket-basedproduction.

D.amovementofpopulationfromruralareastourbancenters.

E.adecreaseintheoverallnumberofhoursworkedbyindividualfamilies.

13.Theauthormentionsthe"putting-outsystem"inthesecondparagraphinorderto

A.provideanexampleofhowhouseholdsbecameintegratedintothemarketeconomy.

B.illustratethetechnologicalsuperiorityoffactoryproductionoverdomesticindustry.

C.arguethatthesystemwastheprimarycauseoftherigidgenderrolesoftheera.

D.demonstratethatmerchantsoftenexploitedruralfamiliesforcheaplabor.

E.suggestthatthesystempreventedtheeventualadoptionofthefactorysystem.

14.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageregardingtherelationshipbetweentheIndustriousRevolutionandtheIndustrialRevolution?

A.TheIndustriousRevolutionwasadirectresultofthetechnologicalinventionsoftheIndustrialRevolution.

B.WithouttheculturalshiftsoftheIndustriousRevolution,thefactorysystemmighthavestruggledtosucceed.

C.TheIndustriousRevolutionandtheIndustrialRevolutionoccurredsimultaneouslywithoutinfluencingoneanother.

D.TheIndustriousRevolutionfocusedonleisure,whereastheIndustrialRevolutionfocusedonlabor.

E.TheIndustriousRevolutionwasashort-livedphenomenonthatwasquicklyreplacedbyindustrialization.

PassageB

Intherealmofastrophysics,thediscoveryofexoplanets—planetsorbitingstarsoutsideoursolarsystem—hasrevolutionizedourunderstandingofplanetaryformation.Oneofthemostintriguingfindingsistheprevalenceof"HotJupiters,"gasgiantsthatorbitremarkablyclosetotheirhoststars,oftencompletinganorbitinjustafewdays.Accordingtoclassicaltheoriesofplanetaryformation,suchplanetsshouldnotexist.Gasgiantsarethoughttoforminthecoldouterregionsofaprotoplanetarydisk,wherevolatilematerialslikewaterandmethanecancondenseintosolidicecores.Onceacorereachessufficientmass,itrapidlyaccretesgasfromthesurroundingdisk.

ToexplainthepresenceofHotJupiters,scientistshaveproposedthemechanismof"diskmigration."Inthismodel,thegravitationalinteractionbetweentheyoungplanetandtheprotoplanetarydiskcausestheplanettoloseangularmomentum,spiralinginwardtowardthestarovermillionsofyears.However,recentobservationsofexoplanetorbitssuggestthatdiskmigrationalonemaynotaccountforallHotJupiters.Someoftheseplanetspossesshighlyeccentric,orelongated,orbitsthatcannotbeeasilyexplainedbythesmoothdragforcesofadisk.Thishasledtothehypothesisof"high-eccentricitymigration,"whereingravitationalinteractionsbetweenplanetsorwithadistantbinarystarcompanionscatteragasgiantintoahighlyellipticalorbit.Tidalforcesfromthehoststarthencircularizetheorbitataclosedistance,leavingbehindaHotJupiter.

Thedebatebetweenthesetwomechanismshighlightsthedynamicnatureofplanetarysystems.Itsuggeststhattheserene,orderedconfigurationofourownsolarsystemmaybetheexceptionratherthantherule.Ifhigh-eccentricitymigrationiscommon,thenviolentgravitationalinteractionsplayacrucialroleinshapingthearchitectureofplanetarysystems,potentiallyejectingplanetsintointerstellarspaceorsendingthemcrashingintotheirstars.

15.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

A.detailingthechemicalcompositionofHotJupiters.

B.contrastingthesolarsystemwithotherplanetarysystems.

C.explainingtheexistenceofexoplanetsthatdefyclassicalformationtheories.

D.arguingforthesuperiorityofthediskmigrationmodeloverhigh-eccentricitymigration.

E.describingthehistoryofthesearchforextraterrestriallife.

16.Accordingtothepassage,classicaltheoriesofplanetaryformationpositthatgasgiants

A.formclosetotheirhoststarsduetointenseheat.

B.arecreatedbythecollisionofsmallerrockyplanets.

C.originateinthecolderregionsoftheprotoplanetarydisk.

D.migrateinwardduetotidalforcesfromthestar.

E.arecomposedprimarilyofheavymetalsratherthangases.

17.Thepassagesuggeststhathigh-eccentricitymigrationdiffersfromdiskmigrationinthatitinvolves

A.asmooth,gradualmovementtowardthehoststar.

B.interactionswithothercelestialbodiescausingscattering.

C.thecondensationofmethaneintosolidicecores.

D.theaccretionofgasfromthesurroundingdisk.

E.aprocessthattakesplaceoverafewdaysratherthanmillionsofyears.

18.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthesolarsystemissupportedbythepassage?

A.Itistheonlyplanetarysystemknowntocontaingasgiants.

B.Itlikelyexperiencedhigh-eccentricitymigrationinitsearlyhistory.

C.Itsstructureisunusuallyorderlycomparedtomanyothersystems.

D.ItcontainsseveralHotJupitersthathavenotyetbeendetected.

E.Itistooyoungtoexhibitthecharacteristicsofamatureplanetarysystem.

PassageC

Theconceptof"biologicalindividuality"issurprisinglyslippery.Forcenturies,asingleorganism—amouse,amapletree,ahuman—wasseenasthequintessentialindividual.However,theadventofmolecularbiologyandgenomicshasblurredtheseboundaries.Considerthecaseofthebumblebee.Whileweviewitasanindividualanimal,itssurvivalisinextricablylinkedtoaspecificgutbacterium,Snodgrassellaalvi.Withoutthisbacterium,thebeecannotdigestfoodorfendoffpathogens.Isthebeeanindividual,oristhe"individual"actuallyasymbioticconsortiumofbeeandbacterium?

Thischallengebecomesevenmorepronouncedintheplantkingdom.Manyplantsarechimeras,mosaicsofgeneticallydistincttissues.Furthermore,therootsystemsofdifferentindividualtreesofthesamespeciescangrafttogether,sharingnutrientsandwatereffectivelyasasinglephysiologicalunit,evenwhilemaintaininggeneticdistinctness.The"IndividualisticThesis"inbiology,whichpositsthatnaturalselectionactsprimarilyondiscreteorganisms,strugglestoaccommodatetheserealities.

Somephilosophersofbiologyarguefora"processual"framework,whereindividualityisnotastaticstatebutadynamicprocess.Anentityisanindividualifitexhibitsadegreeoffunctionalintegrationandisaparticipantintheevolutionaryprocess.Underthisview,theboundariesoftheindividualarecontext-dependent.Aspongemightbeanindividual,butifyoublenditandpassitthroughasieve,itwillre-aggregateintoanewsponge.Arethecellsindividuals,oristhesponge?Theanswerdependsonthelevelofbiologicalorganizationoneisexamining.Thisfluiditysuggeststhatthesearchforastrict,universaldefinitionofbiologicalindividualitymaybefutile;rather,wemustadaptourdefinitionstothespecificquestionsweareaskingaboutthelivingworld.

19.Themainideaofthepassageisthat

A.technologicaladvancementsinmicroscopyhaveallowedscientiststodiscovernewspeciesofbacteria.

B.thetraditionaldefinitionofbiologicalindividualityisinadequatefordescribingmanylifeforms.

C.plantsaremorebiologicallycomplexthananimalsbecausetheycangrafttheirrootstogether.

D.naturalselectionactsonpopulationsratherthanonindividuals.

E.the"IndividualisticThesis"istheonlyvalidframeworkforunderstandingevolutionarybiology.

20.TheauthorusestheexampleofthebumblebeeandSnodgrassellaalviinorderto

A.illustratetheconceptofa"processual"framework.

B.demonstratethatbacteriaarethedominantformoflifeonEarth.

C.showhowgeneticdistinctnessismaintainedinsymbioticrelationships.

D.challengethenotionofanorganismasaself-containedbiologicalunit.

E.arguethatinsectsaremoreevolutionarilyadvancedthanotheranimals.

21.Inthecontextofthepassage,the"IndividualisticThesis"(line15)ismostlikelycharacterizedbytheauthoras

A.fundamentallyflawedduetoitsrelianceonstaticcategories.

B.anecessarysimplificationforunderstandingcomplexecosystems.

C.atheorythatsuccessfullyexplainsthebehaviorofchimeras.

D.ahypothesisthathasbeendisprovenbyrecentgeneticevidence.

E.aperspectivethataccuratelyreflectsthefluidnatureofbiologicallife.

22.Whichofthefollowinghypotheticalscenarioswouldmostcloselyalignwiththe"processual"frameworkmentionedinthepassage?

A.Ascientistclassifiesavirusasnon-livingbecauseitcannotreproducewithoutahost.

B.Aresearcherdefinesaspeciesbasedsolelyontheabilityofmemberstointerbreed.

C.Anecologiststudiesacoralreefasasinglesuperorganismduetoitshighdegreeoffunctionalintegration.

D.AtaxonomistreclassifiesafungusbasedonDNAsequencingdata.

E.Ageneticistidentifiesaspecificgeneresponsibleforindividualityinmice.

Section4:QuantitativeReasoning(VerbalLogic)

23.IftheprobabilityofeventAoccurringis0.6,andtheprobabilityofeventBoccurringis0.5,andtheprobabilityofbothAandBoccurringis0.3,whatistheprobabilitythateithereventAoreventBoccurs?

A.0.3

B.0.8

C.0.9

D.1.1

E.0.6

24.Acertainstoresellstwotypesofpens:TypeXcosts\5each,andTypeYcosts\8each.Ifacustomerbuysatotalof10pensfor\$62,howmanyTypeXpensdidthecustomerbuy?

A.3

B.4

C.5

D.6

E.7

25.Inasequenceofnumbers,thefirsttermis4,andeachsubsequenttermis3morethantwicethepreviousterm.Whatisthevalueofthefourthterm?

A.22

B.47

C.97

D.194

E.388

***

AnswerKeyandDetailedExplanations

1.Answer:B,D

Analysis:Thesentencedescribesasituationwhereascientist'sfindingswereinitiallyignoredbutlaterprovencorrect.Theblankmustdescribethenatureofthefindingsatthetimetheywereignored.

"Heretical"(B)meanscontrarytoacceptedbeliefs,whichfitswiththeideathattheacademiccommunityrejectedthem."Prescient"(D)meanshavingforeknowledgeofevents;ifthefindingswerelatervindicated,theywereaheadoftheirtime,fittingthedescriptionofbeingignoredinitiallydespitetheirvalidity.

"Derivative"(unoriginal),"mundane"(ordinary),"innocuous"(harmless),and"pernicious"(harmful)donotfitthecontextofeventualvindication.

2.Answer:A,C

Analysis:Thesentencecriticizesthespeechforhavingemotionalappealsbutlackingsubstance.

"Bombast"(A)referstohigh-soundingbutemptylanguage."Hyperbole"(C)referstoexaggeratedclaimsorstatementsnotmeanttobetakenliterally.Bothfitthedescriptionofaspeechlackingconcretepolicy.

"Candor"(honesty)and"lucidity"(clarity)arepositivetraitsnotimpliedhere."Equivocation"(ambiguity)isclosebutdoesn'tcapturethe"emotional"and"exaggerated"aspectaswellasbombast/hyperbole."Platitudes"(C)aretriteremarks,whichcouldfit,butusually,apairlikeA/CisstrongerforGREstyle.Note:"Platitudes"isavaliddistractor,but"Bombast"and"Hyperbole"aremoresynonymouswiththestyleofemptyrhetoricdescribed.Correction:Actually,"Platitudes"fits"offeringlittleinthewayofconcreteproposals"verywell.However,"Bombast"and"Hyperbole"modifythenatureoftherhetoric(noisy/exaggerated).Let'slookatthesentenceagain:"filledwith[blank]andemotionalappeals".Bombastfitswell.Hyperbolefitswell.Platitudesfitswell.Usually,GRESErequirestwowordsthatmeanthesamethingandfittheslot.BombastandHyperbolearecloserinmeaning(exaggeratedspeech)thanBombastandPlatitude(exaggeratedspeechvstriteremark).Let'sstickwithAandC.

3.Answer:A,C

Analysis:Thesentencecontrastsearlyworks(lyrical,emotional)withlaterworks(criticizedforlackingnarrativecoherence).

"Digressive"(A)meansdepartingfromthemainsubject."Disjointed"(C)meansdisorganizedorlackingcoherence.Bothdescribeanarrativethatishardtofollowduetoabstractinterruptions.

"Terse"(concise)and"linear"(straightforward)areoppositesoftheimpliedcriticism."Cogent"(clear/logical)ispositive."Esoteric"(understoodbyfew)relatestodifficultybutnotnecessarilystructuralcoherence.

4.Answer:C,E

Analysis:Theexhibitionclaimedtobecomprehensivebutomittedcontroversialpieces.Thisimpliesabiasoraslant.

"Partisan"(C)meansprejudicedinfavorofaparticularcause."Tendentious"(E)meansexpressingastrongbias.Bothfittheactofomittingsignificantpiecestoskewthenarrative.

"Canonical"(standard/accepted),"eclectic"(diverse),"inclusive"(comprehensive),and"exhaustive"(complete)contradictthecriticisminthesentence.

5.Answer:A,C

Analysis:Themanagementofferedbonusestoaddress"growingdiscontent."

"Mollify"(A)meanstosootheorcalm."Assuage"(C)meanstomakeanunpleasantfeelinglessintense.Bothareperfectsynonymsforcalmingangerordiscontent.

"Exacerbate"(worsen),"inflame"(anger),and"provoke"(trigger)areantonyms."Estrange"(alienate)isincorrect.

6.Answer:A

Analysis:Thesentencedescribesanegotiationprocesswhereprogressswitchesrapidlybetween"imminent"and"brokendown."

"Mercurial"(A)meanssubjecttosuddenorunpredictablechangesofmoodorbehavior,fittingthevolatilitydescribed.

"Pedestrian"(dull),"static"(unchanging),"benign"(harmless),and"seminal"(influential)donotfit.

7.Answer:B

Analysis:Thefilmlackedemotionalconnectionduetobeingcoldanddetached.

"Resonance"(B)referstothequalityofevokingadeepemotionalresponse.Lackingresonancefitsperfectly.

"Verisimilitude"(realism)contradicts"technicallybrilliant"usually,butnotnecessarily.However,thespecificlackis"emotionalconnection.""Grandeur"(splendor)and"nostalgia"(sentiment)arenotsupported."Pragmatism"(practicality)isirrelevant.

8.Answer:A

Analysis:Thehistorian'saccountexplainsormakesclearthesocialdynamics,bringingthepasttolife.

"Elucidates"(A)meanstomakesomethingclear;explain.Thisfitsthecontrastwith"dryrecitation."

"Obfuscates"(confuses),"minimizes"(playsdown),"contradicts"(opposes),and"scrutinizes"(examinesclosely)donotfitthecontextof"vibranttapestry"and"bringingthepasttolife."

9.Answer:C

Analysis:Sciencefictionwaspreviouslynotrespected(gaining"increasingrespect"impliesitlackeditbefore).

"Peripheral"(C)meansofminorimportance;marginal.Thisfitstheideathatitwasonthefringesofseriousliterarystudy.

"Canonical"(partofthecanon)contradictsthepremise."Derivative"(unoriginal)and"hackneyed"(cliché)arenegativebutimplypoorqualityratherthanlackofacademicstatus."Seminal"(influential)contradictsthetimeline.

10.Answer:B,E

Analysis:TheCEOsteppeddown"sudden[ly]"justafterreaffirmingcommitment.Thisisacontradiction.

Blank(i):"Capricious"(B)meansimpulsiveandunpredictable.Thisfitsasuddenresignationrightaftersayingyou'dstay."Calculated"istheopposite."Inevitable"doesn'tfitthesurpriseelement.

Blank(ii):Themoveleftshareholders"confused.""Perplexing"(E)meansbaffling/confusing.Thisfits."Reassuring"and"astute"arepositive,contradictingthenegativereaction.

11.Answer:B

Analysis:Thepassagestartsbymentioningthetraditionalnarrative(tech-focused)andthenintroducesthe"IndustriousRevolution"(behavioralfocus)asarecentshiftinhistoriography.Thebulkofthepassageexplainsthisnewconcept.

Aistoostrong(itdoesn't"refute"tech'srole,justaddscontext).Cisadetail,notthemainpurpose.Disaminorpoint.Eisincorrect.

12.Answer:C

Analysis:Thetextsaysfamilies"increasinglydedicatedthemselvestomarket-orientedproduction,oftenattheexpenseofleisure..."Thisisareallocationoflabor.

Aisincorrect(mechanizationcamelater).Bisincorrect(goodswereincreasing).Disincorrect(putting-outsystemwasrural).Eisincorrect(theyworkedmoreforthemarket).

13.Answer:A

Analysis:Theparagraphdiscusseshowtheputting-outsystemactedasabridge,subjectingfamiliestomarketdiscipline.Itillustratesthetransition/integrationmentionedinthe"IndustriousRevolution"concept.

Bisincorrect(doesn'tmentionsuperiority).Cisspeculative/correlationvscausation.Disanegativeimplicationnotexplicitlyarguedasthepoint.Eisincorrect(itledtothefactorysystem).

14.Answer:B

Analysis:Thelastsentencesays:"Thereadinessofhouseholdstoaltertheirconsumptionpatterns...wasaprerequisiteforthesuccessofthefactorysystem."ThisimpliesthatwithouttheIndustriousRevolution(behavioralshifts),theIndustrialRevolution(factorysystem)mightnothaveworked.

Areversescausality.Cisincorrect(theyarelinked).Disincorrect(IndustriousRevwasaboutwork).Eisincorrect(timeframeislong).

15.**Answer:C

Analysis:ThepassageintroducesHotJupiters,notestheydefyclassicaltheory,andexplainstwocompetingmechanisms(diskmigrationandhigh-eccentricitymigration)toaccountforthem.

Aisadetail.Bisasupportingcontrast.Disincorrect(authorpresentsboth,doesn'targueoneissuperior).Eisirrelevant.

16.Answer:C

Analysis:Thepassagestates:"Gasgiantsarethoughttoforminthecoldouterregionsofaprotoplanetarydisk..."

A,B,D,andEcontradictthetextordescribethewrongprocess.

17.Answer:B

Analysis:Thepassagestateshigh-eccentricitymigrationinvolves"gravitationalinteractionsbetweenplanetsorwithadistantbinarystarcompanionscatteragasgiant..."Thisinvolvesscattering/interactions.

Adescribesdiskmigration.Cdescribesformation,notmigration.Ddescribesformation.Eisincorrect(bothtakemillionsofyears).

18.Answer:C

Analysis:Thelastsentencesays:"Itsuggeststhattheserene,orderedconfigurationofourownsolarsystemmaybetheexceptionratherthantherule."

Aisincorrect.Bisunlikely(ifitdid,wewouldn'tbe"serene").Disincorrect.Eisnotsupported.

19.Answer:B

Analysis:Thepassageintroducesthedifficultyofdefining"biologicalindividuality,"givesexamples(bee,plants)thatchallengethetraditionalview,andsuggestsafluid,processualframework.Thecorethemeistheinadequacyofthestaticdefinition.

Aistoospecific.Cisadetail.Disarelatedtheorymentionedbutnotthemainidea.Eisexplicitlywhatthepassagecritiques.

20.Answer:D

Analysis:Thebeeexampleisusedimmediatelyafterstatingthattheconceptofa"singleorganism"isblurred.Thebeecannotsurvivewithoutthebacteria,challengingtheideaofthebeeasaself-containedunit.

Aisforthespongeexample.Bisnotthepoint.Cisnotdiscussed.Eisnotdiscussed.

21.Answer:A

Analysis:Theauthorintroducesthe"IndividualisticThesis"andthenimmediatelyfollowswithexamples(chimeras,graftedroots)that"struggletoaccommodatetheserealities."Theauthorthenarguesfora"processual"frameworkinstead.Thus,theauthorviewstheThesisasflawedforbeingtoostatic.

Bisapotentialdefense,buttheauthoradvocatesforareplacement.Cisincorrect(itstruggles).Distoostrong(disproven).Eisopposite(it'sstatic).

22.Answer:C

Analysis:The"processual"frameworkdefinesanindividualbasedon"functionalintegration"andcontext.Studyingacoralreef(acollectionoforganisms)asasingleunitbecauseoffunctionalintegrationalignsperfectlywiththisview.

Areliesonastrictdefinition(alivevsnotalive).Breliesoninterbreeding(biologicalspeciesconcept).Distaxonomic.Eisgeneticreductionism.

23.Answer:B

Analysis:Thisisastandardprobabilityquestion.

Formula:P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)

Calculation:0.6+0.5−0.3=0.8

TheprobabilityofeitherAorBoccurringis0.8.

24.Answer:D

Analysis:Thisisasystemoflinearequations.

LetxbethenumberofTypeXpensandybethenumberofTypeYpens.

x+y=10

5x+8y=62

Fromthefirstequation,y=10−x.

Substituteintothesecond:5x+8(10−x)=62

5x+80−8x=62

−3x=−18

x=6

Thecustomerbought6TypeXpens.

25.Answer:C

Analysis:Thisisasequenceproblem.

Term1()=4.

Rule:=2+3.

Term2()=2(4)+3=11.

Term3()=2(11)+3=25.

Term4()=2(25)+3=53.

Self-Correction:Letmere-readtheoptions.A.22,B.47,C.97,D.194,E.388.

Wait,didIcalculateright?

=4

=2(4)+3=11

=2(11)+3=25

=2(25)+3=53

53isnotanoption.Letmecheckthecalculationagain.