高级综合商务英语2（第二版） 课件Unit 7 Human Resources、Unit 8 Division of Labor

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Discussion1.Whatbenefitsdoyouexpectinyourfuturecareer?Readthenextseveralslidesforsomeclues.

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Discussion2.Readthefollowingtermsregardinghumanresourcemanagement(HRM).Doyouknowanythingaboutthem?Exchangeyourideaswithyourpartner.TermsaboutHRMProfitSharingPromotionDemotionAnnualBonusAnnualLeaveFlextimeEducationSubsidyEfficiencyWageGoldenHandshakeGoldenParachuteOvertimeWagePayFreezeMeritPayMeritRaiseWage-by-AgeSystem

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DiscussionTextAAFreshPerspective:EmployeeBenefitsasaStrategicBusinessInvestmentStructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopics

1-3Employeebenefitsrepresentaninvestmentratherthananexpense.4-15Companies’fourprofilesregardingtheirapproachtoemployeebenefits.

16-27Aparadigmshiftinfourkeyareastransformsbenefitsintobusinessstrategy.28Acompany’sinvestmentinemployeebenefitscontributestoemployeeattraction,retention,andproductivity.PartI

QuestionsaboutPartIQ.WhatisthemainideaofPartI(Paras.1-3)?Employeebenefitsrepresentaninvestmentfromwhichcompaniesderivevalueandshouldbemanagedinlinewithanoverallbusinessstrategyratherthanwrittenoffasanexpense.1.Employeebenefitsrepresentaninvestmentfromwhichcompaniesderivevalueandshouldbemanagedinlinewithanoverallbusinessstrategyratherthanwrittenoffasanexpense.(Line1,Para.1)Employeebenefitssignifyaninvestmentwhichprovidesasourceofprofitsforcompanies;theyshouldnotberegardedascostbutbeconductedinconsistentwithageneralbusinessstrategy.PartI

SentenceInterpretationTraditionally,employeebenefitshavebeenviewedasaone-size-fits-allcomponentoftheworkplaceandafixedexpenseforemployers.(Line1,Para.2)Employeebenefitshavebeentraditionallyregardedassomethingappealingtoawiderangeofworkplaceandanestablishedexpenditureforemployers.PartI

SentenceInterpretationThecurrentlandscapecallsforaparadigmshiftinthewayemployersviewbenefitsofferings.(Line4,Para.2)Thepresentsituationrequiresarenewalofemployer’sattitudestowardemployeebenefitspatterns.PartI

SentenceInterpretationwriteoff(Para.1)vp.

toremove(esp.adebt)fromtherecordsoraccounts

synonym:cancel

example:BothbelieveGreeceshouldwriteoffitshugedebtandrollbacksomeofthepolicyprescriptionsofits240billioneurofinancialaidpackagefrominternationallenders.

PartI

WordsandExpressionsprofile(Para.1)n.adescriptionofaperson,group,ororganizationthatcontainsallthedetailsthatsomeoneneedssynonym:

outlineexample:Thecompany’slong-termcreditratingwasdowngradedbyStandardandPoor’sRatingServicesonFridayonexpectationsthatitsfinancialriskprofilewilldeteriorateinthenexttwoyears.PartI

WordsandExpressionsparadigm(Para.2)n.anexamplethatservesaspatternormodelsynonym:

example

example:Thenewproposedrulescouldbeanewparadigmthatmaytaketimeforinvestorstodigest.PartI

WordsandExpressionsQ1.WhatisthemainideaofPartII(Paras.4-15)?Whenitcomestotheirapproachtoemployeebenefits,mostcompaniesfitintooneoffourprofiles:traditional,standard,flexible,orprogressive.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIQ2.Whatkindofcompaniesbelongtothetraditionalcategory?

Companiesthatcontinuetosupportfullyfundedpensionplanswilllikelyfallintothiscategory.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIQ3.Whatkindofcompaniesbelongtothestandardcategory?Smallerbusinesseswithjustoneortwolocations,andthoseintheserviceindustrythatemployahighproportionofhourlyworkers,aretwotypesofemployersthatfrequentlyfitthestandardprofile.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIEmployersthattakethetraditionalapproachdemonstrateacommitmenttothelong-establishedmodelofemployeebenefits,thecoreofwhichishealthinsuranceandretirementplans.(Line1,Para.8)Employerswiththetraditionalapproachhighlightapledgeofconventionalemployeebenefitswhichcenteruponhealthinsuranceandretirementplans.PartII

SentenceInterpretationWithhealthcareandretirementcostsontherise,traditionalemployersmayprefertosafeguardtheircommitmentstoemployeesintheseareasaheadofaddingnewprogramsorexploringadditionalofferings.(Line1,Para.9)Sincehealthcareandretirementcostsremainanupwardtrend,traditionalemployerswouldratherkeeptheirpromisesintheseareasthanintroducenewprogramsorextrachoices.PartII

SentenceInterpretationFlexibleemployersplaceapremiumonchoice.Theytendtosupportawiderrangeofbenefitsprogramsbecausetheyarecognizantofcompetitionandrecognizetheneedtoaccommodatediversity.(Line1,Para.12)Flexibleemployers,emphasizingchoice,prefermorebenefitsofferingsbecausetheyareconsciousofrivalryaswellasthenecessitytomeetvarieddemandmix.PartII

SentenceInterpretationAsaresultoftheircommitmenttochoiceandfocusonemployees’currentneeds,flexibleemployersmaybelessapttosupportprogramsthattakealongertermview,suchasfinancialplanningandwellnessinitiatives.(Line1,Para.13)Stemmingfromtheirpledgetoprovideoptionsandfocusonemployees’presentsituation,flexibleemployersmaybelessinclinedtosupportlong-rangeprograms,suchasfinancialplanningandwellnessinitiatives.PartII

SentenceInterpretationLikeanàlacartemenu,flexibleemployerspresentavarietyofbenefitsoptionsanduseamoreself-service-orientedcommunicationstrategy.(Line7,Para.13)Similartodiningatacafeteria,flexibleemployersprovidevariousbenefitschoicesfromwhichemployeescanchooseonthebasisoftheirownneed.PartII

SentenceInterpretationcategorize(Para.4)v.toputpeopleorthingsintogroupsaccordingtotheirqualitiessynonym:classifyexample:

Medicaredatacategorizepatientsaseitherblackornon-black.PartII

WordsandExpressionscomparable

(Para.5)adj.similartosomethingelseinsize,number,qualityetc,sothatyoucanmakeacomparisonsynonyms:

similar;equivalentexample:McDonald’sCorp.reportedadropinfourth-quartercomparablesales,thoughthedeclinewasnarrowerthanexpected.PartII

WordsandExpressionsprioritize(Para.6)v.toarrangeordealwithinorderofimportanceexample:TheboardhasagreedtoprioritizemarketexpansioninSoutheastAsiaasourcoregrowthinitiativeforthenexttwoyears.PartII

WordsandExpressionscommitment(Para.8)n.aformalbusinesspromise,dutyorthedevotionofresourcestoaspecifictaskorpartnersynonyms:

obligation;responsibility;pledgeexample:Thesuppliermadeafirmcommitmenttodeliverallrawmaterialsbeforetheproductionkick-offdate.PartII

WordsandExpressionspension(Para.8)n.asumofmoneypaidregularlyasaretirementbenefitorbywayofpatronagesynonyms:

subsidy;allowanceexample:Thenewemployeehandbookoutlinesthecompany’scontributionratetothesupplementarypensionplanforthestaff.PartII

WordsandExpressionscognizant(Para.12)adj.fullyinformedsynonym:

consciousexample:Beforerollingoutthenewworkflow,wesentafullbriefingtoeverydepartmentheadtomakesuretheyarefullycognizantofthepotentialoperationalrisks.PartII

WordsandExpressionscharacterize(Para.14)v.todescribethequalitiesorpeculiaritiesofsynonym:

distinguishexample:Thislong-termstrategicpartnershipischaracterizedbysharedrisk-takingandmutualbenefit,ratherthanone-sidedcostreductiondemands.PartII

WordsandExpressionsarena(Para.15)n.aplaceorscenewhereforcescontendoreventsunfoldsynonyms:

place;areaexample:Inthegloballow-carboninnovationarena,ournewsolutionwillopenupablueoceaninthedigitalintelligencemarket.PartII

WordsandExpressionslaurel(Para.15)n.honorandglorywonforgreatachievementsynonyms:

honor;gloryexample:TheathletewillbeabletoparticipateintheGamesandwillworkhardertobringlaurelstothenation.PartII

WordsandExpressionsQ1.WhatisthemainideaofPartIII(Paras.16-27)?Toshiftacompany’smindsetfrombenefitsasanexpensetobenefitsasstrategicbusinessdrivers,employersandbrokersmustmoveawayfromthetraditionalnotionofbenefitsandtowardthekeystrategiesofhealthandwellness,financialsecurity,lifebalanceandexperience.PartIII

QuestionsaboutPartIIIQ2.Aneffectivebenefitsprogramcandeliversoftreturnsandhardreturns.

Whatdo“softreturns”and“hardreturns”includerespectively?Softreturnsdeliveredbyaneffectivebenefitsprogramincludereputation,asenseofmeetingobligations,andgoodwill.Hardreturns,whichtendtohaveamoremeasurableimpactonacompany’sbottomline,includeemployeeattraction,retention,andproductivity.PartIII

QuestionsaboutPartIIIAsaresult,manyemployersmissopportunitiestoalignbenefitswiththeiroverallbusinessstrategy.(Line7,Para.17)Accordingly,manyemployersfailtoembracechancestobringbenefitsintotheiroverallbusinessstrategy.PartIII

SentenceInterpretationThereareanumberofwaysthatemployerscanaddressthefinancialsecurityofemployees—notonlyintheformofdollarsandcents,butalsowithguidancethatempowerspeopletotakeresponsibilityfortheirfinancialwell-being.(Line1,Para.23)Employerscantacklethefinancialproblemsofemployeesviamanywaysincludingbothcashandguidancethatenablespeopletoberesponsiblefortheirfinancialhealth.PartIII

SentenceInterpretationleverage(Para.20)v.touseexistingresources,advantagesorinfluencetoachieveaspecificbusinessgoalsynonyms:

utilize;capitalizeonexample:WewillleverageourglobalpartnernetworktoexpandintotheAfricanmarketthisyear.PartIII

WordsandExpressionsfalter(Para.21)v.

tolosegrowthmomentum,slowdownexecutionorshowuncertaintyduringbusinessoperation

synonym:

waverexample:

Theregionalnewproductsalesgrowthbegantofalteraftertheunexpectedrawmaterialsupplydisruptionlastquarter.PartIII

WordsandExpressionsempower(Para.23)v.

toinvestwithpower,especiallylegalpowerorofficialauthoritysynonym:

authorizeexample:

TheInternethasempoweredfirms,especiallysmallerones,toaccesscustomersinforeignmarkets.PartIII

WordsandExpressionsoptimal(Para.26)adj.

mostfavorableordesirablesynonym:

optimumexample:Kidneytransplantsfromlivingdonorsofferoptimalrecipientsurvivaloutcomes,thestudysays.PartIII

WordsandExpressionsPartIV

QuestionsaboutPartIVQ.WhatisthemainideaofPartIV(Para.28)?Acompany’sinvestmentinemployeebenefitsissignificantand,whenmanagedeffectively,hasthepotentialtodeliverinvaluablereturnsintheformofemployeeattraction,retention,andproductivity.TextBHumanResourcesManagementinOrganizationsStructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopics

1-8Humanresourcesinorganizationscanbeacorecompetency.Productive,creativepeopleworkinginflexible,effectiveorganizationsthatproviderewardingworkforindividualsareimportantforallmanagers,notjustthoseinHRdepartments.9-26Beingthecorecompetency,HRmayaidorganizationsinanumberofways,includingenhancingorganizationalculture,improvingorganizationalproductivity,andmaintainingsocialresponsibilities.PartI

QuestionsaboutPartIQ.Whyarehumanresourcescalledthe“glue”ofanorganization?Becausehumanmanagersandemployeesconnectallotherassets(financialassets,physicalfacilities).Withoutpeople,tangibleassetscannotcreatebusinessresults.1.Peopleashumanassetsarethe“glue”thatholdsalltheotherassets,suchasfinancialandphysicalones,togetherandguidestheirusetobetterachieveresults.(Line3,Para.2)Employeesarethemostcriticalresourceofacompany.Theymakefinancialfundsandequipmentworkeffectivelyandhelpthefirmreachitsbusinesstargets.PartI

SentenceInterpretationHumancapitalisnotsolelythepeopleinorganizations—itiswhatthosepeoplebringandcontributetoorganizationalsuccess.(Line1,Para.6)Humancapitaldoesnotonlymeanstaffmembersthemselves;italsoincludestheirknowledge,skills,andenergythatdrivethecompany’ssuccess.PartI

SentenceInterpretationQ1.

WhatareHofstede’sfiveculturaldimensionsforcross-culturalHRmanagement?Thefivedimensionsare:InequalityinpowerIndividualism/grouporientationMasculinity/femininityUncertaintyavoidanceLong-term/short-termorientationPartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIQ2.

WhatcompetitiveadvantagescancorporatesocialresponsibilitybringtoanorganizationviaHR?Ithelpsattractandretainhigh-qualityemployees,improvesemployeemoraleandloyalty,enhancesglobalcorporateimage,andcreateslong-termcompetitiveadvantagesamongconsumers.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIProductivityattheorganizationallevelultimatelyaffectsprofitabilityandcompetitivenessinafor-profitorganizationandtotalcostsinanot-for-profitorganization.(Line1,Para.20)Forprofit-makingcompanies,overallproductivitydecidesprofitsandmarketcompetitiveness;fornon-profitorganizations,productivitymainlycontrolsoperatingcosts.PartII

SentenceInterpretationPartofHRmanagementistoensurethatsocialresponsibilityisintegratedintotheorganizationalculture.(Line1,Para.22)OneimportantjobofHRteamsistomakecorporatesocialresponsibilitybecomeabuilt-inpartofthecompany’ssharedvaluesanddailyoperationrules.PartII

SentenceInterpretationDirections:Formgroupsoffourwitheachstudenttakingarolefromthefollowing.Then,conductarole-playshowinghowajobinterviewtakesplace.StafffromBankofChina:

Mr.Zhang,thegeneralmanagerofadepartment;Ms.Li,theHRmanager;Alice,thesecretaryofMs.Li.Theinterviewee:MissWang(SheappliedforthepositionofaprojectmanageratBankofChina.Now,shecomestothebanktohavethejobinterview.)SpeakingJobInterviewSuggestions:Inajobinterview,itisusuallytheHumanResource(HR)managerandthedepartmentmanagerwhoareresponsibleforinterviewingthecandidate.InthecaseofBankofChina,ifMissWangappliesforthepositionofprojectmanager,shewouldmostlikelybeinterviewedbytheHRmanager,Ms.Li,andthegeneralmanagerofthedepartment,Mr.Zhang.SpeakingJobInterviewHere’showthejobinterviewmighttakeplace:MissWangarrivesatthebankandisgreetedbythesecretaryofMs.Li,Alice.AlicewelcomesMissWangandprovidesherwithanynecessaryinformationorassistance.MissWangisthenescortedtotheinterviewroombyAlice,whereMs.LiandMr.Zhangarealreadywaitingforher.TheyintroducethemselvestoMissWangandbegintheinterviewprocess.TheinterviewstartswithgeneralquestionstogetasenseofMissWang’sbackground,experience,andqualifications.Ms.LiandMr.Zhangmayaskheraboutherpreviousworkexperiences,herskillsandexpertise,andherviewsonprojectmanagement.SpeakingJobInterviewAstheinterviewprogresses,theymaymoveontomorespecificquestionsrelatedtothejobrequirementsandresponsibilitiesofaprojectmanageratBankofChina.Theymayaskheraboutherexperienceinmanagingprojects,herdecision-makingskills,andherabilitytoworkunderpressure.TheinterviewersalsotakenoteofMissWang’sresponses,bodylanguage,andoveralldemeanorduringtheinterview.Theyassesshersuitabilityforthepositionbasedonherperformanceandresponses.Attheendoftheinterview,Ms.LiandMr.ZhangthankMissWangforhertimeandinformherofthenextstepsintherecruitmentprocess.Theymayalsoaskifshehasanyquestionsregardingthejoborthecompany.SpeakingJobInterviewFinally,AliceescortsMissWangoutoftheinterviewroomandwisheshersuccessintheapplicationprocess.Notes:Theentireinterviewprocessisdesignedtoassessthecandidate’ssuitabilityforthejobanddeterminewhetherthecandidateisagoodfitfortheorganization’scultureandworkenvironment.SpeakingJobInterviewAcoverletter,oftenreferredtoasa“letterofapplication,”isusedwhensomeonewouldliketoapplyforapositioninacompanyorresearchinstitution.ThefollowingisthetypicalAIDA(Attention-Interest-Desire-Action)structuralarrangementforwritingthemainbodyofacoverletter.Openingparagraph(tograbtheAttention)WhyyouarewritingHowyouheardaboutthejobHowyouarequalifiedforthejobWritingCoverLetterMiddleparagraphs(todeepenInterest&createDesire)WhatyouhavetoofferEvidenceofyourskills/experiencesHowyourskillsmatchthejobrequirementsHowthesecouldbenefitthecompanyClosingparagraph(toencourageAction)Howyou’llfollowupRestateyourinterestinthejoboryourskillsRequestaninterviewifappropriateThanktheemployerWritingCoverLetterUnitEight

DivisionofLabor

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Discussion1.Skimandanswerthefollowingquestions.Q1:Whatisspecialization?Q2:Whatisthebenefitofit?

2.CaseStudy:withtheknowledgeyoujustlearnedfromabove,pleaseanalyzetheminicaseabouttheassemlylineinKomkia.Q1:WhatarethebenefitsofthedivisionoflaborontheBluetoothradioassemblylineinKomkia?Q2:Doyouseeanyproblemsthatmayarisefromthedivisionoflabor?

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DiscussionTextAOftheDivisionofLaborStructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopics1-3Introduction:Thegreatestimprovementintheproductivepowersoflaborhasbeentheeffectsofthedivisionoflabor.4-7Thegreatincreaseinthequantityofworkisowingtothreedifferentcircumstances:dexterity,time-saving,andnewmachines.8-9Itisthegreatmultiplicationoftheproductionsofallthedifferentarts,inconsequenceofthedivisionoflabor.Q.Thegreatestimprovementintheproductivepowersoflabor,andthegreaterpartoftheskill,dexterity,andjudgmentwithwhichitisanywheredirected,orapplied,seemtohavebeentheeffectsofthedivisionoflabor.Why?

Becauseitincreasestheproductivitymanyfold.PartI

QuestionsaboutPartIPartI

SentenceInterpretationThoughinsuchmanufactures,therefore,theworkmayreallybedividedintoamuchgreaternumberofparts,thaninthoseofamoretriflingnature,thedivisionisnotnearsoobvious,andhasaccordinglybeenmuchlessobserved.(Line16,Para.2)Thoughingreatmanufactures,theworkcouldbedividedintomanymorepartsthanthesmallermanufacture,thedivisionisnotquiteobviousforobservation.PartI

WordsandExpressionsdexterity(Para.1)n.skillinusingyourhands;theabilitytodosth.skillfullyexample:Oneneedsmanualdexteritytobegoodatvideogames.PartI

WordsandExpressionsoccasion(Para.3)n.areasonorcauseexample:Ihavehadnooccasiontovisithimlately.AdamSmith(1723-1790)

AdamSmithwasaScottishmoralphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy.Heisbestknownfortwoclassicworks:TheTheoryofMoralSentiments(1795),andAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations(1776).Thelattermakeshimthe“fatherofmoderneconomics.”PartI

NotesQ.Theinventionofallthosemachines,bywhichlaborissomuchfacilitatedandabridged,seemstohavebeenoriginallyowingtothedivisionoflabor.Why?Menaremuchmorelikelytodiscovereasierandreadiermethodsofattaininganyobject,whenthewholeattentionoftheirmindsisdirectedtowardthatsingleobject,thanwhenitisdissipatedamongagreatvarietyofthings.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIPartII

SentenceInterpretationMenaremuchmorelikelytodiscovereasierandreadiermethodsofattaininganyobject,whenthewholeattentionoftheirmindsisdirectedtowardthatsingleobject,thanwhenitisdissipatedamongagreatvarietyofthings.(Line6,Para.7)

Menaremuchmorelikelytodiscoverbettermethodsofattaininganyobject,whenthewholeattentionoftheirmindsisdirectedtowardthatsingleobject,thanisscatteredamongagreatvarietyofthings.PartII

WordsandExpressionsabridge(Para.4)v.tomakeabookshorterbyleavingpartsout;(legal)curtailsynonyms:shorten;curtailexample:Therighttofreespeechcanbeabridged.PartII

WordsandExpressionsbellows(Para.5)n.apieceofequipmentforblowingairintoorthroughsth.example:

Bellowsareusedformakingafireburnbetterorforproducingsoundinsometypesofmusicalinstruments.PartII

WordsandExpressionsapt(Para.6)adj.suitableorappropriateinthecircumstances;likelyorhavinganaturaltendencytodosth.synonyms:suitable;disposed;liable;proneexample:Babiesareapttoputobjectsintotheirmouths.PartII

WordsandExpressionsindolent(Para.6)adj.lazysynonyms:lazy;idleexample:Theywereindolentandaddictedtoalifeofpleasure.PartII

WordsandExpressionsdissipate(Para.7)v.tograduallybecomelessorweakerbeforedisappearingcompletely,ortomakesth.dothis;towastesth.synonyms:disappear;squanderexample:Eventually,hisangerdissipated.Q.HowcouldtheaccommodationofanindustriousandfrugalmodernEuropeanpeasantexceedthatofmanyanAfricanking,theabsolutemastersofthelivesandlibertiesoftenthousandslaves?Why?Theaccommodationofanordinaryfolkinacivilizedsocietyentailsamuchgreaternumberoflaborsandprofessionsacrossthewholecountryandmaybetheindustrialworld,thanthoseofasavagesocietywhoseabsolutekingscouldcommand.PartIII

QuestionsaboutPartIIIPartIII

SentenceInterpretationHesuppliesthemabundantlywithwhattheyhaveoccasionfor,andtheyaccommodatehimasamplywithwhathehasoccasionfor,andageneralplentydiffusesitselfthroughallthedifferentranksofthesociety.(Line9,Para.8)Hesuppliesthemsufficientlywithwhattheyneed,andtheysupplyhimwithwhatheneeds.Andageneralwelfareisprovidedtoallwalksoflife.dispose(of)(Para.8)v.to

getridofsb./sth.;todealwithaproblem,question,orthreatsuccessfully

synonyms:discard;sortoutexample:Thatseemstohavedisposedofmostoftheirargument.PartIII

WordsandExpressionsPartIII

WordsandExpressionsrequisite(Para.9)adj.necessaryforaparticularpurposesynonyms:mandatory;indispensableexample:Shelackstherequisiteexperienceforthejob.

TextBApplicationofWorkDivision:ACaseStudyofFordCompanyStructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopics1-2Britishhandmadecarswereluxury;HenryFord’slaunchoftheModelTin1908beganarevolution.3-6TaylorismhelpedFordcompanysimplifyproductiontasksbuttheoutputwasstilllimited.7-10InventedbyFordin1913,theassemblylineempoweredmassproductionofcars.

11-19Theassemblylinebroughtworkersmorepressure.Q:WhyweretheearlyhandmadeBritishcarsextremelyexpensive?(Para.1)Becausetheywereassembledslowlyandcarefullybyskilledcraftsmenbyhand,andthewholeproductionprocesstookseveralweeks.PartI

QuestionsaboutPartIPartI

SentenceInterpretationThesehandmadecarsweresoexpensivethatawidegulfseparatedthosewhobuiltthemfromthosewhoboughtthem.(Line4,Para.1)Thehandmadecarscostalotofmoney.Asaresult,therewasahugegapbetweentheworkerswhomadethecarsandtherichpeoplewhocouldaffordtobuythem.Theworkerscouldnotaffordthecarstheybuilt,showingaclearsocialandeconomicdifferencebetweenthetwogroups.equivalent(Para.2)n.somethingthathasthesamepurpose,value,ormeaningasanotherthingsynonyms:

counterpart;matchexample:Thissmartphoneistheequivalentofaportablecomputer.PartI

WordsandExpressionsModelTTheFordModelT,producedfrom1908to1927,wasdesignedbyHenryFordtomakecarsaffordableforordinarypeople.AdoptingTaylorismandthe1913assemblyline,Fordgreatlycutitsproductiontimeandprice.Over15millionModelTsweresold,turningtheU.S.intoa“nationonwheels”andbecominganiconicsymbolofthe20th-centuryautomotiverevolution.PartI

NotesQ:WhatmethoddidFrederickTaylorusetoimproveworkers’efficiencyatFord’scompany?(Paras.4-5)Hetimedworkerswithstopwatches,recordedtheireverymovement,reorganizedworksteps,andsimplifiedcarmanufacturingbyassigningdifferenttaskstodifferntworkersatdifferentmachines.PartII

QuestionsaboutPartIIPartII

SentenceInterpretationTaylorcomplainedthathardlyaworkmancanbefoundwhodoesn’tdevotehistimetostudyingjusthowslowlyhecanwork.(Line5,Para.3)Taylorpointedoutacommonproblem:Almosteveryworkerspenttimefiguringouttheslowestwaytodotheirjobinsteadofworkinghard.Hethoughtthiswasawasteoftimeandwentagainstimprovingworkefficiency.apprenticeship(Para.5)n.aperiodoftimelearningaskilledjobfromamoreexperiencedworkersynonyms:

training;internshipexample:Heservedanapprenticeshipasacarpenterforthreeyears.PartII

WordsandExpressionsTaylorism

Taylorism,namedaftertheefficiencyexpertFrederickTaylor,isamanagementmethodtoimproveworkefficiency.Taylorisminvolvestimingwo