Unit 3 Grammar总结 讲义 2021-2022学年高一英语（牛津译林版2020必修第一册）

Grammar定语从句概念：在复合句中，作定语修饰名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。关系词定语从句结构：先行词+ +定语从句关系词先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词关系词：连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词 关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as关系代词分类 关系副词:when,where,why,that 限制性定语从句定语从句分类 非限制性定语从句Unit3主讲关系代词的用法关系代词的用法如下表所示：关系代词修饰的先行词在从句中所作的成分who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语、表语which物或事主语、宾语、表语、定语as人、物或事主语、宾语、表语who、whom的用法Theboywhomadeaspeechjustnowismybestfriend.(在从句中作主语)Ihavemanyfriends(who/whom)Icanturntoforhelpwhenintrouble.（作宾语）特别提示：在从句中作介词的宾语且介词提到其前面时，只能用whom,不能用whoIhavemanyfriendstowhomIcanturnforhelpwhenintrouble.whose的用法whose引导定语从句，既可指人也可指物，它表示先行词和它所修饰词的所属关系。Wemustrepairthedeskswhoselegsarebroken.特别提示：除了用whose表所属关系以外，在whom和which之前加of也可表示所属关系（ofwhom,ofwhich）。这时名词需要特指，应加定冠词，放在ofwhom,ofwhich之前或之后均可。Iwanttohelpthechildrenwhoseparentsdiedintheearthquake.Iwanttohelpthechildrenofwhomtheparentsdiedintheearthquake.Iwanttohelpthechildrentheparentsofwhomdiedintheearthquake.Wemustrepairthedesksofwhichthelegsarebroken.Wemustrepairthedesksthelegsofwhicharebroken.用法总结：当先行词是人时用ofwhom，当先行词是物时用ofwhichwhich的用法Theriverwhichrunsthroughthecenterofthecitybringsuslotsofpleasure.(主语)Doyouremembertheholiday(which)wespenttogether?（宾语）Hewasnotsick,whichsomeoftheotherpassengerswere.（指代sick,作表语）TheystayedwithmeforthreeweeksduringwhichtimetheydrankallthewineIhad.（定语修饰time）that的用法that引导定语从句，既可指人也可指物，指人时可与who或whom互换，指物时可与which互换。作宾语时可省略；作介词的宾语时，介词不能提到that之前。Janeisnolongertheperson(that/who/whom)Iworkedwithseveralyearsago.(宾语)Thisisthesupermarketthat/whichsellsavarietyofgoods.（主语）Themessage(that/which)youarelookingforisintoday’sChinaDaily.（宾语）as的用法as引导定语从句主要用于两种情况：一种是限制性定语从句，先行词被as,so,such,thesame等修饰；一种是非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句，即as指代整个主句的意思。as引导限制性定语从句，先行词前有as,so,such,thesame等修饰时，关系代词常用as,它在从句中作主语或宾语。Suchpeopleashavemadegreatcontributionstotheworldshouldbegreatlyrespected.(作从句的主语)Youmaytakeasmanychairsasyouneed.(作need宾语)MyparentshavenotsomuchmoneyasIwant.(want宾语)Hemadethesamemistakeasyoumadeinthelastexam.（made宾语）as引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是整个主句。Aseverybodyknows,ShakespearewasagreatEnglishwriter.（从句在主句之前，as作从句的宾语）Tomisabraveboy,asisdescribedinthereport.（从句在主句之后，as作从句的主语）Theproject,asweexpected,gotalongwell.(从句在主句中间，as作从句的宾语)使用定语从句时的注意事项关系代词的省略关系代词在从句中作宾语可省略。Thewatch(that)yougavemekeepsperfecttime.关系代词在从句中作表语可省略。Aliceisnottheperson(that)shewas10yearsago.关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，而介词在从句句尾时可省略。Generationgapisaproblem(that)peoplecaremuchfor.Thepeople(whom)Ispoketowereveryhelpful.用that不用which的情况当先行词是all,little,few,much,everything,nothing,none等不定代词时。AllthatIneedisonlyyouradvice.当先行词被all,every,no,little,few,much,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast等修饰时ThesemessagesaretheveryonesthatIhavebeenlookingfor.当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。WhenitcomestoJinan,thefirstthatcomestomindisthespringwater.特别提示:以上三种情况共同特点，就是先行词或先行词之前的修饰语往往带有“唯一”或“全部”概念，以致无法作出选择。而关系代词which原来也是疑问代词，表示“哪一个”，含有选择意味。当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?用which不用that的情况关系代词前有介词时I‘mlookingforaboxinwhichIcanputalltheseeggs.在非限制性定语从句Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.先行词本身就是that时Idon’tlikethatwhichshedid.关系代词后有插入语时HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asI’vetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.用who不用that的情况当先行词为人称代词he,she,they或one(s),anyone,nobody等指人的不定代词时。Onewhoputshisheartintoitissuretosucceed.Wedon’twantanyonewhoarepoortogohungry.当指人的先行词是those，或先行词被those所修饰时。Thosewhoworkhardaresuretoearnmoremoney.Sheisoneofthosewomenwhoalwaysmaketheworstoftheirtroubles.当指人的先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时Heisthethirdmanwhowitnessedthemurder.Theywerethefirstwhoarrivedthere.当指人的先行词和定语从句被其他成分分隔时Thepersonisdownstairswhoyouhavebeenlookingforsincelastyear.HeistheonlydoctorinthishospitalwhoItrust.当指人的先行词被两个定语从句修饰（双重定语从句）时，第二个定语从句只能用who/whom引导，不能用that。而且第二个定语从句的关系代词不可省略。SheistheonlygirlIknowwhocanplaytheguitar.therebe结构中先行词指人时Thereisabeautifulgirlwhowantstoseeyou.用that不用who的情况在特殊疑问句中，如果开头的疑问代词是who,为了避免重复，定语从句宜使用that引导，而不用who。Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?Whoisthescientistthatfirstdiscoveredradium?当先行词为疑问代词who,which时Whothatknowshismisfortunescanhelpfeelinganinterestinhim?凡是了解他不幸的人，谁能不关心他呢？WhichofusthatknowssomethingaboutPhysicsdoesnotknowthis?我们中但凡知道点物理知识的人哪一个不懂这个？当关系代词在定语从句中作表语或宾语补足语时，定语从句也不用who引导，而用that,或者省略关系代词that。这一般时确认性表语。Heisnolongerthemanthathewas.（表语）Heisnotthefoolthatyouthoughthim.（宾语补足语）当先行词同时包含人和物时Shetookphotographsofthepeopleandthingsthatshewasinterestedin.Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.定语从句的主谓一致和时态一致问题一般来讲，关系代词作主语时，定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与前面的先行词保持一致。Mr.Smith,whoisnowdownstairs,isaskingtoseeyou.TheSmiths,whoarenowdownstairs,areaskingtoseeyou.定语从句的时态一般不受主句影响，只需根据从句的情况而定。TheprofessorwholecturedyesterdayisfromBeijingUniversity.TheprofessorwhoislecturingnowisfromBeijingUniversity按照英语习惯，在一